2. Vane pumps: a. Unbalanced vane pumps (fixed or variable displacement) b. Balanced vane pumps (fixed displacement) 3. Piston pumps (Fixed or variable displacement) a. Axial design b. Radial design In addition, van pumps can be of the balanced or unbalanced design. The unbalanced design can have pressure compensation capability. Which automatically protects the pump against overpressure. Gear pump, External gear pump, 1. OILENTERING HERE 8. THROUGH THIS i PORT. 5.TO THIS POINT, WHERE CONSTANT MESHING OF TWO. 2. BY THE CONSTANT GEARS FORCES Olt \WrTHORAWAL OF TEETH ~ ON THIS GEAR — CRESCENT SEAL INNER GEAR 3, FROM THE SPACES 4.5 CARRIED IN THESE BETWEEN THE TEETH OF SPACES ‘THIS INTERNAL GEAR Internal gear pumpport of the housing. One of the interesting characteristics of a centrifugal pump is its behavior when there is no demand for fluid. In devices to prevent pump damage. The tips of the impeller blades merely slosh through the fluid, and the rotational speed maintains a fluid pressure corresponding to the centrifugal force established. The fact that there is no positive internal seal against leakage is the reason that the centrifugal pump is not forced to produce flow against no demand. When demand for the fluid occurs (for example, the opening of a valve), the pressure delivers the fluid to the source of the demand. This is why centrifugal pumps are so desirable for pumping stations used for delivering water to homes and factories. The demand for water may go to near zero during the evening and reach a peak sometimes during the daytime. The centrifugal pump can readily handle these large changes in fluid demand Although hydrodynamic pumps provide smooth continuous flow (when a demand exist) their output flow rate is reduced as resistance to flow is increased. This is shown in where pump pressure is potted versus pump flow. The maximum pressure is called the shutoff head because all external circuit valves are closed the there is no flow. As the external resistance decreases, the flow increases at the expense of reduced pressure. Because the output flow changes significantly with external circuit resistance, non positive displacement pumps are rarely used in hydraulic systems. 2. Hydrostatic or positive displacement pumps: This type of pump ejects a fixed quantity of fluid per revolution of the pump shaft. As a result, pump output flow, neglecting the small internal leakage, is constant and not dependent on system pressure. This makes them particularly well suited for fluid power systems. However, positive displacement pumps must be protected against overpressure if the resistance to flow becomes very large or infinite. This can happen if a Valve is completely closed and there is no physical place for the fluid to go. The reason for this is that a positive displacement pump continues to eject fluid (even through it has no place to go), causing an extremely rapid buildup in pressure as the fluid is compressed. A pressure relief valve is used to protect the pump against stored for system use Positive displacement pumps can be classified by the type of motion of internal elements. The motion may be either rotary or reciprocating. Although these pumps come in a wide variety of different designs, there are essentially three basic types: 1. Gear pumps (fixed displacement only by geometrical necessity) External gear pumps b. Internal gear pumps c. Lobe pumps d. Screw pumps »Pumps : Others (eg. Positive Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement Centrifugal || Special effect Rotary Reciprocating Internal | | External Slide Lobe gear gear vane 1. Hydrodynamic or non positive displacement pumps: Examples of this type are the centrifugal (impeller) and axial (propeller) pumps in although these pumps provide smooth continuous flow, their flow output is reduced as circuit resistance is increased. In fact, it is possible to completely block off the outlet to stop all flow. Even while the pump is running at design speed. These pumps are typically used for low-pressure, high-volume flow applications. Since there is a great deal of clearance between the rotating and stationary elements, these pumps are not self-priming. This is because there is too much clearance space to seal against atmospheric pressure. And thus the displacement between the inlet and outlet is not a positive one, Thus the pump flow rate depends not only on the rotational speed (rpm) at which it is driven but also on the resistance of the external system. As the resistance of the external system starts to increase, some of the fluid slips back into the clearance spaces, causing a reduction in the discharge flow rate, This slippage is due to the fact that the fluid follows the path of least resistance. When the resistance of the external system becomes infinitely large (for example. A closed valve blocks the outlet line) the pump will produce no flow and thus its volumetric efficiency becomes zero, For example the dramatic drop in volumetric efficiency withy increase in load resistance occurs when using a centrifugal pump. The operation of the centrifugal pump is simple. The fluid enters at the center of the impeller and is picked up by the rotation impeller. As the fluid rotates with the impeller, the centrifugal force causes the fluid to move radically outward. This causes the fluid to flow through the outlet dischargeeT Flawrate~Q Focs~ F Velecity=V ‘any ¥ Electr Fover Mechanical Pewer Hydraulic Power Mechanical Power PeVal Po Torque Mz W P=pxQ PoFRV We Nini Leeo= Nelo We Megan x cubiometer/2, WN a iw/e midi lle Pump classification There are two broad classifications of pumps as identified by the fluid power industry. They are described as follows. © Hydrodynamic or non-positive pumps — They are used for low-pressure, high-volume flow applications. — Normally their maximum pressure capacity is limited to 250-300 psi © Hydrostatic or positive pumps (Gear, vane, piston pumps) — High pressure capability (up to 10,000 psi or higher) — Small compact size — High volumetric efficiency — Small changes in efficiency — Great flexibility of performanceHYDRAULIC SYSTEM & COMPONENTS, Pumping theory: TO HYDRAULIC SYSTEM fjoischarce I LINE MOTION +e ROD FE PRIME MOVER FORCE Fi OIL LEVEL OIL, TANK The main components of a pumping system are: + Pumps (different types of pumps are explained in section 2) + Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines or air system + Piping, used to carry the fluid + Valves, used to control the flow in the system + Other fittings, controls and instrumentation End-use equipment, which have different requirements (e.g. pressure, flow) and therefore determine the pumping system components and configuration. Examples include heat exchangers, tanks and hydraulic machinesAs a result, experimental techniques are used to determine losses. Tests have shown that head losses in valves and fittings are proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid _k 2g The constant of proportionality (K) is called the K factor of the valve or fitting. H, Illustrations of several common valves and fittings are given as follows: Valve Or Fitting K Factor Globe Valve: Wide open 70.0 % open 12.5 Gate Valve: Wide open 0.19 % open 0.90 % open 45 % open 24.0 Return Bend 22 Standard Tee 18 Standard Elbow 0.9 45° Elbow 0.42 90° Elbow 075 Ball Check valve 4.0Frictional Losses in Turbulent Flow Darcy's equation will be used for calculating energy losses in turbulent fluid flow. However, the friction factor cannot be represented by a simple formula as well as the case for laminar flow. This is due to the random and fluctuating movement of the fluid particles. For turbulent flow, experiments have shown that the friction factor is function of not only the Reynolds number but also the relative roughness of the pipe. The relative roughness is defined as the pipe inside surface roughness (Greek letter epsilon) divided by the pipe inside diameter D: Relative roughness < Absolute Roughness Type of Pipe e(ft) (mm) Glass Or Plastic Smooth ‘Smooth- Drawn Tubing 0.000005) 0.0015 Commercial Steel 0.00015 0.046 or wrought Iron Asphalted Cast 0.0004 012 iron Galvanized Iron 0.0005 045 Cast Iron 0.00085 0.26 Riveted Steel 0.006 18 Losses in pipe. 1. Major energy losses This loss is due to friction 2. Minor energy losses These losses are due to’ (i) Losses in valves and pipe fittings. (ii) Sudden enlargement/construction of pipe () Bend in pipe, etc. Losses in Valves and Fittings. In addition to losses due to friction in pipes, there also are energy losses in valves and fittings such as tees, elbows, and bends For many fluid power applications, the majority of the energy losses occur in these valves and fittings in which there is a change in the cross section of the flow path and a change in the direction of flow. Thus, the nature of the flow through valves and fittings is very complex.Darcy's equation Friction is the main cause of energy losses in fluid power systems. The energy loss due to friction is transferred into heat, which is given off to the surrounding air. The result is a loss of potential energy in the system, and this shows up as a loss in pressure or head. The head loss (Hi) in a system actually consists two components: 4. Losses in pipes 2. Losses in fitings Head losses in pipes can be found by using Darcy's equation ri\fv7) =f 3h | (D2, Where riction factor (dimensionless) L= length of pipe (m). D = pipe inside diameter (m). V= average fluid velocity (m/s), g = acceleration of gravity (m/s?) Darcy's equation can be used to calculate the head loss due to friction in pipes for both laminar and turbulent flow. The difference between the two lies in the evaluation of the friction factor f. Fri jonal Losses in Laminar Flow Darcy's equation can be used to find head losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow by noting that for Jaminar flow the friction factor equals the constant 64 divided by the Reynolds number: fy 64(L\(V?) me a) 28) The following example illustrates the use of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation,Actually there are two basic types of flow in pipes, depending on the nature of the different factors that affect the flow. The first type is called laminar flow, which is characterized by the fluid flowing in smooth layers or laminate. In this type of flow, a particle of fluid in a given layer stays in that layer. This type of fluid motion is called streamline flow because all the particles of fluid are moving in parallel paths. Therefore, a laminar flow is smooth with essentially no collision of particles. For laminar flow, the friction is caused by the sliding of one layer or particle of fluid over another in a smooth continuous fashion. If the velocity of flow reaches a high enough value, the flow ceases to be laminar and becomes turbulent. In turbulent flow the movement of a particle becomes random and fluctuates up and down in a direction perpendicular as well as parallel to the mean flow direction. This mixing action generates turbulence due to colliding fluid particles. This causes considerably more resistance to flow and thus greater energy losses than that produced by laminar flow. Reynolds's Number It is important to know whether the flow pattern inside a pipe is laminar or turbulent. This brings us to the experiments performed by Osborn Reynolds is 1833, to determine the conditions governing the transaction from laminar to turbulent flow. Reynolds allowed the fluid in the large controlled the flow rate by means of a valve at the end of the tube. A capillary tube, connection to a reservoir of dye, allowed the flow of a fine jet of dye into the main flow stream. Reynolds applied the dimensional analysis on variables and introduced a dimensional number called Reynolds number (Re) Reynolds number, Re = 2Y° _. VO oy Where 1p =Density ofthe liquid, Vz Velocity of flow, D=Diameter ofthe pipe, solute visocity ofthe fluid, and nematic viscosity ofthe fluid Reynolds's number is the basis for determining the laminar and turbulent flow. If Re<2000, then the flow is laminar, and if Re> 4000, then the flow is, turbulent.Example: Determine Dz p,z 10x19 p= an 500 The six basic components of a hydraulic system are: Reservoir (or tank), Pump Prime mover Valves Actuator and Fluid transfer piping oe eens Actuator ‘An actuator is used to convert the fluid energy into mechanical force or torque to do useful work. Differentiate between a liquid and a gas. S.No Liquid Gas Has a definite mass, but does not possess a definite volume and conforms to the shape of the container 2 | Incompressible fluid ‘Compressor fluid Tt expands and occupies the whole volume of the container. Posses a definite volume for a 1 _ | give mass, but conforms to the shape of the container. 3. | Itforms a free surface Applications of Pascal’s law. 1. Braham’s hydraulic press 2. Air-to-hydraulic pressure booster. Laminar and Turbulent flow A fluid flows through pipe, the layer of fluid at the wall has zero velocity. This is due to viscosity, which causes fluid particles to cling to the wall. Layers of fluid at the progressively greater distances from the pipe surface have higher velocities, with the maximum velocity occurring at the pipe centerlinePascal's Law Blaise Pascal formulated the basic law of hydraulics in the mid 17th century. He discovered that pressure exerted on a fluid acts equally in all directions. His law states that pressure in a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in every direction and acts with equal force on equal areas and at right angles to a container's walls. Figure 1-7, Pascal's Law apparatus Figure 1-7 shows the apparatus that Pascal used to develop his law. It consisted of two connected cylinders of different diameters with a liquid trapped between them. Pascal found that the weight of a small piston will balance the weight of a larger piston as long as the piston's areas are in proportion to the weights. In the small cylinder, a force of 100 pounds on a 1-square-inch piston creates a pressure of 100 psi. According to Pascal's Law, this pressure is transmitted undiminished in every direction. In the larger cylinder, the 100 psi of pressure from the small cylinder is transmitted to an area of 5 square inches, which results in a force of 500 pounds on the second piston. The force has been multiplied 5 times-a mechanical advantage of 5 to 1. Using the same factors, you can determine the distance the pistons move. For example, if the small piston moves down 10 inches, the larger piston will move up 2 inches. Use the following to determine the distance: Dy= 1% A Where- F; = force of the small piston, in pounds D; = distance the smail piston moves, in inches De = distance the larger piston moves, in inches F2 = force of the larger piston, in poundsHeat Exchangers

Filter with water trap -with manual drain > -automatie drain Air Dryer refrigerant, or chemical removal of water from compressed air line > Lubricator > -oil vapor is indicted into air line Conditioning unit ~ -compound symbol of filter, regulator, lubricator unit ke -Simplified SymbolFlow Control Valves Throttle valve ae -adjustable output flow Flow Control valve & f= Lh 8 + + Rt fi -with fixed output (variations in inlet pressure do not affect rate of flow) -with fixed output and relief port to reservoir with relief for excess flow (variations in inlet pressure do not affect rate of flow) -with variable output fixed orifice -metered flow toward right free flow to left -pressure compensated flow control fixed output flow regardless of load -pressure and temperature compensated -with variable output and relief port to reservoir Flow dividing valve A -flow is divided equally to two outputs. Shut-Off Valve et -Simplified symbol AccumulatorsQ -pilot operated check valve, pilot to open Shuttle valve -to isolate one part of a system from an alternate part of toe} cirouit. Rapid exhaust valve/Pneumatic installed close to an actuator for rapid movement of the actuator, = Pressure Control Valves Pressure Relief Valve (safety valve) normally closed = ~ Line pressure is limited to the setting of the valve, secondary part is directed to tank. pry Proportional Pressure Relief th - line pressure is limited to and proportional to an electronic signal Sequence Valve 4 ~ When the line pressure reaches the setting of the valve, valve opens permitting flow to the secondary port. The pilot must be externally ToL drained to tank. Pressure reducing valve - pressure downstream of valve is limited to the setting of the valveAC -foot pedal Mechanical Control Ss -plunger or tracer -spring = -roller Ou -roller(one direction only) Electrical Control q_ ~Solenoid (the one winding) Pilot Operation -pneumatie dex -hydraulic Pilot operated two-stage valve a Pneumatic: Sol first st -Pneumatic: Air pilot second stage my -Hydraulic: Sol first stage -Hydraulie: Hyd pilot second stage Check valves, Shuttle valves, Rapid Exhaust valves -check valve -free flow one direction, blocked flow in other direction -pilot operated check valve, pilot to close