CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Content Standards: The learners demonstrate an understanding of:

●​ the chemical reactions associated with biological and industrial processes affecting life and the
environment
Performance Standards: The learners should be able to:
●​ using any form of media, present chemical reactions involved in biological and industrial processes
affecting life and the environment
Learning Competencies: The learners should be able to:
●​ apply the principles of conservation of mass to chemical reactions; and
●​ explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied in food preservation and
materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion.

MOTIVATION:
​
A.​ Briefly describe what is shown in the given illustrations:
a)​ COMBUSTION
A substance reacts with oxygen,
releasing heat; since it forms new gases,
there is a chemical change.

b)​ RUST
Iron rusts because when it is exposed to
oxygen and moisture, a chemical
reaction happens and creates a new
compound called iron oxide.

c)​ DIGESTION
Image Source: Helmenstine, A. (2023, October 8). Examples of chemical
reactions in everyday life. Science Notes and Projects. A primary chemical reaction that occurs
https://sciencenotes.org/examples-of-chemical-reactions-in-everyday-life/ in digestion is hydrolysis; where water is
incorporated into a larger molecular
structure to break them down. This
produces a new, smaller substance,
making it easier for our body to absorb
nutrients.

d)​ PHOTOSYNTHESIS
When carbon dioxide reacts with water
and sunlight, there is a chemical
reaction that converts it into chlorophyll
and glucose.

e)​ BATTERIES
Batteries convert chemical energy into
electrical energy by a
reduction-oxidation reaction. It is when
an electrode undergoes oxidation at the
anode, and the other electrode
undergoes reduction at the cathode, this
process generates electricity.

f)​ FERMENTATION
When there is no presence of oxygen,
fermentation starts with the glucose
breaking down into pyruvic acid, which
could then be broken down into lactate,
ethanol, or carbon dioxide.
 g)​ WASHING
When washing something that has an
oily substance, the soap breaks down
the bonds of the oily substance for it to
be easily washed away.

h)​ BAKING
When water and flour mix, proteins from
the flour mix with the water, creating
gluten, which is sticky and stretchy,
making the mixture a doughy
consistency.

B.​ Differentiate PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL CHANGE. Provide example/s for each.

PHYSICAL CHANGE
Physical change is when the matter changes, but its chemical property doesn’t. It is
usually reversible; new products and chemical bonds of molecules are not made.

Example/s: When water is converted to gas by evaporation or when water turns to ice by
freezing.

CHEMICAL CHANGE
Chemical change is when the chemical composition changes. It is usually irreversible; new
products and chemical bonds of molecules are made.

Example/s: Iron rusts because when it is exposed to oxygen and moisture, a chemical
reaction happens and creates a new compound called iron oxide.
Chemical Reactions
​ A process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different
physical and chemical properties. A chemical reaction is in which the bonds are broken within reactant
molecules, and new bonds are formed within product molecules in order to form a new substance.

Representation of chemical reactions

Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. Chemical equations have reactants
on the left, an arrow that is read as "yields", and the products on the right. A chemical equation is
nothing but a mathematical statement which symbolizes the product formation from reactants while
stating certain conditions for which the reaction has been conducted.

A chemical equation is a related group of chemical formulas and symbols that represents a
chemical change. Chemists and scientists use chemical equations to understand and interpret what
happens in chemical reactions. This is a useful way of summarizing what happens to substances when they
undergo chemical reactions.

Table 1.0 Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

+ used to separate multiple reactants or products

→ yield sign; separates reactants from products

⇌ replaces the yield sign for reversible reactions that reach equilibrium

formula written above the arrow is used as a catalyst in the reaction

triangle indicates that the reaction is being heated​

(𝑠) reactant or product in the solid state

(𝑙) reactant or product in the liquid state

(𝑔) reactant or product in the gas state

(𝑎𝑞) reactant or product in an aqueous solution (dissolved in water)

To turn word equations into symbolic equations, we need to follow the given steps:
1)​ Identify the reactants and products. This will help you know which symbols go on each side of the
arrow and where the + signs go.
2)​ Write the correct formulas for all compounds.
3)​ Write the correct formulas for all elements. Usually this is given straight off of the periodic table.
However, there are seven elements that are considered diatomic, meaning that they are always
found in pairs in nature. They include those elements listed in the table.
Table 2.0 Diatomic Elements
Element Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Symbol 𝐻2 𝑁2 𝑂2 𝐹2 𝐶𝑙2 𝐵𝑟2 𝐼2

Law of conservation of mass
About two centuries ago, the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, with the assistance of his
wife and research colleague Marie Anne Paulze, made an important breakthrough that enabled scientists
to understand what happens during a chemical reaction. They measured the masses of reactants and
products in various kinds of chemical reactions.
Lavoisier and Paulze discovered that the total mass of reactants and the total mass of the products
in a given reaction are always the same. This means that the total mass of a system is conserved or does
not change during a chemical reaction. No known exceptions to this rule have ever been observed. For this
reason, this experimental observation has come to be known as the law of conservation of mass.
The law of conservation of mass is crucial in understanding what happens to the atoms during a
chemical reaction. It implies that no atoms are destroyed and no new atoms are produced during a
chemical reaction. Instead, the atoms of the reactants in a chemical reaction are simply rearranged to form
the products. Chemical bonds between the atoms are broken and new ones are formed; the atoms simply
bond in new ways.

Types of chemical reactions

The basis for different types of reactions is the product formed, the changes that occur, the
reactants involved and so on.

1.​ Direct Combination Reaction (Synthesis)

​ A direction combination or union or synthesis reaction is the combination of two or more
reactants (either elements or compounds) to produce a single product. The product of a
combination reaction is always more complex than either of the reactants.
General Pattern: 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐴𝐵
(where A and B are either elements or compounds, and the resulting product AB is always a
compound formed from the union of A and B)
Examples:
a.​ The direct combination reaction of a metal and a nonmetal produces a salt.
2𝑁𝑎(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
b.​ The direct combination reaction of a metal and oxygen forms a metallic oxide.
2𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑀𝑔𝑂(𝑠)
c.​ The direct combination reaction of two nonmetals forms a molecular compound.
𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)
d.​ The direct combination reaction of a nonmetallic oxide with water yields an aqueous acid.
𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻2𝑆𝑂(𝑎𝑞)
e.​ The direct combination reaction of a metallic oxide with water forms a metallic hydroxide or
base.
𝑀𝑔𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2(𝑎𝑞)
2.​ Decomposition
​ In a decomposition reaction, a compound is broken down into two or more elements or
compounds. It is the reverse of a direct combination reaction. In a decomposition reaction, there is
only one reactant. Substances undergo decomposition reactions either because of instability or as a
result of heating or electrical decomposition.
General Pattern: 𝐴𝐵 → 𝐴 + 𝐵
(where AB is always a compound, and A and B can either be an element or a compound)
Examples:
a.​ The decomposition of some metallic oxides gives off oxygen gas and free-state metals.

2𝐴𝑔2𝑂(𝑠) 4𝐴𝑔(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔)

 b.​ The decomposition of metallic hydroxides, except alkali metals (group IA), gives off water
and metallic oxides.

𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2(𝑠) 𝑀𝑔𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐻2𝑂

c.​ The decomposition of sulfates, except those of alkali metals (group IA) and alkaline earth
metals (group IIA), forms metallic oxides and sulfur trioxide.

( )3
𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑠) 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3(𝑠) + 3𝑆𝑂3(𝑔)

d.​ The decomposition of nitrates of alkali metals yields metallic nitrites and oxygen. All other
metallic nitrates decompose into nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, and metallic oxide.

2𝐾𝑁𝑂3(𝑠) 2𝐾𝑁𝑂2(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔)

e.​ The decomposition of carbonates, except those containing alkali metals, produces carbon
dioxide and metallic oxides.

𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3(𝑠) 𝐵𝑎𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)

f.​ The decomposition of chlorates forms a metallic chloride and oxygen gas. The thermal
decomposition of bromates and iodates results in different products depending on the
reaction conditions.

2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3(𝑠) 2𝐾𝐶𝑙(𝑠) + 3𝑂2(𝑔)

3.​ Single-Displacement or Single-Replacement
​ A single-replacement or single-displacement reaction involves an uncombined active
element displacing another element from a compound taking its place. The reactants are always
one element and one compound.
General Pattern: 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶 → 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵
Examples:
a.​ Displacement of a metal in a salt by a more active metal. Each metal in the activity series
displaces any metals below it to form a salt in a solution.
( )2
𝐶𝑢(𝑠) + 2𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢 𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐴𝑔(𝑠)

b.​ Displacement of a halogen from a halide salt. A halogen (𝐹, 𝐶𝑙, 𝐵𝑟, 𝐼) displaces any less
active halogen from a halide salt.
𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐼(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐼2(𝑎𝑞)
c.​ Displacement of hydrogen in an acid by an active metal. When a metal that is above
hydrogen in the activity series reacts with an acid, hydrogen gas is released and a salt is
formed.
( )2
𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑍𝑛 𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2(𝑔)

d.​ Displacement of hydrogen in water by an active metal. The metals above hydrogen in the
activity series can displace 𝐻 to form a metallic hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 2𝐻2𝑂 → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2(𝑔)
4.​ Double-Replacement (Metathesis)
​ A double-replacement or double-displacement reaction is a reaction in which atoms or ions
from two different compounds replace one another. Two compounds exchange partners to produce
two new compounds. The reactants in this type of reaction are generally ionic compounds.
General Pattern: 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷 → 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐶𝐵
Examples:
a.​ Precipitation Reaction: Two water-soluble compounds react to form two new compounds,
one of which is a precipitate – indicated by an arrow pointing downward written next to the
chemical formula.
 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 ↓ + 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞)
𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾2𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ↓ + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
b.​ Neutralization Reaction: An acid and a base react to form salt and water.
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)
Neutralization, such as in the liming process, are useful in neutralizing soil to promote plant
( )
growth — agricultural limestone-calcium carbonate 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 neutralized acid in the soil.
5.​ Combustion Reaction
​ A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction in which a compound or an element rapidly
combines with oxygen gas.
Examples:
a.​ In the combustion of hydrocarbons, the products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy. A
hydrocarbon is a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen.
General Pattern: 𝐶𝑥𝐻𝑦 where 𝑥 and 𝑦 stand for the specific number of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, respectively.
𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)
When a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion reaction, carbon dioxide is released into the
atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere plays a major role in global warming; it
prevents thermal or heat energy from escaping into space. Uncontrolled rapid increase in
𝐶𝑂2 levels in the atmosphere is widely believed to be a major cause of global warming.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction

​ Chemical reactions are accompanied by changes in energy, either in the form of heat absorption or
heat release.

●​ Endothermic Reaction: A reaction whereby energy is absorbed from the surroundings. In the
process, the temperature of the surroundings decreases
●​ Exothermic Reaction: A reaction whereby energy is released to the surroundings. The
temperature of the surroundings increases.
●​ Isothermic Reaction: A reaction whereby the reaction absorbs as much energy as it releases.
There is no net energy change.

SUMMARY:
●​ In a chemical change, a new compound is formed but in a physical change, the substance changes
its state of existence.
●​ A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more
new substances.
●​ Atoms or ions or molecules which react to form a new substance are called reactants; the new
atoms or molecules formed are products.
●​ Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations.
●​ Chemical equations have reactants on the left, an arrow that is read as "yields", and the products on
the right.
●​ A chemical reaction follows the law of conservation of mass. That is no atom is destroyed or created
but only a new product is formed from reactants.
ASSESSMENT NO. 1:

Determine what type of chemical reaction is described in the following statements.

Write the chemical equation for each reaction.

Synthesis 1. When magnesium metal is heated in the presence of oxygen, it forms

magnesium oxide.
Chemical Equation: 2Mg(s)+O2(g)→2MgO(s)

Decomposition 2. Calcium carbonate, when heated, breaks down into calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide gas.

Chemical Equation: CaCO3(s) CaO(s)+CO2(g)

Single-Displacement 3. When zinc metal is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate, zinc

displaces copper and forms zinc sulfate and copper metal.
Chemical Equation: Zn(s)+CuSO4(aq)→ZnSO4(aq)+Cu(s)

Double-Replacement 4. When solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate are mixed, a
white precipitate of silver chloride forms along with sodium nitrate in
the solution.
Chemical Equation: NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)→AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq)

Combustion. In the presence of oxygen, propane (C₃H₈) burns to produce carbon

dioxide and water.
Chemical Equation: C3H8(g)+5O2(g)→3CO 2(g)+4H 2O(g)

TAKEAWAY: Based on what you have learned, answer the given question with a minimum of 3 sentences.

What is the importance of understanding chemical reactions?

We can understand why certain things occur in our daily lives by understanding chemical reactions.
For example, since we know that there is a chemical reaction in fermentation, we know that so that our
fermentation process is successful, we do it in an air-tight container so that it doesn’t react to oxygen. By
understanding and knowing why these chemical reactions occur in our daily lives, we can ensure that our
actions are efficient because we understand why they happen.

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REFERENCES:
●​ Science and Technology 10 (Second Edition). (n.d.). ABIVA Publishing House Inc.
●​ Chemical Reactions. (n.d.). byjus.com. https://byjus.com/chemistry/chemical-reactions/
●​ Libretexts. (2022, July 18). 7.3: The chemical equation. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(LibreTexts
)/07%3A_Chemical_Reactions/7.03%3A_The_Chemical_Equation#:~:text=Chemical%20reactions
%20are%20represented%20by,the%20products%20on%20the%20right.