FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
 Ø25

2 Ø25
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5 6
Ø25
3 10
4 8
Ø40 Ø25
Ø25
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12 Ø50 9
7
Ø40

Ø40 Ø50
13

15
16 14
Ø65
Ø65 Ø65
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Ø40

Ø100 Ø40

19

Ø65 20
Ø65
Ø65
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Ø100

Ø100 SPRINKLER SYSTEM HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

21
1 Density
Determining the flow density is necessary in order to calculate the flow for each sprinkler.
The density value depends on the hazard classification, design area and/or hydraulic analysis
method. For both methods, we use the density/area curve from the NFPA. Since the system is
light hazard, we use 0.10 USgpm for the density.

2 Most Remote Sprinkler

Hydraulic analysis of a sprinkler system starts from the most remote sprinkler head and proceeds
downwards to the system input node. For the system in consideration, we start with the sprinkler
head 1.
The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 4.625 × 3.875 = 17.92 m2 = 192.79f t2 (see

NFPA 13, 8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(192.79) = 19.28 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

1
 Q 2
 
P =
k
19.28 2
 
P =
5.6
P1 = 11.85psi

The minimum residual pressure for the most remote sprinkle is 7 psi as per NFPA. Thus resulting
pressure is higher and is therefore acceptable.

3 Pressure Loss Calculation from Node to Node

Calculate the pressure losses from the sprinkler to the next node using Hazen - Williams equation.
This includes losses from fittings, pipe segments and elevation losses.

3.1 Hazen-Williams Equation

4.52Q1.85
P =
C 1.85 d4.87
where
P = frictional resistance (psi/ft)
Q = flow (gpm)
C = friction factor (120 for steel pipe)
d = pipe internal diameter (in)

3.2 Elevation Head

To convert the elevation head from ft to psi, use

ft
Pe =
2.31

2
3.3 Equivalent Length of Pipe

To calculate the losses from valves and fittings, use the Equivalent Pipe Length chart.

3.4 Pressure Losses in Segment 1-2

From Node 1 to Node 2, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35m + 0.7m + 1.4m = 2.45m = 8.036 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 3 1 in. 3(2) = 6 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 8.036 + 6 = 14.036 f t

4.52(19.28)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.1216 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,1−2 = 0.1216(14.036) = 1.707 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,1−2 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level here.
The pressure in node 2 is therefore

P2 = P1 + Ploss,1−2 + Pe,1−2 = 11.85 + 1.707 − 0.497 = 13.06 psi

3
3.5 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 2 (Node 3)
The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 2.3 × 3.2 = 7.36 m2 = 79.18f t2 (see NFPA 13,
8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(79.18) = 7.918 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

Q 2
 
P =
k
7.918 2
 
P =
5.6
P3 = 2.0 psi

The pressure does not meet the minimum 7 psi requirement. Therefore, we need to adjust the
flow by using the 7 psi minimum requirement. Hence,

P3 = 7 psi
p
Q3 = k P3
√
Q3 = 5.6 7
Q3 = 14.82 U Sgpm

3.6 Pressure Losses in Segment 3-2

From Node 3 to Node 2, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35m + 1.12m = 1.47m = 4.82 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 1 1 in. 1(2) = 2 ft
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5)= 5 ft

4
Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 4.82 + 2 + 5 = 11.82 f t

4.52(14.82)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0747 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,3−2 = 0.0747(11.82) = 0.883 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,3−2 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level here.
The pressure in node 2 is therefore

P2 = P3 + Ploss,3−2 + Pe,3−2 = 7 + 0.883 − 0.497 = 7.386 psi

3.7 Balancing at Junction Node 2

The calculation from two branches that converged at node 2 resulted in different pressures. In
reality, only one pressure exists at junction node 2. It is therefore necessary to balance the
flow and pressure at this node. It can be achieved using various methods, e.g., conventional
method, simple proportion, and additive k factor. All three methods produce identical results;
so, whichever one should use depends on the designer.
In general, if the pressure imbalance is less than 0.5 psi, it may be ignored and the two flows
are added together, with the higher pressure being considered as the pressure at that node.
Although, if one wants to perfectly balance the pressure at the junction node, one can perform
a number of necessary iterations in order to achieve a pressure imbalance closer to 0 psi.
Since the pressure difference is high, we need to adjust the flow along the branch 3-2. We use
the following formula
s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL
where
QL = calculated flow in the low pressure line
PL = lower of the two pressures
PH = higher of the two pressures
Qadj = the adjusted flow

Thus,

5
 r
13.06
Qadj,3−2 = 14.82
7.386
Qadj,3−2 = 19.71 U Sgpm

We can accept the flow of 19.71 gpm as the flow to the branch or we can calculate further.
The adjusted pressure losses is given by

4.52(19.71)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.127 psi/f t

Ploss−adj,3−2 = 0.127(11.82) = 1.497 psi

The pressure at node 3 is then,

P3 = P2 − Ploss−adj,3−2 − Pe,3−2 = 13.06 − 1.497 + 0.497 = 12.06 psi

This results into

Q
k=√
P
19.71
k=√
12.06
k = 5.676

3.7.1 Iterations

The resulting k factor is a little bit higher than 5.6. Although we may accept this and move on
to the next segment, we can iterate further in order to arrive at a more accurate values.
Thus,

√
Qi = 5.6 12.06
Qi = 19.447 gpm

4.52(19.447)1.85
Pi =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
Pi = 0.12355 psi/f t

6
 P3−2,i = 0.12355(11.82) = 1.46 psi

P2,i = 12.06 + 1.46 − 0.497

P2,i = 13.023 psi

The adjusted flow is

r
13.06
Qii = 19.447
13.023
Qii = 19.475 U Sgpm

Then,

4.52(19.475)1.85
Pii =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
Pii = 0.12388 psi/f t

P3−2,ii = 0.12388(11.82) = 1.4643 psi

P3,ii = 13.06 − 1.4643 + 0.497

P3,ii = 12.093 psi

19.475
k3,ii = √
12.093
k3,ii = 5.6

P2,ii = 12.093 + 1.46 − 0.497

P2,ii = 13.056 psi ≈ 13.06 psi

It is apparent that after some iterations, we have arrived at the desired k f actor of 5.6 at the
sprinkler and the pressure 13.06 psi at junction node 2. It can also be observed that the difference
between the flow of the last iteration, i.e., 19.475 gpm and the initially calculated adjusted flow,
i.e., 19.71 gpm, is not that large enough to be consequential. Therefore, one can accept the
initial adjusted flow value as the flow rate, without performing further iterations. The designer
decides whether to do further iterations or not.

7
3.8 Pressure Losses in Segment 2-5
From Node 2 to Node 5, we have the following data:

• Pipe nominal (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 2.68m = 8.79 ft

• Q2−5 = Q1−2 + Q3−2 = 19.28 + 19.475 = 38.755 U Sgpm

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 8.79 f t

4.52(38.755)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.4425 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,2−5 = 0.4425(8.79) = 3.889 psi

Pe = 0 psi

There is no elevation pressure loss.

The pressure in node 5 is therefore

P5 = P2 + Ploss,2−5 + Pe,2−5 = 13.06 + 3.889 + 0 = 16.95 psi

3.9 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 3 (Node 4)

The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 2.65 × 3.0 = 7.95 m2 = 85.53f t2 (see NFPA 13,
8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(85.53) = 8.553 U Sgpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

8
 Q 2
 
P =
k
8.553 2
 
P =
5.6
P4 = 2.33 psi

The pressure does not meet the minimum 7 psi requirement. Therefore, we need to adjust the
flow by using the 7 psi minimum requirement. Hence,

P4 = 7 psi
p
Q4 = k P4
√
Q4 = 5.6 7
Q4 = 14.82 U Sgpm

3.10 Pressure Losses in Segment 4-5

From Node 4 to Node 5, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35m + 1.53m = 1.88 m = 6.17 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 1 1 in. 1(2) = 2 ft
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 6.17 + 2 + 5 = 13.17 f t

4.52(14.82)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0747 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,4−5 = 0.0747(13.17) = 0.9843 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,4−5 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The pressure in node 5 is therefore

P5 = P4 + Ploss,4−5 + Pe,4−5 = 7 + 0.9843 − 0.497 = 7.487 psi

9
3.11 Balancing at Junction Node 5
The calculation from two branches that converged at node 5 resulted in different pressures. As
discussed in Section 3.7, since the pressure difference is large, we need to adjust the flow along
the branch 4-5. We use the following formula
s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL
Thus,

r
16.95
Qadj,4−5 = 14.82
7.487
Qadj,4−5 = 22.3 U Sgpm

4.52(22.3)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.159 psi/f t

Ploss−adj,4−5 = 0.159(13.17) = 2.096 psi

The adjusted pressure at the sprinkler head 3 (node 4) is then

P4,adj = 16.95 − 2.096 + 0.497

P4,adj = 15.35 psi

3.12 Pressure Losses in Segment 5-6

From Node 2 to Node 5, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.62 m = 2.03 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

• Q5−6 = Q2−5 + Q4−5 = 38.755 + 22.3 = 61.055 U Sgpm

10
Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 2.03 + 5 = 7.03 f t

4.52(61.055)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 1.0258 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,5−6 = 1.0258(7.03) = 7.211 psi

Pe,5−6 = 0 psi

There is no elevation pressure loss.

The pressure in node 6 is therefore

P6 = P5 + Ploss,5−6 + Pe,5−6 = 16.95 + 7.211 + 0 = 24.16 psi

3.13 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 4 (Node 7)

The flow out of node 6 is split into opposite branches. So far, we have calculated all the pressures
and flows on one side. Now, we will try to do the same on the other side. We start with the
most remote sprinkler head (Node 7).
The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 2.625 × 3.675 = 9.647 m2 = 103.79f t2 (see

NFPA 13, 8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(103.79) = 10.379 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

Q 2
 
P =
k
10.379 2
 
P =
5.6
P7 = 3.44 psi

The pressure does not meet the minimum 7 psi requirement. Therefore, we need to adjust the
flow by using the 7 psi minimum requirement. Hence,

11
 P7 = 7 psi
p
Q7 = k P7
√
Q7 = 5.6 7
Q7 = 14.82 U Sgpm

3.14 Pressure Losses in Segment 7-8

From Node 7 to Node 8, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35 m + 1.95 m + 0.75 m = 3.05 m = 10.0 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 2 1 in. 2(2) = 4 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 10 + 4 = 14 f t

4.52(14.82)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0747 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,7−8 = 0.0747(14) = 1.046 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,7−8 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The pressure in node 8 is therefore

P8 = P7 + Ploss,7−8 + Pe,7−8 = 7 + 1.05 − 0.497 = 7.55 psi

3.15 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 5 (Node 9)

The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 2.125 × 2.25 = 4.78 m2 = 51.44f t2 (see NFPA

13, 8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

12
The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(51.44) = 5.144 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

Q 2
 
P =
k
5.144 2
 
P =
5.6
P9 = 0.84 psi

The pressure does not meet the minimum 7 psi requirement. Therefore, we need to adjust the
flow by using the 7 psi minimum requirement. Hence,

P9 = 7 psi
p
Q9 = k P9
√
Q9 = 5.6 7
Q9 = 14.82 U Sgpm

3.16 Pressure Losses in Segment 9-8

From Node 9 to Node 8, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35 m + 0.45 m = 0.8 m = 2.624 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 1 1 in. 1(2) = 2 ft
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 2.624 + 7 = 9.624 f t

4.52(14.82)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0747 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,9−8 = 0.0747(9.624) = 0.719 psi

13
 −0.35(3.28)
Pe,9−8 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The pressure in node 8 is therefore

P8 = P9 + Ploss,9−8 + Pe,9−8 = 7 + 0.719 − 0.497 = 7.22 psi

3.17 Balancing at Junction Node 8

The calculation from two branches that converged at node 8 resulted in an imbalance of 7.55 −
7.22 = 0.33 psi. As stated in Section 3.7, this difference is small enough such that it can be
ignored. Therefore, we don’t need to recalculate the flow and pressure on the low pressure
branch line. We adopt the higher pressure as the pressure on the node and add the flows from
both branches.
Hence,

P8 = 7.55 psi

Q8−6 = Q7−8 + Q9−8 = 14.82 + 14.82 = 29.64 U Sgpm

3.18 Pressure Losses in Segment 8-6

From Node 8 to Node 6, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 3.33 m = 10.92 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

• Q8−6 = Q7−8 + Q9−8 = 14.82 + 14.82 = 29.64 U Sgpm

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 10.92 + 5 = 15.92 f t

4.52(29.64)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.269 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,8−6 = 0.269(15.92) = 4.289 psi

Pe,8−6 = 0 psi

There is no elevation pressure loss.

14
The pressure in node 6 is therefore

P6 = P8 + Ploss,8−6 + Pe,8−6 = 7.55 + 4.289 + 0 = 11.839 psi

3.19 Balancing at Junction Node 6

Our calculations have so far yielded two different results on junction node 6, i.e., 24.26 psi and
11.84 psi. This results in an imbalance of 12.42 psi which is quite large. Consequently, we need
a recalculate the branches on the lower pressure side in order to rectify the imbalance at node
6. We repeat the same process as we did before, but this time we adopt the higher pressure as
the pressure at node 6.
Recalculating,
s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL

r
24.16
Qadj,8−6 = 29.64
11.839
Qadj,8−6 = 42.34 U Sgpm

3.19.1 Recalculations on Segment 8-6

The adjusted pressure losses at segment 8-6 is

T otal pipe length = 10.92 + 5 = 15.92 f t

4.52(42.34)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.521 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,adj,8−6 = 0.521(15.92) = 8.297 psi

Pe,8−6 = 0 psi

The adjusted pressure at node 8 is therefore

P8,adj = P6 − Ploss,adj,8−6 − Pe,8−6

P8,adj = 24.16 − 8.297 − 0
P8,adj = 15.863 psi

3.19.2 Recalculations on Segment 9-8

The adjusted pressure losses at segment 9-8 is

15
 s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL

r
15.863
Qadj,9−8 = 14.82
7.22
Qadj,9−8 = 21.97 U Sgpm

T otal pipe length = 2.624 + 7 = 9.624 f t

4.52(21.97)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.1548 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,adj,9−8 = 0.1548(9.624) = 1.49 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,9−8 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The adjusted pressure in node 9 is therefore

P9,adj = P8,adj − Ploss,adj,9−8 − Pe,9−8 = 15.863 − 1.49 − (−0.497) = 14.87 psi

3.19.3 Recalculations on Segment 7-8

The adjusted pressure losses at segment 7-8 is

Qadj,7−8 = Qadj,8−6 + Qadj,9−8

Qadj,7−8 = 42.34 − 21.97
Qadj,7−8 = 20.37 U Sgpm

T otal pipe length = 10 + 4 = 14 f t

4.52(20.37)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.1346 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,adj,7−8 = 0.1346(14) = 1.885 psi

16
 −0.35(3.28)
Pe,7−8 = = −0.497 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The adjusted pressure in node 7 is therefore

P7,adj = P8,adj − Ploss,adj,7−8 − Pe,7−8 = 15.863 − 1.885 − (−0.497) = 14.475 psi

3.20 Pressure Losses in Segment 6-10

From Node 6 to Node10, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1-1/2 in (1.61 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 1.31 m = 4.3 ft

• Fittings: No fittings

• Q6−10 = Q5−6 + Q8−6,adj = 61.055 + 42.34 = 103.395 U Sgpm

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 4.3 f t

4.52(103.395)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.61)4.87
P = 0.3375 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,6−10 = 0.3375(4.3) = 1.451 psi

There is no pressure loss due to change in elevation.

The pressure in node 10 is therefore

P10 = P6 + Ploss,6−10 + Pe,6−10 = 24.16 + 1.451 + 0 = 25.61 psi

3.21 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 6 (Node 11)

The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 2.9 × 4.25 = 12.325 m2 = 135.6f t2 (see NFPA

13, 8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

17
 Q = density × protection area
Q = 0.10(135.6) = 13.56 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

Q 2
 
P =
k
13.56 2
 
P =
5.6
P11 = 5.86 psi

The pressure does not meet the minimum 7 psi requirement. Therefore, we need to adjust the
flow by using the 7 psi minimum requirement. Hence,

P11 = 7 psi
p
Q11 = k P9
√
Q11 = 5.6 7
Q11 = 14.82 U Sgpm

3.22 Pressure Losses in Segment 11-10

From Node 11 to Node 10, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35 m = 1.148 ft

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 1.148 + 5 = 6.148 f t

4.52(14.82)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0747 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,11−10 = 0.0747(6.148) = 0.459 psi

−0.35(3.28)
Pe,11−10 = = −0.497 psi
2.31

18
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is negative since the water flows from higher level
to lower level.
The pressure in node 10 is therefore

P10 = P11 + Ploss,11−10 + Pe,11−10 = 7 + 0.459 − 0.497 = 6.96 psi

3.23 Balancing at Junction Node 10

The pressure imbalance at junction node 10 cannot be ignored. The flow must be adjusted on
low-pressure branch as given by
s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL
Thus,

r
25.61
Qadj,11−10 = 14.82
6.96
Qadj,11−10 = 28.43 U Sgpm

4.52(28.43)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.249 psi/f t

Ploss−adj,11−10 = 0.249(6.148) = 1.533 psi

The adjusted pressure at the sprinkler head 6 (node 11) is then

P11,adj = P10 − Ploss,adj,10−11 − Pe,10−11

P11,adj = 25.61 − 1.533 + 0.497
P11,adj = 24.57 psi

3.24 Pressure Losses in Segment 10-12

From Node 10 to Node 12, we have the following data:

• The riser nipple is assumed to be 4” or 0.10m in height.

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1-1/2 in (1.61 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.10 m + 1.84 m = 1.94 m = 6.36 ft

• Q10−12 = Q6−10 + Q11−10 = 103.395 + 28.43 = 131.825 U Sgpm

19
 • Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 1 1-1/2 in. 1(4) = 4 ft
Tee 1 1-1/2 in. 1(8) = 8 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 6.36 + 4 + 8 = 18.36 f t

4.52(131.825)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.61)4.87
P = 0.5289 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,10−12 = 0.5289(18.36) = 9.71 psi

0.1(3.28)
Ploss,10−12 = = 0.142 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is positive since the water flows from lower level to
higher level in the riser nipple.
The pressure in node 12 is therefore

P12 = P10 + Ploss,10−12 + Pe,10−12 = 25.61 + 9.71 + 0.142 = 35.46 psi

3.25 Pressure Losses in Segment 12-13

From Node 12 to Node 13, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 2 in (2.067 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 2.07 m + 0.4 m = 2.47 m = 8.1 ft

• Q12−13 = Q10−12 = 131.825 U Sgpm

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 1 2 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 8.1 + 5 = 13.1 f t

4.52(131.825)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (2.067)4.87
P = 0.1567 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,12−13 = 0.1567(13.1) = 2.052 psi

20
 Pe,12−13 = 0

The pressure in node 13 is therefore

P13 = P12 + Ploss,12−13 + Pe,12−13 = 35.46 + 2.052 + 0 = 37.51 psi

3.26 Pressure at Sprinkler Head 7 (Node 14)

The following are the known data:

• Density = 0.10 USgpm

• Sprinkler K factor = 5.6 (for standard pendent sprinklers)

• Protection area of coverage As = S × L = 3.25 × 4.55 = 14.79 m2 = 159.09 f t2 (see NFPA

13, 8.5.2.1 for determining the protection area of coverage per sprinkler )

The flow through the sprinkler is given by

Q = density × protection area

Q = 0.10(159.09) = 15.91 gpm

The residual pressure can be calculated as

Q 2
 
P =
k
15.91 2
 
P =
5.6
P14 = 8.07 psi

The resulting pressure is greater than the 7 psi minimum; hence, it is acceptable.

3.27 Pressure Losses in Segment 14-13

From Node 14 to Node 13, we have the following data:

• The riser nipple is assumed to be 4” or 0.10m in height.

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1in (1.049 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.35m + 0.95m + 2.3m + 0.10m = 3.7m = 12.136 ft

• Q14−13 = 15.91 U Sgpm

• Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 3 1 in. 3(2) = 6 ft
Tee 1 1 in. 1(5) = 5 ft

21
Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 12.136 + 6 + 5 = 23.136 f t

4.52(15.91)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.0852 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,14−13 = 0.0852(23.136) = 1.97 psi

(0.1 − 0.35)(3.28)
Pe,14−13 = = −0.355 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is the sum of the change in elevation due to the
riser nipple (0.10m) and the drop (−0.35m).
The pressure in node 13 is therefore

P13 = P14 + Ploss,14−13 + Pe,14−13 = 8.07 + 1.97 − 0.355 = 9.69 psi

3.28 Balancing at Junction Node 13

The pressure imbalance at node 13 is 37.51−9.69 = 27.82 psi. An adjustment to the low pressure
branch line is necessary.

s
PH
Qadj = QL
PL
r
37.51
Qadj,14−13 = 15.91
8.07
Qadj,14−13 = 34.3 U Sgpm

The adjusted pressure losses is given by

4.52(34.3)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.049)4.87
P = 0.353 psi/f t

Ploss−adj,14−13 = 0.353(23.136) = 8.167 psi

The adjusted pressure at the sprinkler head 7 (node 14) is then

P14,adj = P13 − Ploss,adj.14−13 − Pe,14−13

P14,adj = 37.51 − 8.167 + 0.355
P14,adj = 29.71 psi

22
3.29 Pressure Losses in Segment 13-15
From Node 13 to Node 15, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 2 in (2.067 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 3.8 m = 12.464 ft

• Q13−15 = Q12−13 + Q14−13 = 131.825 + 34.3 = 166.125 U Sgpm

• Fittings: No fittings

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 12.464 f t

4.52(166.125)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (2.067)4.87
P = 0.2403 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,13−15 = 0.2403(12.464) = 3.0 psi

Pe,13−15 = 0

The pressure in node 15 is therefore

P15 = P13 + Ploss,13−15 + Pe,13−15

P15 = 37.51 + 3.0 + 0 = 40.51 psi

3.30 Pressure Losses in Segment 15-16

For light hazard occupancies, NFPA 13 recommends adding a hose stream allowance. If there
are no hose stations or hose connections installed in the system, this allowance will be added
to the flow requirement at the last step of the analysis, without any impact on the pressure. If
there are inside hose stations, 50 gpm per inside hose station shall be considered - up to 100
gpm for multiple hose stations, in 50 gpm increments, beginning at the most remote1 . They are
added to the calculations at the point of the attachment of the hoselines inside the building.

From Node 15 to Node 16 (Fire Hose Station), we have the following data:

• The riser nipple is assumed to be 4” or 0.10m in height.

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1-1/2in (1.61 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.10 m + 4.0 m + 1.85 m = 5.95m = 19.516 ft

• Q15−16 = 50 U Sgpm (as per NFPA13)

1
See NFPA 13 (2013 edition), Section 12.8.4.

23
 • Valves & Fittings:
Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 3 1-1/2 in. 3(4) = 12 ft
Tee 1 1-1/2 in. 1(8) = 8 ft
Angle Valve 1 1-1/2 in. 1(22) = 22 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 19.516 + 12 + 8 + 22 = 61.516 f t

4.52(50)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.61)4.87
P = 0.088 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,15−16 = 0.088(61.516) = 5.41 psi

(0.1 − 1.85)(3.28)
Pe,15−16 = = −2.48 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is the sum of the change in elevation due to the
riser nipple (0.10m) and the drop (−1.85m).
The pressure in node 16 is therefore

P16 = P15 − Ploss,15−16 − Pe,15−16 = 40.51 − 5.41 + 2.48 = 37.58 psi

3.31 Pressure Losses in Segment 15-17

From Node 15 to Node 17, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 2-1/2in (2.469 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 13 m + 8.7 m + 5.1 m = 26.8m = 87.9 ft

• Q15−17 = Q15−16 + Q13−15 = 50 + 166.125 = 216.125 U Sgpm

• Valves & Fittings:

Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 2 2-1/2 in. 2(6) = 12 ft
Tee 1 2-1/2 in. 1(12) = 12 ft
Gate Valve 1 2-1/2 in. 1(1) = 1 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 87.9 + 12 + 12 + 1 = 112.9 f t

4.52(216.125)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (2.469)4.87
P = 0.1645psi/f t

24
Consequently,

Ploss,15−17 = 0.1645(112.9) = 18.58 psi

Pe,15−17 = 0

There is no pressure loss due to change in elevation..

The pressure in node 17 is therefore

P17 = P15 + Ploss,15−17 + Pe,15−17 = 40.51 + 18.58 + 0 = 59.09 psi

3.32 Pressure Losses in Segment 17-18

From Node 17 to Node 18, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 4 in. (4.026 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 3.5 m =11.48 ft

• Q17−18 = 216.125 U Sgpm

• Valves & Fittings: No valves and fittings

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 11.48 f t

4.52(216.125)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (4.026)4.87
P = 0.0152psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,17−18 = 0.0152(11.48) = 0.175 psi

3.5(3.28)
Pe,17−18 = = 4.97 psi
2.31
There is no pressure loss due to change in elevation..
The pressure in node 18 is therefore

P18 = P17 + Ploss,17−18 + Pe,17−18 = 59.09 + 0.175 + 4.97 = 64.235 psi

3.33 Pressure Losses in Segment 18-19

As indicated in Section 3.30, we need to include one more fire hose station (since there are
multiple fire hose stations). We already have a known flow of 50 gpm so it is not necessary to
start from Node 20 (fire hose) and work backwards. We can work from Node 18 and forwards
till we reach Node 20.

From Node 18 to Node 19 (Fire Hose Station), we have the following data:

25
 • Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 2-1/2in (2.469 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 13 m + 8.7 m + 5.1 m = 26.8m = 87.9 ft

• Q18−19 = 50 U Sgpm (as per NFPA13)

• Valves & Fittings:

Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 2 2-1/2 in. 2(6) = 12 ft
Tee 1 2-1/2 in. 1(12) = 12 ft
Gate Valve 1 2-1/2 in. 1(1) = 1 ft

Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 87.9 + 12 + 12 + 1 = 112.9 f t

4.52(50)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (2.469)4.87
P = 0.01097 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,18−19 = 0.01097(112.9) = 1.238 psi

Pe,18−19 = 0 psi

The pressure in node 19 is therefore

P19 = P18 − Ploss,18−19 − Pe,18−19 = 64.235 − 1.238 − 0 = 62.997 psi

3.34 Pressure Losses in Segment 19-20

From Node 19 to Node 20 (Fire Hose Station), we have the following data:

• The riser nipple is assumed to be 4” or 0.10m in height.

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 1-1/2in (1.61 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 0.10 m + 4.0 m + 1.85 m = 5.95m = 19.516 ft

• Q19−20 = 50 U Sgpm (as per NFPA13)

• Valves & Fittings:

Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 3 1-1/2 in. 3(4) = 12 ft
Tee 1 1-1/2 in. 1(8) = 8 ft
Angle Valve 1 1-1/2 in. 1(22) = 22 ft

26
Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 19.516 + 12 + 8 + 22 = 61.516 f t

4.52(50)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (1.61)4.87
P = 0.088 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,19−20 = 0.088(61.516) = 5.41 psi

(0.1 − 1.85)(3.28)
Pe,19−20 = = −2.48 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is the sum of the change in elevation due to the
riser nipple (0.10m) and the drop (−1.85m).
The pressure in node 20 is therefore

P20 = P19 − Ploss,19−20 − Pe,19−20 = 62.997 − 5.41 + 2.48 = 60.067 psi

3.35 Pressure Losses in Segment 18-21

From Node 18 to Node 21, we have the following data:

• Pipe (ASTM Std., Sch. 40) nominal diameter = 4 in (4.026 in i.d.)

• Straight Pipe Length = 3.25 + 0.70 m + 1.3m + 1m + 0.7m = 6.95 m = 22.796 ft

• Q18−21 = Q17−18 + Q18−19 = 216.125 + 50 = 266.125 U Sgpm (as per NFPA13)

• Valves & Fittings:

Fittings Qty Diameter Total Equivalent Length
90 deg. elbows 4 4 in. 4(10) = 40 ft
Swing Check Valve 1 4 in. 1(22) = 22 ft
Gate Valve 2 4 in. 2(2) = 4 ft
Therefore,

T otal pipe length = 22.796 + 40 + 22 + 4 = 88.796 f t

4.52(266.125)1.85
P =
(120)1.85 (4.026)4.87
P = 0.02235 psi/f t

Consequently,

Ploss,18−21 = 0.02235(88.796) = 1.985 psi

(3.25)(3.28)
Pe,18−21 = = 4.61 psi
2.31
The pressure loss due to change in elevation is positive.

27
The pressure in node 21 is therefore

P21 = P18 + Ploss,18−21 + Pe,18−21 = 64.235 + 1.985 + 4.61 = 70.83 psi

4 Fire Pump Selection

Including the hose stream allowance, the minimum total water required by the system is
266.13 gpm, say 267 gpm. NFPA 202 Section 4.10.1 states that “a centrifugal fire pump for
fire protection shall be selected so that the greatest single demand for any fire protection system
connected to the pump is less than or equal to 150 percent of the rated capacity (flow) of the
pump”.
From the same code, in Section A.4.10, “application of the pump at capacities less than 90
percent of the rated capacity is not recommended”. Thus, fire pumps should be selected between
90-150% of the rated capacity. The succeeding table shows the rated capacities of fire pumps
and the rate of the rated capacity the 267 U Sgpm total water required falls.

Fire Pump Capacities % of Rated Capacity

150 178%
200 134%
250 107%
300 89%
400 67%

It is evident from the table that the applicable fire pump capacities are 200gpm to 250 gpm.
Choosing a fire pump near 150% of rated capacity does not allow for flexibility. Also, selecting
higher pump capacities, while sufficient to supply the fire sprinkler system, costs more. A good
judgment on the balance between cost and applicability is important. Based on the table, we
can choose a 250 gpm rated capacity fire pump for the system. With this selection, we can
determine the BHP from the pump curve. This BHP is the power required by the pump shaft,
and is therefore, the motor output required to run the pump.
The hydraulic analysis yielded a minimum requirement of 267 gpm and a total pressure of 70.83
psi. Depending on the designer’s discretion, an additional allowance may be included for the
unaccounted pressure losses.

2
NFPA 20 2019 edition

28
From the manufacturer’s pump curve, the fire pump specifications are:

• Type: End-suction Fire Pump

• Rated Capacity: 250 gpm

• Operating Flow: 267 gpm

• Operating pressure: 70.83 psi

• Suggested Motor HP: 20 hp

• Impeller Diameter: 6.15”

• No. of Vanes: 6

• RPM: 3515

29