Prosper work example Oil well caseNodal analysis is a petroleum engineering core technique that is used to analyze well performance or deliverability. A lot of software's are available in the market for this purpose, one of the common widely used software used in the market is the “PROSPER”. The outputs from PROSPER models are then used in subsequent engineering calculations and studies. Therefore, consistent and accurate well models are nécessary in performing and achieving the state-of-the- art engineering work. Prior to building a PROSPER model fora well, necessary data is required. This data is acquired during the post completion or surveillance well tests. Once the data is identified, it should be quality checked and organized. Then work on the PROSPER modeling can start.PROSPER models require updates whenever the following well data is. available: — Post completion test data should be used as the starting data set for developing a PROSPER model for the first time. Although itis not a priority for wells when latest data is available, still itis worth checking the validity of the PROSPER model with different data sets. — Multi rates tests (MRT) data with bottomhole gauge data. This data is the most important data set that PROSPER model should be calibrated with. — Eventually PROSPER will be updated with the daily production data in cases only a single rate test (SRT) is available or there are no MRT available for long period of time for a given reason.Following are some of the technical tasks requires utilization of the PROSPER models sometimes as frequent as on a daily basis. — The immediate application of PROSPER is using the vertical lift curves (VLP) for each well in running the Production Guidelines on routine basis. — Well performance analysis and monitoring (time-lapse performance change, AOF analysis, skin, reservoir pressure change, etc...). — Create vertical lift performance (VLP) curves for simulation models. — GAP model, either standalone or as.a repository for the ongoing Real Time Production Optimization Project. Because of the importance of all above utilization of PROSPER models, consistently and accurately, updated well madels are essential Following discussion includes the detailed standard procedures that should be followed to build, calibrate & update a PROSPER well model starting from data preparation to the last step of the calibration process.Before you open PROSPER. — To build a PROSPER model from scratch or update an existing model, a data preparation phase is required and it is explained ina step by step as follow: — Fillin an existing and pre-organized EXCEL file. This file is named “input data for PROSPER". The file contains three data sheets. These sheets are organized in such a way to accommodate all wells and all the data needed for PROSPER. These sheets are named: o Completion o Test o PVT and IPR.Completion Data. — In this tab the tubing lengths and ID are input. The key elements to consider when filling this table are: o Only major ID changes are considered © Alldepths start from the tubing hanger in MD RKB (not SS) o Last section depth is the top perforation The detailed information is obtained from the well schematics shown in next slide to illustrate how the tubing depths and ID are picked and where the data is entered in PROSPEROBJECTIVE Prosper Modeling aims to assess and predict well production and performance through simulation by doing the following. — Build an integrated oil well which represents the real flowing conditions of the well. — Insert and match PVT data to reproduce the results of laboratory experiments. — Insert the required equipment data to build a VLP curve. — Build a Darcy IPR model and include an analytical skin model to account for the differences between the ‘ideal’ Darcy reservoir model and the real life well. — Insert the required data to include the impact of a gravel pack on the IPR. — Match the VLP curve to test data. — Use the matched VLP curve to estimate the reservoir pressure at the time of the test when the productivity is known. — Carry out a sensitivity to see the impact that water cut has on well production.System summa iy} SIDS ISINEXSystem summary & setup the model — The first step in any PROSPER model is to setup the type of well which is to be modelled. — The option screen can be also accessed by selecting Options in the main menu > Options and in this case, the data is kept as the default for all the ‘options with the fluid being ‘Oil and WaterSystem summary & setup the model Fluid description: choice between “Dry & Wet gas” & “Retrograde condensate”. — If “Dry & Wet gas” black-oil model option is selected, separator will be defined as single-stage. — If “Retrograde Condensate” black-oil or equation of state is selected, up to 10 stages of separation can be modelled. (Retrograde Gases: GOR 3,300 to 50,000 SCF/STB, i.e. CGR 20 to 300 bbl/MSCF; API 40 to 60). — If hydrates formation needs to be evaluated, a hydrate formation table needs to be imported.System summary & setup the model Calculation type: — Predict: 0 The “Pressure only” option is fast and can provide accurate pressure profiles. However, it does not account for changes of temperature due to variation of operating conditions. © The “Pressure and Temperature” option is preferred, especially for gas wells, 4 o Three models for temperature calculation are then proposed, with increasing complexity.System summary & setup the model Calculation type: Model: ° Rough approximation” is suitable for most routine analysis. = The geothermal gradient should be related to stabilized temperatures (i.e. extrapolated) and must not be confused with flowing temperatures required for the “Pressure only” option. “Enthalpy balance” and “Improved Approximation” allow considering the transient effects of temperature. The “Improved Approximation” temperature model requires calibration using measured temperature data. It is not accurate in a predictive mode. They require considerably more input data and computation time. This should be restricted to some particular analysis when a detailed temperature prediction is required: = Long pipelines; = Subsea wells; « High pressure/temperature wells; = Wax/hydrate deposits analysis; = Joule-Thompson effects.System summary & setup the model — When this section has been completed, select Done to return to the main PROSPER screen. omen: na i =< J tlt foie z eat fos 4] ver — oe =a 4] rane comer rd tees << | = | = —=—_———————— || a =alPVT Data — To predict pressure and temperature changes through the reservoir, up the wellbore and along the surface flow lines it is necessary to accurately predict the fluid properties as both pressure and temperature change. — The user must enter data that describes the fluid properties or enables the program to calculate them. There are three options as follow: If only limited data is available (formation GOR, oil gravity, gas gravity and formation water salinity required for oil), the program uses traditional black oil correlations, such as Glaso, Beal, Petrosky etc. to Correlation | calculate the fluid properties. Recommendati Enter data as requested on PVT input data screen and select correlations that are known to best fit the region or oil type. If both limited fluid property data and some PVT laboratory measured data is available, the program can modify the correlations to best fit the measured data using a non-linear regression technique. The Matching matched correlations will be used fram then on to calculate all the fluid properties required in the multiphase flow calculations. Recommendation: The laboratory PVT data and the fluid properties entered on the data input screen must be consistent.PVT Data if detailed PVT data is available, it may be entered in tabular format. The program if instructed will use the tabular datawhere available. Where tabular data has not been entered the program will calculate it using the selected correlation. ‘Use of Tables: Tables are usually generated using one fluid composition which implies a single GOR for the fluid. This will therefore not provide the right fluid description when we have injection of hydrocarbons in the reservoir or when the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble/dew point. There is also a danger that if the range of pressure and temperature is not wide enough the program may have to extrapolate properties. This can lead to erroneous properties being calculated. Recommendation: Whether PVT tables have been input or not, PROSPER will use correlations unless the Use Tables box on the PVT Input screen has been selected. Do not select Use Tables unless complete PVT tables have been entered. Data at only one temperature is not adequate in many cases.PVT Data — The next stage is to insert the available PVT data which will be used to calculate our fluid's properties in the model. — This table is a summary of the Flash PVT data input to use. Temperature of Test 210 F Bubble Point at Test Temperature | 3500 psig Pressure |GOR | Oil FVF | Viscosity GOR 800 scfiSTB 4000 800 1.42 0.364 Oil Gravity 37 API 3500 800 1.432 0.35 Gas Specific | 0.76 Gravity 3000 655 1.362 0.403 Water Salinity | 23000 ppm 2400 500 1.273 0.48 Mole % H2S: 0% 1000 190. 1.12 0.7205, Mole %COz |0% Mole % Nz 0%PVT Data — The PVT input screen can be also accessed by selecting the PVT in the main menu > Input Data tab and the PVT data to be entered can be seen as below. — Enter the general OVT data in the Input section below. [tee || eet [tert ] [oe] F wetate [aan]PVT Data — Ifthe fluid composition data is available, it can also be loaded here. es mus 2 comm Leet Corte 0 om tie a sai see [omnes [anes [eee [noes [nears fs [aus faee feos [nt remem) StSts [eee me koe um trees [a = matPVT Data — Insert the available PVT test match data in the Match Data tab of the "Matching" section in the main PVT screen. RL seUTOAA eae °PVT Data — Once this has been done, select the "Match data" button at top of the screen. Ce | ee ets. covetsPVT Data — This will give this screen that shows the PVT test data entered earlier. If u want to see a plot for any parameter with pressure just click Plot and select the required parameter to show on a plot from the displayed screen. aooeeefe}PVT Data — This is the test FVF vs pressure — You can change the displayed variable in the plot by alickiqg ihié Variables tab.PVT Data — Once this has been done, select the "Match" button at the top of the screen ‘shown below which will allow us to proceed to the regression screen.PVT Data — OR to have the same screen from the beginning, just select the "Matching" button at the top of the screen shown below which will allow us to proceed to the SAME regression screen. 10) PUT OMA te se 050 0PVT Data — On first entering the "Matching" regression screen, the following will be seen. — Select Match All at the top of the screen will match ALL the correlations with ALL the available data. — You can select specific test parameter & specific cortelation to see the Match. Mn tt a xPVT Data — Inthis case select Match All to match all the correlations and data. — As shown below, the matching parameters for each correlation can be seen and the plots for each property can be viewed for each correlation with respect to the match data. You can see the other parameters matches with Ulmer tel ty BR CELE Clary RR ee lus) Rue alley point pressures data & plot Se eC me ech dPVT Data — Alternatively, by selecting the Plot option it is possible to see the graph of the matched correlation compared to the laboratory data points.PVT Data The option of plotting the data is either by Pressure or by Temperature. Selecting by Temperature will plot each different variable against pressure and have a different trend line for each temperature. Selecting by Pressure option will show trend lines depending on pressure and plot against temperature. The correlation which will be shown in the plotting is the correlation which has been selected in the Correlations section of the above screen. In this case select by Temperature.PVT Data — This is the displayed screen tees Patn Pesan ae Hale o)x2) ind Sls! 1 A To plot the required variable: + First select the PVT Calculated Data. * Then double click the required variable from here (in this example select FVF). * The same should also be carried out for the PVT Match Data.PVT Data — This is a plot of the FVF data compared with the only selected correlation output (in this example | selected Glaso & Beal et al correlations), — We can see a good match.PVT Data — Itis possible to plot other correlations against the test data by selecting Plot All in the main PVT matching screen.PVT Data — This is a plot of the FVF data compared with the ALL correlations outputs. LCN)PVT Data a |e mi = It is possible to view all the resultant matching parameters from the regression screen by selecting Parameters in the main PVT matching screen. ee) =PVT Data — This is the regression screen for ALL parameters using ALL correlations. For a good match, parameter-1 should be as close to (1) as possible and parameter-2 should be as close to (0) as possible. Upon reviewing the parameters it can be seen that the best correlations to select are the Glaso (for rb, Rs, Bo) & Beal et al (for Uo) correlations, and so these should be selected from the drop-down menus.PVT Data — Once you select the appropriate correlations and click Done in the previous screen, the main PVT matching screen will be updated with the Match data based on the selected correlations. — You can still have the option to see the Mach data for the other correlations by mocina between these tabs. [oe] [oma] [oePVT Data Now that the correlations have been matched and the parameters and plots reviewed. Itis necessary to select the correlation which is most representative of the laboratory data. This is done on the main PVT ‘Input Data’ screen The correlations in the drop-down menu are those which will be used in the model and for this oil the Glaso and Beal et al correlations should be selected. Agreen banner can also be’ seen @ top of the page beside the main menu bar which tells the user that the correlations have been matched. See next slide.PVT Data Now everything for PVT is complete so click Done button to return to the main PROSPER screen, 8) want DATA Ob acne Toma | Same saan | Gmis | aH | Bae arr ower [osm | cae | ot0nPVT Data Calculations In arder to make a plot or list of fluid property data, PROSPER must first calculate the values over a specified range of temperatures and pressures. Using the calculated data points based on the selected correlation, plots of fluid properties versus temperature or pressure can be generated. {f the correlations have been matched, then the fluid properties will be calculated using the modified correlations. The calculation section is used to generate fluid property data for display and quality control purposes only. During the computation of a pressure traverse, PROSPER calculates fluid properties at each pressure and temperature step or node as required by the application. Calculating PVT Data, to generate tables and plots of PVT data: © Select the Correlations (use the best matched ones) o Enter the temperature range and number of steps o. Enter the pressure range and number of steps © Click-on Calculate to calculate the PVT data based on the selected correlation.PVT Data Calculations To use the calculator, select Calculate. 8) Pvt want DATA OF mone jes ea) Toma | Same a | se |SPVT Data Calculations — Following screen will appear. — Data can be calculated either; o Over a range of conditions (Automatic) where datais entered as ranges. o Or for specific conditions (User Selected) where data entered in table. When all these conditions have been entered, select the DESIRED CORRELATIONS from the drop-menu list and press Calculate. | PVT - Automatic Calcultion (6. ao x Sev User Defined Calculation o xX Ot viscosity NoOFSteps 10PVT Data Calculations — This is the Calculated PVT Data & the generated tables of PVT data based on the selected correlations. — Inorder to Plots the results of this calculated PVT data (Plots can either be viewed with pressure or temperature on the X-axis), just click Plot. — In this step | selected the plots X-axis to be viewed with pressure.PVT Data Calculations — This is the displayed screen for the Plot. — The different fluid properties can be plotted by selecting them in the bottom left-hand corer of the screen.PVT Data Calculations — This is the oil FVF vs pressures plot @ these different temperatures, ee mney Ape Mine Madchen Maa gp SMM ed Sislsisi APVT Data Calculations — This will be the plot if | selected the plot X-axis to be viewed with temperatures. — This is the oil FVF vs temperatures plot @ these different pressures. BEEN rice tt orm Pes Ps Mtb Ca Rad He Asx of dei Bale ZiPVT Warning — This option allow entering a series of points describing the pressure- temperature region in which the selected PVT issue (such as Hydrate Formation, Salt Precipitation, Wax Appearance, Asphaltenes & Scale Production) is likely to form. — This information can be obtained from a study of your hydrocarbon fluid using Petroleum Experts' PVTP program. — Upto 100 pairs of data points can be entered and plotted.PVT Warning — Toaccesses this option, PROPSER main menu > PVT > PVT Warning. 1B! PVT Wamings (Oil well case Out) o x | Select ie rail} solar Celace rT [ceeat] [pet TMM URC} Settings Hydrate Formation Sek reeiaion Jom Warieg Click the Data button beside the selected conditions to add the required data for this condition Wex Appearance [Disable Warning Asphaltenes [Disable Werning Scale Production [Disable WarringPVT Warning — For this example, | selected the Hydrates formation that may be an issue in the field. — Click Plot. Pant 2 3 5 ‘ 7 3 * » 2 1047 a 2 “ 1s & v a 2 aPVT Warning — This is the Hydrates formation plot. Asin ied Sli aia = {7 Leong Teron (ona?? pGiEEHIEEEEEEEPESES]PVT Warning — The same PVT Warning can be found in the PROPSER main menu > PVT > Input Data. Pe. Cotton Coes] [sree] fine) [rere] [cece ][ ae) vert }Looee ][_ cme | RIE Toma | So ome | Tae ram | CoaEquipment DataSpecifying Equipment Data — Inorder to calculate the VLP curves for the well, PROSPER must have a description of the well and the path through which the fluid flows fram the bottom of the well to the wellhead. This is done in the 'Equipment Data’ section. — itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — This will bring up the ‘Equipment Data’ screen. 1) EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case-Out) o x — In order to fill in data for all the appropriate Done | sections select All from eel the top ribbon and this SaaDee will bring up ticks next to each section. — The Edit button can i Domenie srtement now be selected to. bring up each input section oneata time. ioc : i i — To move onto the next input screen, select Desabe Surface fe =] Done. eee 7Specifying Equipment Data To start the data entry for a new application, click All button to select all the different sections and click the Edit button will then display. all the relevant input screens in sequence. If data has already been entered, and only one section is to be edited (for example edit downhole equipment), the required section can be accessed by selecting the square to the left of the ticked box corresponding to that section. Data can be entered for the =|) EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case.Out) oO x ‘surface equipment and then include or exclude it Done Gercel_ || at ‘temporarily from any [Report | [Export | [Reset calculation by setting the ‘Input Date Disable Surface Equipment | |_| I deviston Suvey choice box at the battom of the screen to Yes. If data has already been entered, clicking the Summary command button [| 7 Average Heat Capacities will display a summary of the | [~) -— Gauge tetas current equipment. When finish click Done to return to the main menu.Specifying Equipment Data - Deviation Surve' = itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — Select the checkbox beside the Directional survey then click Edit button. [_] TF Downtote Equipment You can click this I ceothermal Gradient square to Edit the [> Average Heat Capactties [| 7 Gauge Detais data directly, Disable Surface Equipment [NoSpecifying Equipment Data - Deviation Survey |! DEVIATION SURVEY Hosa Out) In this screen the well deviation ‘survey is added. it can be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc.) > select Direction Survey in the opened window > EDIT From the well deviation survey, select several depth points that mark Significant changes in deviation. Enter pairs of data points for measured depth (MD) and the corresponding true vertical depth (TVD). Up to 20 pairs of data paints can be entered. Then PROSPER will calculate the cum. Displacement & the Angle. [tere |] | cmcet a) 10 >To.Spec — There is a Measured Depth to True: ing Equipment Data - Devi. Vertical Depth calculator at the top of the screen. This option is to calculate the TVD for the known MD value & vise versa. If the user wishes to find the TVD at a given MD, just enter the MD value in the relevant space & select Calculate. Once depths have been entered, plot the well profile by selecting Ploti"A plot like the one in the next slide will be displayed. When finish click Done to return to the main screen, in Surve' {FL EVATION SURVEY Hosen ox Equipment (Tubing etc). Select the checkbox beside the Surface Equipment then click Edit button. 1) EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case.Out) Renort ai Input Data I> Downhole Equiment You can click this I Geothermal Gradient square to Edit the I Average Heat Capacities data directly, |_| 7 Gauge Detaits Disable Surface Equipment [o>]Specifying Equipment Data — Surface Equipment — The Surface Equipment screen is used to enter surface flowline, choke & pipe fitting data as shown below. — Data is entered from the manifold (@ the top of the screen) to the wellhead (@ the bottom of the screen). #8) SURFACE EQUIPREENT (8 wel case Out 1 x coe |[ cee | [ee [pe | [eee | [meme |[ ree || meeseenie | nee Yerowrerestsurarang, Ova ieat Tons Concert Toeteic | Poe base Syenace amemianier A tot Ganeter Rawr Select the desired choke correlation model to calculate the choke performance curve. nee) (het) rcmen) utes It is recommended to use the ELF Choke i correlation since it is fm defined in the Surface Equipment (which connects to the more rabust in fa Xmas Tree) is the same as the Xmas Tree depth defined extrame conditions: in the Downhole Equipment to avoid any error message.Specifying Equipment Data — Surface Equipment — Itis possible to import pipe ID values from Pipe Schedule databases by click the Pipe Schedule button then select the type of pipe from the database > copy > done. Gee | [ee |[ nee | ame | [eee || meson || ree = coon om (a Tenpernae of z oe - onan ows @ the bottom in the Sst displayed screen, = a select Copy ID and — i 5 OD to Selected i Records, then o.cn0 Done, this will pass os the values to the equipment screen here.Speci ing Equipment Data — Surface Equipment — The surface equipment model can be described using the follawing 4 elements. Pipe Segment of pipe Choke A multiphase choke correlation is used which is valid for both critical and subcritical flow. The choke model to be used can be selected on this screen. If the Norsk Hydro model is selected further input will be required. (Use the Choke Data button). We recommend using the ELF choke method. N.B. The choke model selected in the surface equipment window will be used to calculate the dP for restrictions and SSSV'‘s in the downhole equipment window. Fittings It allows to determine the dP associated to a wide range of fittings Pump A multiphase pump can be entered provided this has been setup in the system summary screen N.B. When specifying the pump in the surface equipment it should be noted that the pump cannot be specified next to the wellhead or manifold. If your configuration requires this then specify a small length of pipe (1 ft) in order that the fluid properties are set up correctly.Speci ing Equipment Data — Surface Equipment PROSPER defines surface equipment as the pipe work between the production manifold and the upstream side of the wellhead choke; The production manifold is regarded by PROSPER as presenting a constant back-pressure, regardless of flow rate. If systems analysis is to be performed relative to the wellhead, (i.e., gathering system pressure losses are neglected) then’no surface equipment input is required. The manifold is set as the first equipment type automatically by PROSPER. Surface equipment geometry canbe entered either as pairs of X, Y coordinates relative to the manifold or the Xmas Tree, Reverse X, Y (Y coordinates deeper than the reference depth are negative) or TVD of the upstream end and the length of the pipe segment. The difference in TVD between the ends of a pipe segment is used to calculate gravity head losses, The internal diameter (ID), roughness and pipe length entered determine the friction pressure loss. The flowing temperatures for each upstream node must also be entered when calculation option Pressure only is selected.Specifying Equipment Data — Surface Equipment Ensure that the length of each pipe segment is equal to or greater than the difference in TVD between its ends. The surface equipment entries must describe a continuous system. The TVD and temperature of the upstream end of the last pipeline segment should be equal to the X-mas tree TVD and temperature. In X,Y co-ordinates, the Y co-ordinate of the last pipe segment must be the same elevation as the wellhead TVD. (i.€., same magnitude, but opposite sign) The Rate Multiplier column enables simulation of the pressure drop due to several identical wells being connected to a production manifoid via a common ‘surface flow line. The fluid velocity in the flowline is multiplied by the value entered increasing the frictional pressure losses. For most applications it should be left at its default value of (1). As an examples for the Rate Multiplier: © The pressure drop in a flowline connected to 3 identical wells could be modelled using a pipeline rate multiplier of (3). © 2 parallel fiowlines having identical dimensions can be modelled by entering the actual dimensions for one pipe and a pipeline rate multiplier of (0.5). © Itis-also possible to vary the rate multiplier alang the pipeline to simulate: varying sections of dual pipelines for example.Speci ing Equipment Data — Surface Equipment Fittings have been added to the surface equipment section of PROSPER to account for the various pressure losses associated with pipe fittings throughout a given system. Prosper can model pressure ( and temperature) drop across a range of fittings. These pressure drops are handled using the equivalent length concept from which it is possible to determine the corresponding pressure drop as in the following equations. ‘Where (h) is the decrease in static head (ft) due to velocity (ft/sec) and is defined as the velocity head. If a valve or fitting is incorporated in the pipeline the equivalent length is: ‘Where (K) is the resistance coefficient which is defined as ‘the number of velocity heads lost due to the valve or fitting.Speci ing Equipment Data — Surface Equipment — The (K) values are tabulated for a wide range of fittings and configurations. IED FITTINGS DATABASE (08 wel case Ov (me |[om [oe le | Select the desired Valve type from here Specify the desired Valve dimensions from hereSpecifying Equipment Data — Surface Equipment — Tocheck that the surface equipment description is accurate, click Plot @ the top of the main Surface Equipment screen to display a plot of the pipe elevation as shown below.Specifying Equipment Data — Downhole Equipment = itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — Select the checkbox beside the Downhole Equipment then click Edit button. ©! EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case.Out) a x [Tene] [cancel [Report _| [Export Data — I Deviation Survey You can click this T Geothermal Gradient square to Edit the data directly, 1” Average Heat Capacities [7 Gauge Details Ooo Disable Surface Equioment [rio =Specifying Equipment Data— Downhole Equipment — The Downhole Equipment section defines the path through which the fluid will flow as it is produced up the well bore. — The Downhole Equipment screen enables the down-hole completion data to be entered. — Downhole Equipment screen will change automatically based on the options selected in the PROPSER main menu screen toolbar > Options > Options. — For example, if Annular Flow is selected when define the well, then the screen will require Casing |.D. & Tubing O.D. to be entered in addition to Tubing |.D. system Summary (0 wel nse Out a reset [Presre mndTerownaze (tore) —] =) sarge [ra ros 3 frne Modeling Bins Pepurees Cardin fOeiea SSC wel 1 [feed Swdcond fie SSSCS~SYSpeci ing Equipment Data — Downhole Equipment In my example here | defined the Tubbing flow for the well. In this case the tubing string can be modelled using the following element types (Tubing, SSSV, Restriction & Casing). PROSPER automatically insert Xmas tree as the first downhole equipment item. To describe the tubing string, work from the shallowest depth downwards, ‘entering the bottom depth of changes in tubing diameter, ID & roughness factor. The deepest depth entries for the tubing, deviation survey and temperature should be consistent. The last depth specified in the downshole equipment is taken to be the bottom- hole depth by PROSPER and should correspond to the top of the perforations or the top of the reservoir. This iast depth from the down-hole equipment will be used as the solution node depth which splits the well into the VLP & IPR. Everything below this depth is considered as part of the IPR. This depth is normally defined as the top of the perforations and thus this ‘equipment description should stop at the top of the perforations. This depth is also therefore the depth at which the static reservoir pressure is defined in the IPR section. ‘When the data has been inserted, the next input screen can be accessed by selecting Done.Specifying Equipment Data — Downhole Equipment — Below the uppermost producing perforation, the flow profile (as measured by a production logging tool) depends on layer productivity etc. © The uppermost producing perforation is the deepest point in the well passing 100% of the production. © Below this point, the calculated frictional pressure gradient may be over- estimated in high rate wells having small |.D. completions. — Casing is treated the same as tubing for pressure drop caiculations © Only enter a downhole equipment description down to the producing interval being analyzed. i.e., the deepest casing depth entered should be: the point of the producing perforations and equal to the depth of the reservoir pressure reference. © The deepest depth entries for the tubing, deviation survey and temperature should all be consistent. — The Rate Multiplier column enables simulation of the pressure drap due to intermittent sections of dual completion. = The fluid velocity in the tubing is multiplied by the value entered - thereby increasing the frictional pressure losses. — For standard single tubing completion, it should be left at its default value of (Specifying Equipment Data— Downhole Equipment — Note that, up to 50 tubing string elements can be input. — For complex completions, simplify the data entry by entering only the major elements that dominate the overall tubing pressure drop. — Details of the Downhole equipment to be installed can be found in the table below. Inside Inside Rate Type MD (ft) Diameter Roughness Multiplier (Inches) (Inches) 'P X-mas Tree 100 1 Tubing 1000 4.052 0.0006 1 SSSV 3.72 1 Tubing 9000 4.052 0.0006 1 Casing 9275 64 0.0006 1Speci ing Equipment Dat Downhole Equipment This can be inserted (either by typing or by right click on a row in the table then paste from a copied data from external table) as shown in the screen below. #1 DOWNMOLE EQUIPMENT (Oi wed cena) z 8 t Select the downhole Pee eet gen Lee uy Lead Ting) Com tae Ouse | Imor ede | Meth Ensure that this depth of the Xmas Tree depth defined in the Downhole Equipment is the same as depth of the most upstream point defined in the Surface Equipment (which fore) Tal -to Coa PACT Ea Ela A-telm =ictr- le aCe cre|Specifying Equipment Data — Downhole Equipment — tis possible to import tubing & casing ID values from tubing & casing databases by selecting the type of equipment from the database > copy > done. LE EQUIPMENT (0 we ast) a a Ouese | Imor ede | eth Rooginess | enetsr Roughness = Select any cell to copy the required I CEuE TT Rm aes lt REE cute leiSpecifying Equipment Data — Downhole Equipment — Note that this tubing end (9000 ft) is set by default in PROSPER as the top of perforations @ which the reservoir pressure will be defined. This depth may be different than the gauge depth that may be hanged or set away from the tubing end (in this example it was hanged @ depth 6250 ft) ier nc ieee One eer MRR UCN isc Pee ae ee sence ec: met tlie sce Ont Trt end due to gradient difference.Specifying Equipment Data — Geothermal Gradient = itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — Select the checkbox beside the Geothermal Gradient then click Edit button. You can click this Beene =e kat) data dire |_| TT Gauge Detats Disable Surface Equcment [tio >]Speci ing Equipment Data — Geothermal Gradient The geothermal gradient (GG) which is entered is the geothermal gradient ‘of the rock around the well. It is used to calculate the temperature difference that the fluid experiences as it travels up the well and is used in the calculation of heat transfer. Taes (°F) = GG x Depth (ft TV D/SS) + surface temperature (°F) PROSPER interpolates temperatures from the survey data for depths within ‘the table limits and uses linear extrapolation elsewhere. To eliminate potential errors, ensure that a temperature is entered for the deepest node depth. It is recommended that the maximum temperature survey depth, deviation survey depth and intake node depths are all consistent. The heat transfer coefficient should not be confused with the pipe thermal conductivity. The overall heat transfer coefficient accounts for the heat flow ‘through the production tubing, annulus and insulation (if present) to the ‘surroundings. Heat transfer by forced and free convection, conduction and radiation must all be accounted for in the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. In PROSPER, the overall heat transfer coefficient is referenced to ‘the pipe inside diameter.Specifying Equipment Data— Geothermal Gradient — This screen enables entry of the flowing temperature profile of the fluid in ‘the well. If no bottom hole flowing temperature survey data is available, the ‘static reservoir temperature at the mid-point of perforations and the wellhead flowing temperature can be used. — Aminimum of two depth / temperature points is required — The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) is also input into this screen and the value should account for the heat transfer from the fluid to the ‘surroundings. Its unit is BTU/h/ft2/°F. WY GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT (Oil well case a x [oane | [raneet | [ wan] [import | | export | This depth is the wellhead (X-tree) depth that should eB etl R ALC e depth entered in the surface equipment section which is also the same as the first depth entered in the downhole equipment section.Specifying Equipment Data — Geothermal Gradient These 3 depths should be the same. i SAFE RAPE (One ce Ban seat | om ][imt oars Stem oe Zi kaput Pont ‘ 2 a 4 3} DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT (Oi well case. Out)Specifying Equipment Data — Geothermal Gradient — Tosee the Geothermal Gradient plot just click Plot in the Geothermal Gradient input screen. ‘ES GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT (Oil well case - .. o x Treat [Dee cence! | [ wen | =) | ‘Overall Heat Transfer Coeffigent J 10,3013 Brune | Formation Gradient: Depth Reference [ RKBSpecifying Equipment Data — Geothermal Gradient — This is the Geothermal Gradient plot. AI of Ble! 28) =Specifying Equipment Data — Heat Capacities (C, = itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — Select the checkbox beside the Average Heat Capacities then click Edit button. 1) EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case.Out) a x You can click this square to Edit the data dire: Nf Disable Surface Equioment [lioSpecifying Equipment Data — Heat Capacities (C, The average heat capacities of water, oil and gas are used in the Rough Approximation temperature model to calculate the energy which is provided when the fluid changes temperature. Note that for oil, and especially gas that Heat Capacities (Cp) values are strong functions of both temperature & pressure. These are to be kept equal to the default values (0.51 BTU/Ib/°F for gas, 0.53 BTU/Ib/°F for oil & 1 BTU/Ib/°F for water). lB! Average Heat Capacities (Hos... Oo xSpecifying Equipment Data — Gauge Details = itcan be also accessed by selecting System in the main menu > Equipment (Tubing etc). — Select the checkbox beside the Gauge Details then click Edit button. 1} EQUIPMENT DATA (Oil well case. Out) a x n click this to Edit the data directly Disable Surface Equoment [ric ~Speci ing Equipment Data — Gauge Details It is possible to enter the depths of different gauges in the PROSPER file. Up to 10 gauges can be added to a well in PROSPER: If gauges are added, the pressure and temperature at the gauge depth will be given as a reported additional result in any calculations being run such as ‘VLP are completed. After updated with the gauge depths data, then select Done to return to the main ‘Equipment Data’ screen. If there is no gauge depths data to add, then leave it blank and select Done to return to the main ‘Equipment Data’ screen. H) Gauge Details (Oil well case Out) Done cancel] [ tan | [ Reset || Ewart || He a x Gauge Beevauwaunia ‘Measured Depth (feet) LabelSpeci ing Equipment Data From the equipment input screen it is possible to see a summary of the equipment by selecting the Summary button on the top right of the screen. ©) EQUIPMENT DATA (Hosam.Out) Equipment Summa [_ Bone Cancel Report Export: ODOOOOC it Data — I Deviation Survey surface Equipment Downhole Equipment Geothermal Gradient I average Heat Capacities Gauge Details Disable Surface Equipment [No >Speci ing Equipment Data — Equipment Summa This is the summary of the equipment. er Ue LR me LR UCR lia y Petite ier Dieta tieInflow Performance (IPR)Inflow Performance (IPR) Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) defines the flow into the well from the reservoir. Calculating an IPR results in a relationship between ‘the bottom hole pressure and the flow rate passing into the well. The IPR section of PROSPER defines the inflow of the well and therefore how productive the reservoir is. There are over 20 IPR models available in PROSPER that can be selected from the Reservoir Model screen. Each model is applicable to a different situation or series of conditions, The current reservoir properties such as reservoir pressure and temperature, water cut and producing GOR can be entered in the Reservoir Data section. In this case, the Pl reservoir mode! should be selected, which allows the P| to be entered in the model data screen as shown in the next slide, The IPR main data input screen can be also accessed by selecting System in the PROSPER main menu toolbar > Inflow Performance.Inflow Performance (IPR) — The screen consists of 5 main parts:Inflow Performance (IPR) 4 Action Buttons: buttons which perform various actions such as ‘Validate’ the input data, 'Calculate’ an IPR and 'Plot' the results. The most important Action Buttons in the screen are: Validate button: checks that the data on the current child screen falls within ‘the validation ranges of each variable. If the data is not valid, the validation dialogue will appear with diagnostic messages. If any data is missing, then this is also highlighted. Calculate: saves and validates all the data pertaining to the chosen models (e.g., Darcy reservoir model and Enter Skin By Hand) then runs the correct calculation routine if the data are valid. On successful completion of the calculation the results are automatically plotted Test Data: Allows to enter test data (rate vs Bottom Hole Pressure, a date ‘stamp and a comment) that will be then displayed in the IPR plot. Sensitivity: Allows to perform sensitivities on the various parameters affecting the IPR Transfer Data: saves and validates all the current data before opening a standard ‘File Save As’ dialogue that provides an opportunity to save the data to file in MBAL input format (.MIP).Inflow Performance (IPR) 2. Reservoir Model: in this area the main parts of the model are defined. including the IPR model, which (if any) skin models and sand control devices are being used. — The 'model selection’ part of the IPR input screen controls the choice of almost all the tabbed dialogues that will be seen in the mode! data section. — There are four major selections done in this screen. These are: © Selection of Reservoir Model: for each fluid various single well IPR models available to be selected. © Selection of Mechanical/Geometrical Skin Model: the user has the option of entering the skin by hand or u: ‘one of the analytical models. to model the mechanical and geometric si o Selection of Deviation / Partial Penetration Skin Model: there are three skin models, and these become available if any analytical skin model of mechanical / geometric skin calculation has been used. © Enabling sand control devices and specifying the type. = If the fluid is a gas or a condensate the format of the screen is very similar; ‘only the reservoir and other model input selections vary for example, in gas systems, we have CGR & WGR instead of GOR & WC.Inflow Performance (IPR) 3. Reservoir Data: several general reservoir parameters such as pressure, temperature, water cut and GOR are defined in this section. — Inaddition to that, there are two more buttons to work with: o Compaction Permeability Reduction Model: this option can be set to Yes or No. if set to Yes (it will be activated in the Model data section to update the required data), the user must enter an initial reservoir pressure, compressibility and compaction model exponent to model the decrease in permeability due to compaction. Relative permeability: this option can be set to Yes or No in case of oils. If set to Yes (it will be activated in the Model data section to update the required data), the-user has the option of defining a set of relative permeability curves, which will be used to change productivity of the system with changing water cut.Inflow Performance (IPR) 4, Model Data: data specific to the selected reservoir IPR model, skin model, Sand Control device along with the refative permeability (if enabled), viscosity data (if Non-Newtonian) & compaction (if enabled) are defined in this. section. — The tabs are colored according to the validity of the data‘on the corresponding dialogues. © Ifthe tab is green, itis activated to load data for the current system setup. © Ifitis red, then the data is invalid or empty. © Ifthe tab is. grey, then this tabis not applicable to the current reservoir model (or model selection) and so is inaccessible, — The tabs are labelled as follows: Reservoir Model Mech/Geom Skin Dev/PP Skin Gravel'Pack Relative Perm Viscosity Compaction ° o ° ° ro} ° °Inflow Performance (IPR) 5. Results: the results of the IPR calculation are shown in table formand graphical form. — The results include: © Abreakdown of the results in table form, © Agraph of FBHP and FBHT with temperature. — More detailed plotting can be obtained from the results menu.Inflow Performance (IPR IPR Reservoir Models for Oil & Water Wells About twenty inflow options are available. The choice from these models depends upon the available information and the type of sensitivities that you wish to run. If multi-rate test data is available, it ‘can be input so that the modeled inflow matches the actual measured inflow in ‘the well. The average reservoir pressure and reservoir temperature must be entered for all inflow performance models, however both the Multi-rate Fetkovich and Multi-rate Jones models can be used to calculate the reservoir pressure. For multi-layer reservoirs only the temperature is entered as reservoir pressure has no meaning. Mechanical/geometrical skin can be either entered or calculated using Locke's, MacLeod's or Karakas and Tariq's method. Deviation/partial penetration skins can be calculated separately, using the Cinco/Martin-Bronz or Wong-Clifford approaches. Relative perméability curves are optionally used together with fluid viscosities (from PVT) to calculate the total fluid mobility for a given water cut. The calculated IPR can be matched to measured data and used to calculate IPR pressures for any rate and water cut. Relative permeability can be applied to all oil IPR models in PROSPER.Inflow Performance (IPR IPR Reservoir Models for & Water Wells — The relative permeability for oil and water is a function of the reservoir water saturation. If the relative permeability curves have been defined, the total mobility (oil, water & gas) can be determined. This enables the producing drawdown (IPR) to be calculated as a function of bath W.C & production rate. — Correction for Vogel: ° This option is used If you want to take’ the effect of increasing gas saturation into account. This option is available if you'selected to use relative permeability curves in the IPR section. If you select to use this option, then the relative permeability correction described above are extended to include gas relative permeability curves. Selecting Correction for Vogel option will allow to enter test W.C & GOR in the relative permeability section to calculate the estimated water & gas saturations. If the relative permeability curves have been defined, the total mobility (oil, water and gas) can be determined. This enables the producing drawdown (IPR) to be calculated as a function of both water cut, producing GOR and production rate.Inflow Performance (IPR) — IPR Reservoir Models for Oil & Water Wells — To select the IPR method click on the appropriate field in the reservoir model list box. — Next, choose the desired mechanical/geometrical and deviation/partial penetration skin models. = Depending on the reservoir madel chosen it may not be possible to choose certain skin model types (e.g., deviation/partial penetration models for horizontal wells). — The technique you select will determine the IPR dialogues displayed in the data input tabbed screens (Reservoir data screen & Model data screen). — You will only be shown the screens, options and fields necessary for your selection.Inflow Performance (IPR) — IPR Reservoir Models for & Water Wells Following is the list of methods available for the Inflow Performance in OIL. Of OCOCO00OFZFH000COOD0000 Pl. Entry Vogel Composite Darcy Fetkovich Multi rate Fetkovich Jones Multi rate Jones Transient Hydraulically Fractured Well Horizontal Well ( no flow boundaries) Horizontal Well ( constant pressure upper boundary) Multi Layer reservoir (up to 50 layers and 3 choices of layer model) External entry Horizontal Weill with friction dP loss along the tubing Multi Layer model with pressure loss between layers SkinAide (due to ELF Aquitaine) Dual Porosity Horizontal Well with Transverse Vertical Fractures Thermally Induced FractureInflow Performance (IPR) — IPR Reservoir Models for Oil & Water Wells — In addition to the below models for certain entries requirements. o Skin models 0 Sand Control Options eo Gas Coning Calculation o Shape Factor Calculator © Relative Permeability Model In the following slides, | will explain these models in brief to understand which one is the best to be used for a.certain analysis.Inflow Performance (IPR) — IPR Reservoir Models for Pl. Entry — Astraight-line inflow model is used above the bubble point based on the equation below where (J) is the Productivity Index (P.I), expressed as. (STB/day)/psi. & Water Wells Q=JP, -P,) = The Vogel empirical solution is used below the bubble point, the test point being the rate calculated using the above equation at bottom hole pressure equal to bubble point. — The user input Productivity Index (P.I) is used to calculate the IPR. — The IPR rates are always Liquid Rates. Hence the PI refers to Liquid Rate.Inflow Performance (IPR) — IPR Reservoir Models for & Water Wells Vogel The program uses the straight-line inflow relationship above the bubble point. And use the below Vogel empirical solution below the bubble point. P. PY 2 1 92°” oa P P max r r Below the bubble point, a single flowing bottom hole pressure and surface test rate is used to calculate the IPR. From this IPR, the rate & bubble point pressure are used to evaluate the Productivity Index (P.I) for the straight-line part of the inflow above the bubble point. When calculating IPR sensitivities for reservoir pressure, PROSPER retains the correct well productivity. Otherwise, changing the reservoir pressure changes the Vogel well productivity.Inflow Performance (IPR IPR Reservoir Models for Oil & Water Wells Composite This is an extension of the Vogel inflow solution (Petrobras method) that accounts for water cut. Vogel essentially decreases the inflow below bubble point because of gas formation, However, if the water cut is higher the inflow potential will increase and ‘approach a straight-line IPR due to single-phase flow. Atest flow rate, flowing bottom-hole pressure and water cut are required to be entered.Inflow Performance (IPR Darcy IPR Reservoir Models for Oil & Water Wells — The program uses the Darcy inflow equation above the bubble point and the Vogel solution below the bubble point. — The Vogel solution is based upon the rate when the FBHP is equal to the bubble point as calculated by the Darcy equation. — The required inputs are: Reservoir permeability Effective phase permeability Reservoir thickness * Thickness of producing reservoir rock, i.e. the net pay. + This is also the stratigraphic thickness of the reservoir measured perpendicular to the base of the reservoir layer. Drainage area Drainage area of the reservoir DIETZ shape factor Depends on the shape of the drainage area. Click the Calculate Dietz button to specify your reservoir configuration and estimate an appropriate Dietz Shape Factor Wellbore radius Open hole well radius — Ifthe effects of water cut are to be considered when calculating the Pl, then ‘the Relative Permeability Curve options should be consulted.