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Nature of Statistics

To aware of what is the truth about mathematics statistics

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136 views19 pages

Nature of Statistics

To aware of what is the truth about mathematics statistics

Uploaded by

janreysantos297
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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NATURE OF STATISTICS

Nor-Aiam E. Asmawil
Instructor
I – ORIGIN OF STATISTICS
Statistics as term evolved from the
Medieval Latin word “STATISTICUS”
which means “statesmanlike” or “statist”
the one who practices “statism” the act
of conducting the affairs of the state. In
ancient times, it was used to provide
information pertaining to taxes,
agricultural crops and even athletic
endeavours.
II – MEANING OF STATISTICS
1. As a mass of figures – the mass of figures containing salient and
unalterable characteristics that can easily be observed/recognized among the
mass by any person of normal intelligence.
2. As the plural of statistic – a certain kind of measures used to evaluate a
selected properly of the collection of items under investigation
3. In the singular sense
 refers to the techniques by which quantitative data are collected, presented,
organized, analysed, and interpreted (Pangan et. al. 1996)
 A science, which deals with methods in the collection, gathering,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data (Punsalan & Unarte 1987)
 The science of organizing and analysing numerical data for the purpose of
description and decision making.
 The science which deals with the collection, organization, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data. (Pebre 1987)
III –USES/APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
1.It can give precise description of data.
2.It can predict the behavior of the
individuals.
3.It can be used to test a hypothesis.
4.It can provide information for decision-
making.
IV – AREAS OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive statistics – includes the techniques which are concern
with the summarizing and describing numerical data. This method
can either be graphical or computational. It is used to present and
analyse information in a convenient usable and understandable
form. It gives us information about a sample.
2. Inferential statistics – the techniques by which decisions about the
statistical population are made based only on a sample having been
observed or a judgement having been obtained. It is concerned
more with generalizing information or making inference about the
population.
3. Correlation statistics – involves the use of correlation or
association between two or among variables under consideration. It
is also used to predict future behavior.
Other examples of descriptive and inferential
statistics are as follows:

 Descriptive Statistics:
1. Based on the research of the Department of Health, 63%
of those found to have diabetes were not aware that they
have such disease.
2. According to nationwide survey, the three highest
responses to persons living with older persons are:
grandchild (61.8%), spouse (59%) and daughter (59.0%).
3. Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4,470 civilian
fire deaths in 1989.
 Inferential Statistics:

1. Aspirin may lower the rate of heart attacks by 50%.


2. Eating chili foods may cause shrinkage of the liver.
3. Drinking coffee may help reduce the sugar level of
diabetic persons.
V – POPULATION AND SAMPLES
 Population – it is the totality of all the actual
or concernable objects of a certain class
under consideration. It is a complete set of
individuals, objects or measurements having
some common observable characteristics.
 Sample – it is a finite number of objects
selected from a population.
Types of Sampling
 Random Sampling – to prevent the
possibility of a bias and erroneous inference.
*Random sample – a sample which elements
are chosen in such a manner that one element
has a good chance of being selected as
another.
 Systematic Random Sampling – the
members of the population are arranged in a
fashion – perhaps alphabetically of other
sorts.
Types of Sampling
Stratified Sampling – a population is
first divided into subsets based on the
homogeneity called strata.
Cluster Sampling – can be done by
subdividing the population into
smaller units and then selecting only
at random some primary units where
the study would then be concentrated.
VI – CENSUS AND SURVEY
 Census – a form of statistical inquiry in
which data are collected from each and
every unit belonging to the population. It is
also called a complete enumeration survey.
 Survey - a form of statistical inquiry in which
data are gathered from a representative
sample of the unit belonging to a population
and an inference is drawn about the
population on the basis of the observations
made on the selected unit.
VII – PARAMETER AND
STATISTIC
Parameter – any numerical value
describing a characteristic of the
population.
Statistic – a numerical value
describing a characteristic of the
sample.
VIII – THE VARIABLE
Refers to a characteristics or
property whereby the members
of the group or set vary or differ
from one another. It may take on
different values Ex. weight, I.Q.,
sex, age.
Variables according to functional
relationship

 Dependent variable – the value of


which depends on the value of another
variable. It is also called criterion
variable.
 Independent Variable – the variable
that may take on any value. It is also
called predictor variable.
Variables according to
continuity of values
 Continuous – variables whose levels
can take continuous values. Ex. height,
weight and length.
 Discreteor discontinuous – variables
whose values or levels cannot take the
form of decimals. Ex. size of a family,
number of students in the class.
Variables according to scale of
measurement
1. Nominal – refers to categories or
classification of things, person or events.
Numbers are used as labels to
identify/represent the classification, category
attribute or quality of a person. The number
has no meaning except that they are used
only as a convenient code. Ex. numbers on a
player’s uniform, color, sex, economic status.
Variables according to scale of
measurement
2. Ordinal – a property defined by an operation
whereby members of a group are ranked. A number
is assigned to a variable corresponding to the
ordinality of a number, as arranging them from the
largest to smallest, and ranking them. It is
distinguished from the nominal scale by the additional
property of order among the categories. But nothing
is specified with respect to the magnitude of the
interval between the ranks. Ex. rank according to
weight, height, or age; places in a contest.
Variables according to scale of
measurement
3. Interval – this is similar to ordinal scale, but
intervals are equidistant from one another. The scale
could be treated by four fundamental operations. Ex.
height, age, distance, temperature.
4. Ratio – also an interval scale, numbers are
used to interpret the relation of variables relative to
another variable. A property defined by an operation,
which permits making of statements of a quality of
ratio.
THAT’S ALL…

THANK YOU!

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