Statistics [as a science ]is a branch of

science dealing with data collection,

organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation.

Statistics [as a measure ] is any

descriptive form of measurement such
as a mean, median, standard deviation,
etc., which are computed from sample
data.
 Statistics, as a science, has two divisions:
Descriptive Statistics
• It is concerned with developing and utilizing techniques for the
effective presentation of numerical information.
• It focuses on the subsequent task of collecting, organizing, and
presenting the data.
• It aims to summarize the sample using statistical measures or
descriptive measures such as average, median, standard
deviation, variance, etc.
For example, if we look at a football team’s scores over a particular
season, we can compute the average score, the typical score, the
highest and lowest scores, variance, etc., and get a statistical
description or profile for the team.
 Inferential Statistics or analytical statistics
• It is concerned with developing and utilizing techniques for
properly analyzing numerical information.
• It focuses on inductive and deductive reasoning.
• It aims to draw a conclusion about the population from the
sample at hand.
For example, a medical doctor may try to infer the success rate of
arachidonic acid ( a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in our body
and is abundant in the brain, muscles, and liver and is found in
certain foods, such as meat, egg yolk, and shellfish) in children’s
diet to decrease the risk of asthma.
 Draw conclusion about the
Describes the sample using
population using the data
statistical measures.
from life sample.
 1. Identify whether the statement describes
inferential statistics or descriptive statistics:
a) The average age of the students in a statistics class is 21 years. b)
The chances of winning the California Lottery are one chance in
twenty-two million.
c) There is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and getting
emphysema.
d) From past figures, it is predicted that 39% of the registered voters in
California will vote in the June primary.
 1. Identify whether the statement describes
inferential statistics or descriptive statistics:
a) The average age of the students in a statistics class is 21 years.
(Descriptive)
b) The chances of winning the California Lottery are one chance in
twenty-two million. (Inferential)
c) There is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and getting
emphysema. (Inferential)
d) From past figures, it is predicted that 39% of the registered voters in
California will vote in the June primary. (Inferential)
STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION focuses on people or things with characteristics in which
someone is interested to seek information and learn more about the real-world situation.

The Data Set is

The The datum {pl.
The frame is any collection of
elementary data} is any observations about
the complete
unit is the single one or more
person or
list of all observation characteristics of
interest, for one or
object elementary about a specified
more elementary
possessing the units characteristic units. A data set can
interest. It is the
characteristics pertinent to a be univariate
basic unit of a (possessing only one
that interest statistical statistician’s raw characteristic),
the statistician. investigation. material. bivariate, or
multivariate.
In statistics, the term population takes on a
slightly different meaning.
The population in statistics includes all
members of a defined group that is under
study.
It also refers to the entire collection of all
possible observations about specified
characteristics of interest.
A portion or a part of the population is called a “sample”.
If a sample is randomly drawn from the population, it
is expected to possess all the characteristics of the
population.
Samples are randomly drawn when
(1) each member of the population is given an equal chance of
becoming a part of the sample, and
(2) the selection of one member is independent of the
selection of interest.
 Suppose there are 5000 students in a particular
college and 50 students are taken to form the sample.
The names of 5,000 students may be written on pieces
of paper, put in a box, and shuffled well.
From that box, we draw 50 names.
The 50 names drawn constitute the sample, or more
specifically, the random sample; while the 5,0000
students are the population.
Since the 50 students is a random sample,
whatever result that can be achieved from
this sample can be generalized to the
5,0000 students in that college; and if the
characteristics of the 50 students are
matched with that of 5,000 students, one
will notice their similarities.
 The number of items in a FINITE
POPULATION is known as the
population size, denoted by the letter N,
and the number of items in a sample,
sample size, is donated by n. Thus, in our
example, we have a sample size of n = 20
selected from a population of N = 1200.
 A variable is a quantity that is characterized by a sample
population, which assumes a succession of values
observed.
What is the difference between quantitative and
qualitative variables?
Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable.
Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and related to
language.
Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often in calculations.
Qualitative data can help us to understand why, how, or what happened
behind certain behaviors
It is a variable that is not expressed numerically because it differs
in kind rather than in degrees among elementary units. These
variables can be dichotomous or multinomial.

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE. Observations about this variable can be made

only in two categories. For example, male or female, employed or unemployed,
correct or incorrect, defective or non-defective, absent or present, etc.

MULTINOMIAL VARIABLE. Observations about this variable can be made in

more than two categories. For example, job title, color, language, religion, type of
business, etc.
It is a variable that is normally expressed numerically because it
differs in degree rather than in kind among the members of the
group. They can be discrete or continuous
DISCRETE VARIABLE. Produces numerical responses that arise from count
data. This type of variable assume values only at specific points on a scale of values,
with gaps between them, such as the number of children in the family, number of
students in a classroom, number of schools in Manila, number of T-shirts produced
by a manufacturer, number of persons afflicted with H-fever, etc.

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE. Continuous variables can take on numerical

responses that arise from measured data. Observations of this type of variable can
assume values at all points on a scale of values, with no breaks between possible
values, such as height, weight, volume, temperature, etc.
Draw conclusion about the
population using the data
from life sample.
 Variables are sometimes specified according to
their intended use.
In many studies, it is customary to record more than
one variable per case. It is often the aim of many
studies to determine if and how one or more
variables affect another.
In general, identifying the use of the variables is
parallel to deciding which variable(s) would be used
to predict another. These variables may be
considered dependent or independent variables.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE OR PREDICTED VARIABLE.
It is a variable you would be interested in
predicting. It is the outcome of the study which is
why it is sometimes called OUTCOME VARIABLE.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE OR PREDICTED VARIABLE.
It is a variable that explains the dependent
variable. It is sometimes called an experimental
variable since in an experiment, this is the variable
that is being manipulated or controlled to observe
its effect on another (outcome variable).
The level of measurement of a variable is a
categorization used to illustrate the type of
data or information acquired from each
elementary unit. These levels or types of
data were proposed by Stanley Smith
Stevens in his 1946 article “ On the Theory
of Scales of Measurements”
 • The nominal scale/measurement simply
categorizes variables according to qualitative labels
(or names). These labels and groupings don’t have
any order or hierarchy to them, nor do they convey
any numerical value.
• For example, the variable “hair color” could be
measured on a nominal scale according to the
following categories: blonde hair, brown hair, gray
hair, and so on.
 Variables with the weakest level of measurement are
the nominal scale. These are numbers that are
assigned to the objects or elements of the data set to
label differences kind and thus can serve the purpose
of classifying observations about qualitative variables
into mutually exclusive groups. If two elements have
the same nominal number, they belong to the same
category. This is the only significance that nominal
measurements have that is why nominal is also called
categorical data or categorical variables.
 The ordinal scale also categorizes variables into
labeled groups, and these categories have an order or
hierarchy to them.
For example, you could measure the variable “income”
on an ordinal scale as follows: low income, medium
income, high income. Another example could be level of
education, classified as follows: high school, master’s
degree, doctorate.
These are still qualitative labels (as with the nominal
scale), but you can see that they follow a hierarchical
order.
 The next level of measurement is the ordinal
measurement. These are numbers that produce a
distinct ordering, ranking, or arrangement of data. The
intervals between the numbers or ratios of such numbers
are meaningless because they do not provide information
on how much more or less of the characteristics of
various items possess. Thus, the same nominal data,
ordinal data, or variables cannot be added, subtracted, or
multiplied. The statistical measures that may be
computed at this level are the mode and median, but the
mean is not defined.
 The interval scale is a numerical scale that
labels and orders variables, with a known,
evenly spaced interval between each of the
values.
An oft-cited example of interval data is the
temperature in Fahrenheit, where the
difference between 10- and 20 degrees
Fahrenheit is the same as the difference
between, say, 50- and 60-degrees Fahrenheit.
 The measure that is more complicated is the interval
measurement. The interval data have all the features of
ordinal measurements. The operation that can be performed
in this measurement is subtraction; the differences between
measurements represent equivalent intervals. Negative values
can be used. Addition may be performed but not always
meaningful. Their ratios are meaningless since they do not
possess a meaningful origin or true zero point; the value zero
is arbitrarily chosen. Thus, multiplication and division will
give meaningless values.
 The ratio scale is the same as the interval scale,
with one key difference: The ratio scale has what’s
known as a “true zero.”
A good example of ratio data is weight in kilograms.
If something weighs zero kilograms, it truly weighs
nothing—compared to temperature (interval data),
where a value of zero degrees doesn’t mean there
is “no temperature,” it simply means it’s extremely
cold!
 The most used type of data is called ratio data. These data
possess the characteristics of ordinal and interval data, but
the values between numbers as well as the ratios are
meaningful. All types of arithmetic operations can be
performed with such data because these types of numbers
have a natural or true zero point that denotes the complete
absence of the characteristics they measure, thus making the
ratio of any two such numbers independent of the unit of
measurement.