PLANT FAMILIES

Malvaceae

Vegetative characters- Floral formula-

Generally herbs, shrubs; few trees.
Mucilage sap (+)
STEM- Herbaceous/ woody; branched/ erect.
LEAVES- Alternate, petiolate, stipulate; stipules deciduous, Floral diagram-
simple, entire/ palmately divided/ lobed.
Floral characters-
INFLORESCENCE- Solitary axillary/ solitary terminal, raceme.
FLOWER- Pedicellate, bracteate, epicalyx (+), hermaphrodite
rarely unisexual, complete, actinomorphic, pentamerous,
hypogynous.
CALYX- Sepals- 5, persistent, valvate aestivation.
COROLLA- Petals 5, polypetalous, twisted; Prominent veins (+).
ANDROECIUM- Stamens indefinite, monadelphous, anthers
monothecous, reniform, basifixed, filament short, introrse.
GYNOECIUM- Multicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior,
penta/ multilocular with axile placentation, OVULES- 1 or many.
FRUIT- Schizocarpic carcerulus, capsule, berry
SEED- Non- endospermic

Example- Hibiscus, cotton, okra, Honey bell, Cacao

 Cruciferae

Vegetative characters- Floral formula-

Mostly- annual, bienninal/ perennial herbs. Sometimes shrubs
⨁ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ —
G₍₂₎
ROOT- Tap, unbranched
STEM- Generally herbaceous
LEAVES- simple, alternate, exstipulate and, possess simple or Floral diagram-
branched hairs.
Floral characters-
INFLORESCENCE- Racemose
FLOWERS- ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic,
hermaphrodite, hypogynous.
CALYX- polysepalous- 4 sepals; arranged in 2 whorls of 2
each, imbricate aestivation.
COROLLA- polypetalous, cruciform, 4 petals (single whorl).
ANDROECIUM- 6 stamens arranged in 2 whorls,
tetradynamous, bilobed anthers, basifixed and introrse.
GYNOECIUM- bicarpellary, syncarpous, Ovary- superior,
unilocular, Parietal placentation.
FRUIT- siliqua.

Example- Radish, Ganth-Gobhi, Brassica rapa, Turnip etc.

 Leguminoceae

Vegetative characters- Floral formula-

Herbs, shrubs, climbers, few trees. % K₍₅₎ C₁₊₂₊₍₂₎ A₍₉₎₊₁ —
G₁
ROOTS- branched tap root system
STEM- Herbaceous/ woody, erect/ twinner, branched,
angular/ cylindrical.
LEAVES- alternate, stipulate, compound mostly trifoliate, Floral diagram-
pulvinate base.
Floral characters-
INFLORESCENCE- Racemose raceme, rarely solitary axillary.
FLOWER- Zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, pedicellate, slightly
perigynous, complete and pentamerous.
CALYX- Sepals 5, gamosepalous odd sepal anterior, sepaloid,
ascending imbricate aestivation.
COROLLA- Petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, descending
imbricate/ vexillary aestivation.
ANDROECIUM- Stamens 10/ rarely 9, diadelphous/
monadelphous,
GYNOECIUM- Monocarpellary; ovary superior, unilocular,
marginal placentation.
FRUIT- Legume/ pod
SEED- Non- endospermic
Example- Beans, Peas, Lentils, Soyabean
 Asteraceae

Vegetative characters- Floral formula-

Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees. — or ₀
ROOTS- Tap root Br. % C₍₅₎ A₀ G₍₂₎
STEM- Erect/ prostrate, herbaceous/ woody,
LEAVES- Alternate rarely opposite/ whorled, radical,
petiolate/ sessile, exstipulate. Floral diagram-
Floral characters-
FLOWER- Bracteate, sessile, complete/ incomplete,
hermaphrodite/ unisexual, pentamerous, actinomorphic/
zygomorphic, epigynous, inconspicious.
CALYX- Modified into pappus.
COROLLA- Petals 5, gamopetalous, coloured, valvate.
ANDROECIUM- (-)
GYNOECIUM- absent/ bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior,
unilocular with basal placentation.
FRUIT- Absent; if present cypsela
SEED- Non- endospermic
Ray floret Disc floret
Example- Sunflower, Stevia, Marigolds, dandelion, lettuce etc.
 Gramineae

Vegetative characters- Floral formula-

Herbs, annuals or perennials or shrubs, sometimes trees also. % P₀ or ₂ A₃ or ₆ G₁
—
ROOT- Adventitious, fibrous, branched, fascicled or stilt.
STEM- Underground rhizome (perennial grasses), cylindrical, Floral diagram-
culm with conspicuous nodes and internodes, internodes hollow,
herbaceous/ woody, glabrous/ glaucous.
LEAVES- Alternate, simple, distichous, exstipulate, sessile,
ligulate (absent in Echinochloa), leaf base forming tubular
sheath, ligule (+), parallel venation.
Floral characters-
INFLORESCENCE- Compound spike (sessile/ stalked), spikelets
are arranged on main axis- rachilla.
FLOWER- Bracteate, bracteolate, sessile, incomplete,
hermaphrodite/ unisexual, irregular, zygomorphic, hypogynous.
PARIANTH- membranous scales- lodicules.
ANDROECIUM- stamens 3/ rarely 6 or 1. polyandrous, filaments
long, anthers- dithecous, versatile, extrorse.
GYNOECIUM- Monocarpellary; carpels 3- 2 are abortive,
ovary superior, unilocular, single ovule, basal placentation, style Example- Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa,
short or absent; stigmas two feathery/ papillate and branched. Zea mays (Maize), Hordeum vulgare (Jaw),
FRUIT- Caryopsis/ rarely nut/ berry Sorghum vulgare (Jowar), Avena sativa
SEED- Endospermic, single cotyledon (scutellum). (Oats)
 FROG
General characters- Anatomy Mouth Buccal cavity Pharynx
Class Amphibia (bilobed tongue)
Phylum Chordata Digestive system-
Stomach Oesophagus
Common species- Rana tigrina Alimentary canal
(HCl + gastric juices)
Cold blooded (poikilotherms) Digestive glands
Carnivores- short aliment. canal Pancreatic juice chyme
Ability to camouflage- mimicry (Pancreas)
Summer sleep (aestivation) Short intestine Intestine
Bile
Winter sleep (hibernation) Webbed digits (Liver)
Rectum Cloaca
Morphology Note-
Bile emulsifies fat; pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins.
Skin- smooth, slippery- mucus (+) Villi- folds in the intestine- that in help absorption of food.
Dorsal body- Olive green + dark spots
Ventral side- Pale yellow Respiratory system -
They absorb water via skin Cutaneous respiration- Diffusion of oxygen via skin (aquatic).
Body Head Pulmonary respiration- via buccal cavity, skin, lungs (terrestrial).
Trunk During aestivation, hibernation- cutaneous respiration.
Tail (-); Neck (-)
Sexual dimorphism- Males have sound Vascular system-
producing vocal sacs, a copulatory pad Closed, well-developed.
Includes- heart, blood vessels, blood
Head- Trunk- Lymphatic system- lymph, lymph channels, lymph nodes
Nostrils (+) : above mouth Hindlimbs- 5 digit; 3-chambered heart- 2 atria, 1 ventricle (covered by
Eyes- bulged; covered by larger, muscular pericardium).
nictitating membrane Forelimbs- 4 digits
Veins Vena Cava Sinus Venosus Right Atrium
Membranous tympanum (ear)- Webbed digits
sides of eyes Body Arteries Conus Arteriosus Ventricle
Hepatic Portal System- Control and coordination -
Special venous connection b/w liver and intestine. ENDOCRINE GLANDS- secrete hormones
Renal Portal System- Includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body,
Special venous connection b/w kidney and lower pancreatic islets, adrenals, gonads.
body. NERVOUS SYSTEM-

Excretory system - Central Nervous Peripheral Autonomic Nervous

Pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, urinary bladder system Nervous system system
Nephrons- structural and functional unit of Brain Cranial nerves Sympathetic
kidneys. Spinal cord Spinal nerves Para- sympathetic
In Males- ureters act as urinogenital duct which
BRAIN- enclosed in cranium
opens into the cloaca.
Forebrain
Thin-walled urinary bladder (present ventral to
Midbrain
rectum)- also opens in cloaca.
Hindbrain
Reproductive system- Forebrain- olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres,
MALE- unpaired diencephalon.
Testes(attach to upper part of kidney- mesorchium. Midbrain- pair of optic lobes.
Vasa efferentia (10-12)- open in bidder’s canal. Hindbrain- cerebellum, medulla oblongata.
Which opens to cloaca.
FEMALE-
Ovaries Oviduct Cloaca Sense organs-
Mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time. Organs of touch- sensory papillae
External fertilization (water) Taste- taste buds
Development involves larval stage- Tadpole Smell- nasal epithelium
Visio- eyes
Hearing- tympanum with internal ears
 EARTHWORM
General characters- Anatomy Buccal cavity
Phylum- Annelida Mouth
(1-3 segment)
Class- Oligochaeta Body wall- Pharynx
Reddish brown Outer non-cellular cuticle
2 muscle layers (circular Gizzard Oesophagus
Terrestrial invertebrate (5-7 segment)
+ longitudinal) (8-9 segment)
Hermaphrodite
Common species- Pheretima; Inner coelomic epithelium
Columnar epithelial cells- contain Stomach Intestine
Lumbricus (9-14 segment) (15 - last segment)
Cold blooded (poikilotherms) secretory gland cells.
Digestive system-
Morphology Alimentary canal Anus
Digestive glands
Long cylindrical body Calciferous glands (stomach)- neutralise the humic acid present in humus.
100-120 segments (metameres) Typhlosole- folds in intestine- increase surface area (23rd-25th segment)
Dorsal body- median mid dorsal line
Ventral body- genital openings Blood Vascular system-
Anterior end- mouth; prostomium Closed- blood vessels, capillaries, heart.
Prostomium- sensory covering on mouth Contractions keep blood circulating in one direction.
1st segment- Peristomium Blood glands- 4th, 5th, 6th segments.
Segment Feature
14-16 Clitellum
Respiratory system -
Moist body surface helps respiratory exchange to their blood stream.
5-9 (ventro- lateral) Spermathecal pores
14th segment female genital pore
18th segment (ventro-lateral) male genital pores
All segments (except 1st) setae
Nervous system -
Represented by ganglia arranged on the ventral paired
nerve cord.
Nerve ring- nerve cord (anterior region) (3rd and 4th
segments) bifurcates, laterally encircling the pharynx and
joins the cerebral ganglia dorsally forming a nerve ring.
Sense organs- anterior part of the worm.
They have specialised chemoreceptors (taste receptors)
which react to chemical stimuli

Reproductive system-
Segment Feature
10th, 11th Testes (2 pairs)
upto 18 Vasa deferentia
17th, 19th accessory glands
18th segment (ventro-lateral) male genital pores
6th-9th segments (4 pairs) spermathecae
inter-segmental septum Reproductive system
1 pair of ovaries
(12-13)
14th segment female genital pore

Mature sperm, egg cells, nutritive fluid are deposited-

cocoons produced by the gland cells of clitellum.
Fertilisation + development occur in cocoons- deposited in
soil.
After 3 weeks- each cocoon produces 2- 20 baby worms
(avg. 4). Blood vascular system
Development- Direct (no larva)
 COCKROACH
General characters- MOUTH Parts
Phylum- Arthropoda Labrum (upper lip)
Class- Insecta Pair of Mandibles
Bright yellow/red/green Pair of Maxillae
Nocturnal Labium (lower lip)
Omnivores Tongue (hypopharynx)- lies in cavity.
Dioecious THORAX
Common species- Periplaneta Prothorax
americana Mesothorax
Metathorax
Morphology Prothorax connects head to thorax.
Each thoracic segment- pair of walking legs.
About 34-53 mm long. Pair of wings- Mesothorax, Metathorax
Wings extend beyond abdomen in males Forewings- tegmina- opaque dark, leathery (cover the hind wings at
(sexual dimorphism). rest).
Segmented body Hind wings- transparent, membranous (used in flight).
Head ABDOMEN- 10 segments.
Thorax 7th sternum (boat shaped) + 8th + 9th sternum= brood (genital) pouch.
Abdomen Males- genital pouch- hind end of abdomen- bounded dorsally by 9th,
Hard covering- chitinous exoskeleton 10th terga; ventrally- 9th sternum.
Hardened plates in exoskeleton- sclerites. 10th segment- anal cerci
Sclerites joined by- Arthrodial membrane.
HEAD- Triangular shape; 90⁰ to body axis. Anatomy
- formed of 6 segments
- bears- pair of compound eyes Alimentary canal- Foregut
- thread like antennae- membranous sockets Midgut
Hindgut
 Excretory system-
Mouth Pharynx Malpighian tubules (glandular, ciliated cells)
Oesophagus
(tubular)
Convers waste into uric acid (Uricotelic)
hepatic/ Gizzard/ The fat body, nephrocytes, urecose glands- also help in excretion
Crop
gastric caecae Proventriculus
Nervous system-
Series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia.
Midgut Malpighian Ileum
tubules (100-150) 3 ganglia- thorax, 6- abdomen.
The head only holds a bit of nervous system- if head of a cockroach
Rectum Colon is cut off- it will still live for as long as 1 week.
Brain- supra-oesophageal ganglion.
Gizzard- Lined on inside by 6 chitinous SENSE ORGANS- antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps,
teeth- grinding of food anal cerci.
Malpighian tubules- help removal of Compound eye- 2000 hexagonal ommatidia.
excretory products from haemolymph.
Reproductive system-
Blood Vascular system- MALE-
Open- Poorly developed blood vessels. Pair of testes- 4th -6th abdominal segments.
Visceral organs bath in blood. Vas deferens arises from each testes, opens into ejaculatory duct..
Heart- mid dorsal tube- lying along mid Mushroom shaped gland- 6th-7th abdominal segments (accessory).
dorsal line of thorax, abdomen. The external genitalia- male gonapophysis/ phallomere.
Sperms- stored in seminal vesicles.
Respiratory system- FEMALE-
Network of trachea. 2 ovaries- 2nd – 6th abdominal segments.
Exchange of gases- diffusion Each ovary (8 ovarian tubules)
Open through 10 pairs of small holes- spiracles A pair of spermatheca- 6th segment- opens into the genital
Tracheal tubes carry oxygen from the air to chamber.
all the parts via tracheoles.
SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES-
Sperms are transferred through spermatophores.
Their fertilised eggs are encased in capsules- Oothecae [dark reddish- blackish brown capsule- 3/8" (8 mm) long]
They are glued to a surface (a crack / crevice)- high relative humidity, near a food source.
Average females produce 9-10 oothecae (each containing 14-16 eggs)
Development of P. americana is paurometabolous- through nymphal stage (13 moultings to adult).

Alimentary canal Circulatory system