Balanced & Unbalanced

Polyphase Systems
 Single Phase Power Equations
P: real power (W)
Q: reactive power (VAR)
S: apparent power (VA)

• Power Factor

• Real Power
Apparent Power or
Complex Power
• Reactive Power

1-2
 Example: Single-Phase Power
For the following circuit, find the (a) real power, and (b) reactive power.
(c) Draw the power triangle.

1-3
 Example: Single-Phase Power
For the following circuit, find the (a) real power, and (b) reactive power.
(c) Draw the power triangle.

VR2 (120 V)2

(a) The real power is: P= = = 1440 W
R 10 Ω

(b) The reactive power is:

VL2 (120 V)2
Q= = = 3600 VAR
XL 4Ω

1-4
 (c) The power triangle is:

In this example, the impedance of the inductor has a lagging current, so the
current has a negative phase angle. The complex conjugate of the current has a
positive phase angle, so the reactive power, Q, is positive and the power triangle
is in the first quadrant.
For a leading current (which has a positive phase angle compared to the
voltage) the power triangle has a negative imaginary part and a negative power
angle, so it is in the fourth quadrant.

1-5
 Polyphase Circuits
E.E. element convention
A I B

(+) V (-) Current I creates drop

← (+) (-) as shown
“V ”
AB VAB defined as the rise B A
(+120 )

+
(150 )
ABC (+) sequence
Find VAB Via KVL
- + (0 )
- + VAB − VAN + VBN = 0
+
VAB = VAN − VBN
(-90 )
- (30 )
+ = VP ∠0 − VP ∠ − 120 = 3VP ∠30
+
(-120 )

Note: Voltages as given are line to line voltages unless otherwise specified
1-6
 (+120 )

(150 )
ACB (-) sequence
- + (0 ) Find VAC via KVL
-
- + 0
+VAC − VAN + VCN =
(-90 ) (30 )
+ V= VAN − VCN
+
VCN
- AC

(-120 ) = VP ∠0 − VP ∠ − 120

=
VAC 3Vp∠30

In both examples VA is the reference phasor.

If VB or VC are designated the reference phasor
then the phasor relationships will differ. (Try CBA)

1-7
 Three-Phase Systems

Three-phase power systems have three wires to transmit power.

Some systems also have a neutral wire.
In a balanced three-phase system, the voltages on the three wires are all the
same magnitude but are out of phase by 120 degrees.
In a balanced system, the currents are also the same magnitude but are out of
phase by 120 degrees.
The vector sum of the voltages and currents in a balanced three-phase system
are zero.
1-8
 Example: Three-Phase System

The voltage on phase A of a balanced, three-phase power system is: 220∠37°

What are the voltages and angles of the other phases?

(Assume that the phase sequence is ABC)

VB = 220(∠37° − ∠120°) = 220∠ − 83°

VC = 220(∠37° + ∠120°) = 220∠157°

VA = 220∠37°
VB = 220∠ − 83°
VB = 220∠157°

1-9
 Three-Phase Wye System
A three-phase wye configuration has
three phases and a neutral wire.
The “phase” voltages are between
the legs and are named VAB, VBC, and
VCA.
The line to neutral voltages are
between the lines and the neutral
and are designated VAN, VBN and VCN.
Generator Load
Vline-line
Vline-neutral =
3
Line-to-line voltages and line-to-neutral voltages are 30 degrees out of phase.
The phase voltage leads the line-neutral voltage by 30 degrees and the line-
neutral voltage lags the phase voltage by 30 degrees.
VAB
VAB = 3VAN ∠30° VAN = ∠ − 30°
3
1-10
Problem: Three-Phase Wye

How do we know it’s a wye system?

1-11
Problem: Three-Phase Power

Key Points to
Remember
• Answer (A) has the
correct amplitude but
does not include the
phase in the
equation.
• In answers (C) and
(D), the line-to-line
voltage equations are
Answer is (B) used
1-12
 Three-Phase Delta System

Three-phase delta configuration has three

phases and no neutral wire.
The only voltages to be considered are the
line-to-line voltages.
There are two currents to be considered: the
line currents which flow in the lines, and the
Generator phase currents which flow in the resistors,
Load
shown as load in the diagram.

The line currents are out of phase with the line-line (phase) currents:

IA
I A = 3I AB ∠ − 30° I AB = ∠30°
3

1-13
Example: Delta System
PROBLEMS

1-14
Example: Delta System
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

1-15
 Wye Delta Conversions

For balanced loads where all the impedances are equal, the conversion from
Delta to Wye and vice versa is simplified.

To convert balanced Wye to Delta: RDelta = 3RWye

To convert balanced Delta to Wye: 1

RWye = RDelta
3

In the figure to the right, in order for the two

loads to be equivalent:

1
RA = R1 R1 = 3RA
3

1-16
 Power in Three-Phase Systems
For balanced systems, three-phase power can be computed using any of the
following equations:

S = P + jQ S = 3VLine − Line I * Line S = 3VLine − Line I Line

In a balanced load where the load is the same in all three phases, the three-
phase real power can be computed as three times the power in any single
phase.

PLine = VLine − Line I LineCosθ Cos θ is the power factor

VLine − Line
VLine − Neutral
V
= Line − Line PLine = I LineCosθ PTotal = 3PLine
3 3

1-17
Example: Power Computation
PROBLEMS

1-18
Example: Power Computation
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

1-19
 Balanced Polyphase Example
ILOAD LINE

x x
R
R IMOTOR
ILOAD PHASE
R
MOTOR LOAD
x

3 Ø motor takes 10 kVA at 0.6PF lagging from a 220 V source.

The motor is in parallel with a balanced Δ load with an
impedance of R = 16 xc = 12 in each phase.
Find the total VA, power, power factor.
For the load I phase I = VLL = 220V = 11∠36.87 A
Z 16 − j12

1-20
 *
S LOAD1φ = VLL I LINE = (220V )(11∠ − 36.87 A) = 2420∠ − 36.87VA

S LOAD 3φ = 3S LOAD1φ = 3 • 3420∠36.87VA = 7260∠36.87VA

Note that the angle of reactive power is given by load

12
16 θ = tan −1
= 36.9
16
12 So S LOAD = 7260∠36.9 (leading )

2
0
leading because capacitive
Note: This is a leading power
factor diagram. It is not a phasor
diagram.

is given as 10KVA @ 0.6PF lagging

Angle of SMOTOR is a cos-1 0.6 = 53.13 (lagging)

STOTAL = S MOTOR + S LOAD = 10 x103 ∠ − 53.13 + 7260∠36.87 = 12,357∠ − 17.15
1-21
 Alternate Solution Method
Problem can also be solved by converting delta to wye and computing
parallel impedance.

VLC 220 / 3
Impedance of motor Z = = = 4.84Ω
IC 26.24
RMOTOR = z cos θ = (4.84)(0.6) = 2.904 Ω xMOTOR = 4.84 sin θ = 3.872 Ω
Parallel impedance

220 / 3
IT = = 32.42∠ − 17.13 A
3.93∠17.13

*
S = 3VLL I L = 3 (220)(32.44∠17.13) ≅ 12,35717.13VA

1-22
 Unbalanced Polyphase Example
Unbalanced Polyphase Load Delta
IC
c
C

Ica Ibc
IA Iab
a
A b

B
Find phase currents IB
VAB 100∠0 100∠0
I ab= = = = 10∠ − 53.1
A
Z ab 6 + j8 10∠53.1 

V 100∠ − 120 100∠ − 120

I bc = BC = = = 20∠ − 83.13
Z bc 4 − j3 5∠ − 36.87

VCA 100∠120
I ca = = = 5∠120 A
Z cc 20
1-23
Compute line currents via KCL at nodes

1-24
 Unbalanced Wye Example
Unbalanced Wye Connected Load, Four Wire
A three phase four wire 150Y, CBA system has a Y connected load.
VAN has an angle of -90
The load impedances are

Obtain all the line currents and neutral current

IA
A

VAN
IN
N

IB
B
IC
C
1-25
 VLN 150
VAN = ∠ − 90 = ∠ − 90 = 86.6∠ − 90
3 3
V 150
VBN = LN ∠30 = ∠30 = 86.6∠30
3 3
V 150
VCN = LN ∠150 = ∠150 = 86.6∠150
3 3
VAN 86.6∠ − 90
IA = = = 14.43∠ − 90
ZA 6∠0 

VBN 86.6∠30
IB = = = 14.43∠0
ZB 6∠30 

VCN 86.6∠150
IC = = = 17.32∠105
ZC 5∠45 

I N = I A + I B + I C = 14.43∠ − 90 + 14.43∠0 + 17.32∠105 = 10.21∠ − 167 

1-26
 Unbalanced Three Wire, Wye Connection
Unbalanced Three Wire Connection, Wye Load..
150V CBA system, & connected load,

IA
(0 )
A
VBN '

30
N
(-120 )
IB
(120 )
B
IC
C VAN ′

What types of loads are these?

Given : VBN ' = 66.67∠27.16° Find the all voltages and currents
1-27
The line to line voltages may be determined by inspection:

VAB = 150∠ − 120

VBC = 150∠0
VCA = 150∠120 VAN ′ − VAB − VBN ′ = 0
Find VAN’ using KVL: VAN ′ = VAB + VBN ′
VAN ′ =150∠ − 120 + 66.67∠27.16
VAN ′ = 100.7∠ − 98.96

Find VCN’ using KVL: VCN ′ − VCA − VAN ′ = 0

VCN ′ = VAN + VCA
VCN ′ =100.64∠ − 98.92 + 150∠27.16
VCN ′ = 95.59∠161.4

1-28
Find the currents via KCL at central node:

(1) VAN ′ + VBN ′ + VCN ′ =0

ZA ZB ZC

VAN ′ 100.7∠ − 98.96

IA = = = 16.78∠98.92
ZA 6∠0 

VBN ′ 66.67∠27.16
IB = = = 11.13∠ − 2.84
ZB 6∠30 

VBN ′ 95.59∠161.4
IC = = = 19.12∠116.4
ZB 5∠45 

1-29
How far is the neutral offset?

150
= ∠90 − 100.7∠ − 98.96
53
= 86.6∠90 − 100.7∠ − 98.96
VNN ′ = 20.197∠39.41

What happens if you connect the neutral of the load to the

neutral of the generator (supply)?

1-30
 Power Afternoon Sample Questions
A 3-phase, 4-wire, neutral-grounded wye-connected utility line has a
phase-to-phase voltage of 13.2 kV. A complex load of (200 + ƒ100) kVA is
connected between Phase A and neutral; identical load is connected
between Phase B and neutral. The neutral current (amperes) is nearly:

(A) 0
(B) 9.8
(C) 16.9 S A (200 + j100) x103VA
IA = = = 29.34∠26.56
(D) 29.3 VA 13.2 x103
∠0 V
3
S B (200 + j100) x103VA
IB = = = 29.34∠146.56
VB 13.2 x103
∠ − 120 V

Neutral current is the sum of IA + IB + IC =IN

Answer (0)
Note that answer (C) is the result of incorrectly using VLL rather than VLN

1-31
 Power Afternoon Sample Questions
A 3-phase, 3-wire, ungrounded, 13.2kV (phase-to-phase) wye-connected
course is connected to a balanced delta load that is grounded on Corner A.
The voltage measured between Corner B and ground is most nearly:

(A) Half the phase-to-phase voltage

(B) 7.62 kV C A A
(C) 13.2 kV +
(D) cannot be determined VAB
-
Use KVL: C
B -
VAB
B +

(sign independent) Grounding

Answer (C)

1-32
 Power Afternoon Sample Questions
The only load on a 3-phase, 4-wire system is placed between Phase B and
Phase C. The phase-to-phase voltage is 13.2 kV. The load is 500kVA at
0.85 lagging power factor. The magnitude of the line current in Phase C
amperes is most nearly:

(A) 65.6
S 500 x103VA
I= =
(B) 55.8 V 13.2 x103V
(C) 37.9
(D) 32.2

Power factor not relevant

C A 500KVA
0.85 lag
B

1-33
 Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is a measure of the degree to which the voltage at a load is held
constant as the amount of load varies from no load to full load.

V − VFL VNL is the no load voltage

VR % = NL ×100
VFL VFL is the full load voltage

The concept of regulation can be applied to a problem with a component

designed to hold steady voltage (voltage regulator) or to a problem with a
general source without a regulator supplying load.

Line regulation measures the ability to maintain a constant output voltage

regardless of changes in the input voltage.
Load regulation measures the ability to maintain a constant output voltage
regardless of changes in size of the load (current draw).

1-34
 Example: Voltage Regulation
PROBLEM

A transmission line supplies 60 MVA of

load at 0.8 power factor, lagging. The
voltage at the receiving end of the line is
138 kV. The transmission line impedance is
10+j30. What is the % regulation?
(Use Per-Phase Analysis)
10+j30 Ω

20 MVA
0.8 Lag

1-35
 Example: Voltage Regulation
PROBLEM SOLUTION

A transmission line supplies 60 MVA of Solve the problem considering only one phase of the
load at 0.8 power factor, lagging. The system. The 60 mVA load is 20 mVA per phase.
voltage at the receiving end of the line is
138 kV. The transmission line impedance
is 10+j30. What is the % regulation? θ = cos −1 0.8 = 36.87° Finding phase angle

138 ×103V
10+j30 Ω VLN = = 79.67 kV Load line to neutral
3 voltage
* S *1φ 20 ×106 ∠ − 36.87VA
S1φ = VLN I L IL = = = 251∠ − 36.87 A
VLN 79.67 ×103V
20 MVA
0.8 Lag Sending end voltage
VS = (10 + j 30)(251∠ − 36.87°) + 79.67 ×103 ∠0° = 86.31×103 ∠3°V

86.31 − 79.67
VR % = ×100 = 8.33%
79.67

1-36