Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Pangasinan Division II
Manaoag National High School
Manaoag, Pangasinan

General Chemistry 1

Quarter 3 – Module 1
Week 1

Substances

11 – STEM

Name: _______________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________________
Date: ________________________________________________
Score:________________________________________________
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES (MELC)
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them.
(STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-5);
2. Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances. (STEM_GC11MP-
Ia-b-9); and
3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety,
quality and cost. ( STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-11).

Lesson
USE PROPERTIES OF MATTER TO IDENTIFY SUBSTANCES
1

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of
matter in a substance. Volume is the amount of space matter takes up. All physical
objects are composed of matter, and an easily observed property of matter is its
state or phase. Matter is made of indestructible particles called “atoms”.
The ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus recorded the
concept of atoms, an indivisible building block of matter, as early as the 5th
Century BC.
HIERARCHY OF MATTER
Properties of Matter

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the

composition of matter. These are used to observed and describe matter. Physical
properties of materials are often described as intensive and extensive properties.
These classifications relate to the dependency of the properties upon the size or
extent of the system or object in question.

An intensive property is a bulk property, meaning that it is a physical

property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of
material in the system. Examples of intensive properties include temperature,
refractive index, density, and hardness of an object. When a diamond is cut, the
pieces maintain their intrinsic hardness (until their size reaches a few atoms thick).
A physical property that will be the same regardless of the amount of matter. It
includes density (ρ=mvρ=mv), color (the pigment or shade), conductivity
(electricity to flow through the substance), malleability (if a substance can be
flattened) and luster (how shiny the substance looks).

An extensive property is additive for independent, non-interacting

subsystems. The property is proportional to the amount of material in the system.
A physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes. It includes
mass (how much matter in the sample), volume (how much space the sample takes
up) and length (how long the sample is.
 Physical properties include the state of matter and its color and odor. For
example, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas. Chlorine is a greenish gas with a
strong, sharp odor. Other physical properties include hardness, freezing and
boiling points, the ability to dissolve in other substances, and the ability to conduct
heat or electricity. These properties are demonstrated in figure above.
Matter Phase Change

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/chemistry/matter-properties/phase-change

The states in which matter can exist: as a solid, liquid, or gas. When
temperature changes, matter can undergo a phase change, shifting from one form
to another.
In the solid phase, the molecules are closely bound to one another by
molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid is fixed by the
shape of the solid. In the liquid phase, the molecular forces are weaker than in a
solid. A liquid will take the shape of its container with a free surface in a
gravitational field. In microgravity, a liquid forms a ball inside a free surface.
Regardless of gravity, a liquid has a fixed volume. In the gas phase, the molecular
forces are very weak. A gas fills its container, taking both the shape and the
volume of the container.
Examples of phase changes are melting (changing from a solid to a liquid),
freezing (changing from a liquid to a solid), evaporation (changing from a liquid
to a gas), and condensation (changing from a gas to a liquid). Sublimation is the
conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with no
intermediate liquid stage. It is used to describe the process of snow and ice
changing into water vapor in the air without first melting into water. Deposition is
the phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the
liquid phase. Deposition is a thermodynamic process. The reverse of deposition is
sublimation.
Chemical properties of matter describe its
"potential" to undergo some chemical change or
reaction by virtue of its composition. It is quite
difficult to define a chemical property without using
the word "change". Eventually you should be able to
look at the formula of a compound and state some
chemical property. For example, hydrogen has the
potential to ignite and explode given the right
conditions. This is a chemical property. Metals in general have the chemical
property of reacting with an acid. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce
hydrogen gas. This is a chemical property. Also includes enthalpy of formation,
acidity/basicity, the heat of combustion and solubility.
 Flammability is the ability of matter to burn. Wood
is flammable; iron is not. When wood burns, it changes to
ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. After
burning, it is no longer wood.
Reactivity is the ability of matter to combine
chemically with other substances. For example, iron is
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-
physical-science-concepts highly reactive in oxygen. When it combines with oxygen,
it forms the reddish powder called rust. Rust is not iron but
an entirely different substance that is consists of both iron and oxygen.
Combustion, a chemical reaction between substances, usually including
oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of eat and light in the form of
flame. Corrosion, wearing away due to chemical reactions, maintain oxidation. It
occurs whenever a gas or liquid chemically attacks an exposed surface, often a
metal, and is accelerated by warm temperatures and by acid and salts. Normally,
corrosion products (e.g., rust, patina) stay on the surface and protect it. Removing
these deposits re-exposes the surface, and corrosion continues.
EXERCISE 1

Directions: Identify whether each of the following property is a physical property

or a chemical property. Write “P” on the line before each number for a
physical property and “C” for a chemical property.
___1. Boiling ___6. Glass breaking
___2. Rusting ___7. Digestion of food
___3. Rotting ___8. Water freezing
___4. Cutting paper ___9. Fermentation
___5. Burning paper ___10. High fever
EXERCISE 2

Directions: Using the Venn diagram below, identify the similarities and
differences of physical and chemical properties of matter.
 Lesson RECOGNIZE THE FORMULAS OF COMMON CHEMICAL
2 SUBSTANCES
A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical
proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule,
using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols,
such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.
These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include
subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a chemical name, and it
contains no words.
Types of Chemical Formula
1. Molecular formula- gives the number of elements present in a compound.
2. Empirical – tells about the ratio of the elements present in a compound.
3. Structural- tells the structural formula and provides an idea of how the atoms in
the molecule or the compound are arranged along their bond formation.
The table below provides a clear description of the type of the formula.
Table 1. Chemical Formula
Empirical Molecular Structural
Formula Formula Formula
Shows the number
Show formula
of molecule(s)
of a compound Shows the structure of
Definition in a simpler
present in each
the compound.
element in the
manner.
compound.

Example:
HO H2O
Water

Carbon Dioxide CO CO2

Glucose (Sugar) CHO C6H12O6

Ethanol CHO C2H6O

Sodium
Bicarbonate NaHCO NaHCO3
(Baking Soda)

Table 2. Common Chemical substances

Common Name Chemical Formula
Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) N2 O
Table Salt NaCl
Ammonia NH4
Hydrogen Peroxide (Agua H2O2
Oxigenada)
Vinegar C2H4O2
Sucrose (Table Sugar) C12H22O11
Glucose (Sugar) C6H12O6

EXERCISE 3
Directions: Identify the chemical formula of the following substances given
below. Choose your answer from the words in the box.

Ethanol Nitrous oxide

Table Salt Sucrose (Table sugar)

Hydrogen peroxide Ammonium

Glucose (Sugar) Vinegar

Sodium Bicarbonate Carbon Dioxide

1. N2O - 6. C6H12O6 -
_______________________ _______________________
2. CO2 - 7. NaHCO3 -
_______________________ ______________________
3. C2H6O - 8. C12H22O11 -
__________________ _____________________
4. NaCl - 9. NH4-
______________________ _________________________
5. C2H4O2- 10. H2O2-
___________________ ________________________

EXERCISE 4. What I Can Do!

Directions: Collect at least three (3) labels of products that contains common
chemical substances that can be found at home. Cite the chemical
substances found in each product. Paste these product labels in a clean
sheet of paper. Be as creative as you can. And answer the following
concluding questions:
1. Explain the importance of recognizing the chemical
formula of different substances.
2. Why is it important to review the product components first
before buying and using it?