SOLVED EXERCISE In the following questions, you'll be presented with Mmultipk Iple On. options. Choose the best one and explain why in a few brief Tel sentences. (i) The assertion that “Mathematics is fun” is: b) a proposition c) a conditional a) a fallacyrs) QUANTITA (Qi exicn cone 0424 C8) UANTTTATIVE RARE Raphumations A proposition ts a statement that can be either tue car false, "Mathomatios Ix fin" ds a declarative sentence that can be considered a proposition, though its truth value might be subjective, (i) ‘The truth value of a premive p can help us figure out the (rath vale of a statement vy a) conjunetion b) negation ¢) truth table: Eyplanation: A truth table is a method used in logic to determine the wath values of logical expressions based on the truth values of the premises or individual components, (ii) Which of the following statements is conditional? ayyvandy b) ify, then c)vory Explanation: A conditional statement has the form "if p then q" or “it'y, then y", where p is the premise and q is the conclusion (iv) How many rows are there in a table containing disjunction of three propositions, that is, p or q or r? ay3 b)8 c)4 Explanation: A truth table for three propositions will have 2° = rows, because each proposition can be true or false, and there are three propositions. (v)_ The disjunction of two propositions PY 4 is true, if: . a) gis true. b) any one or both are true. c) pis true. Explanation: In a disjunction (OR statement), the result is true if at least one of the propositions is true. It’s only false when both propositions are false. (vi) Assume, for the sake of argument, that q is true while p is untrue. In your opinion, which of these claims is not true? a) PVG b) PYG c)P>4q Explanation: (vii) The statement “If he is a Pakistani, then he is an A: be restated as: a) Being Asian is enough to be called a Pakistani b) One must be Asian in order to be a Paki ni. c) All Asians are Pakistanis. Explanation: The statement "If he is a Pakistani, then he is an Asian" means that being a Pakistani implies being an Asian. In other words, if someone is Pakistani, they must also be Asian, (viiiyIt is logically identical to say that "If a person is bri then the person must be alive." a) Ifa person is alive, then the person must be breathing. in” can hing,(ST CODE 8424 I SE REA ONT b) Ifa person does not breathe, then the person is not alive, Ifa person is not alive, then the person must not be breathing 4 janation: is the contrapositive of the origin q Ex s wi Statement (ix) Two ass a) They are both true. | . b) They represent the identical thing. ¢) They hold the same identical values, / Explanation: Two logical statements are equivalent if they have the same truth value in all possible scenarios, meaning they hold the same identical values (either both true or both false under the same conditions). (x) Consider a conditional “You have reached to participate in the game if you want to win”. Compare it with the conditional “if p, then q”, then g must be a) You have reached to participate in the game. b) You want to win. c) You have reached to participate in the game if you want to win, Explanation: The given statement has the structure "if you want to win, then you have reached to participate in the game". In the standard form “if p, then q", p is "you want to win", and g is "you have reached to participate in the game." does a promise mean? Here are some examples of propositions. Please explain why each one is a proposition. Sol: A promise is a statement or.declaration where someone commits to doing or refraining from doing something in the future. In a more philosophical or logical sense, a promise is a type of commitment that someone makes, usually involving a personal obligation to follow through on their word. In the context of propositions in logic, a proposition isa declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both, The key features of a proposition are that it must have a definite truth value (true or false) and must be a statement (not a question, or command). Here are some e: re it some examples of propositions and why each on Proposition: P prop y 1. "The sky is blue." i his is a declarative sentence, and it can be object Ben ee itis true or fase based on the condition of HS e isa Reason: This i ified aS ca i verified rue or false. In this ® mathematical statement that can be case,CODE DAZA ai QUANTITATIVE REALONIN will meet you at 5 p.m, tomorrow." Reasons This is a statement of a future commitment, which cl 4 promise, His a proposition becauve it ean be « pe depending on whether the ammnitinent i> Sulfille Water bolls at 100°C." Reason: This in a scientific statement that can be or fale, depending on the context (c.g. pressure condition “Please close the door." Reason: This is a request, not a proposition, Mt is not a declarative sentence and cannot be true or falve. ‘The key difference is that a promive is a specific type of staternent about an intended future action, while a proposition is any staternent that can be true or false, 3. Define the terms conjunction, disjunction, and conditional. Additionally, could you provide an example of each term in a sentence? Sol: 1- Conjunc’ A conjunction is a logical operation that connects two statements (or propositions) in such a way that the resulting compound statement is true only if both individual statements are true, The conjunction is usually represented by the word the symboJ “ in formal logic). Example: te — Sentence: "I will go to the store, and | will buy some groceri 4c Explanation: This is a conjunction because both actions (going to the store and buying groceries) need to be true for the whole statement to be true. 2- — Disjunction: A disjunction is a logical operation that connects two statements (or propositions) in such a way that the resulting compound statement is true if at least one of the individual statements is true. The disjunction is usually represented by the word "or" (or the symbol v in formal logic). Exampl 1- Sentence: "I will have coffee, or | will have tea.” 2- Explanation: This is a disjunction because the statement is true if either having coffee or having tea is true. It only becomes false if neither happens. 3- Conditional: A conditional is a logical operation that expresses an “if-then" relationship between two statements, It is true unless the first statement (the antecedent) is true and the second statement (the consequent) is false. The conditional is usually represented as "if... then..." (or the symbol —> in formal log ed a true178 OUTING] fit rains, then will carry an umbrella." ion: This isa conditional because it sets upa 2 Cae No events: if the first event (it rains) happens, the relationship bet ae second event (1 will carry an umbrella) wi of Examples: 1- Sentence: * einiueetin (and): "I will go to the store, and I will buy some ‘on, " groceries. "[ will have coffee, or I will have tea." then): "If it rains, then I will carry an Hla." j ae terms are fundamental in both everyday language and formal logic. . : Q4. What is the meaning of negation in propositional logic? Can you provide an example of a proposition and its negati ? Sol: In propositional logic, negation refers to the operation that takes a proposition and reverses its truth value. If the original proposition is true, its negation will be false, and if the original proposition is false, its negation will be true. The negation of a proposition is typically denoted by the symbol "-" or the word "not." Meaning of Negation: Negation of a proposition essentially means "it is not the case that" or "it is false that." For example, if the proposition is "The sky is blue," the negation would be "The sky is not blue." Example: Proposition: "The sky is blue."This statement could be true or false depending on the condition of the sky. Negation: "The sky is not blue." This negation reverses the truth value of the original proposition. If "The sky is blue" is true, then "The sky is not blue" must be false, and vice versa, Symbolically: P: "The sky is blue." ¥ Pi "The sky is not blue." Important Note: In propositional logic, negation changes the truth value of a statement. If the original statement is true, the negated statement will be false, and ifthe original statement is false. the negaed statement will be tru(Ga ener UTTER) and exclusive or different from each other? QS. How are inclus! Could you give an example of each? Sol; Inclusive OR and ‘Exclusive OR (XOR) are both logical operations that connect two statements, but they differ in terms of what they allow as true outcomes. Let's break down each: 1- Inclusive OR: In Inclusive OR (often just called OR), the result is true if at least one of the two statements is true. It also includes the case where both statements are true. In other words, it is true if either ‘one or both of the statements are true. x Logical Symbol: PvQ yr Meaning: "P or Q" (but also includes the case where both P and Qare true). Example: Propositions: "It is raining" (P) or "It is snowing" (Q). Inclusive OR: "It is either raining or snowing." This is true if it is raining, true if it is snowing, and also true if both are happening at the same time. P (Raining) Q (Snowing) _| PV Q Inclusive QR) True True True True False True False True True False False False 2- Exclusive OR (XOR) In Exclusive OR (often just called XOR), the result is true if exactly one of the two statements is true, but false if both statements are true or both are false. In other words, XOR is true if and only if exactly one of the two conditions is true, not both. Logical Symbol: P @Q dx Meaning: "Either P or Q, but not both.” ‘ons: "I will have coffee" (P) or "| will have tea" (Q). xx Exclusive OR: "I will have either coffee or tea, but not both." ‘This is true if | have’only one of them (coffee or tea), but false ifl have both or neither. P (Coffee) Q (Tea) P®Q (Exclusive OR) True True False True False True False True True False False FalseQUANTITATIVE REAR (Resear cone x24 Key Differences: ye Inclusive OR: simultaneously. Example: "It is & PvQ allows both propositions to be trie aining or it is snowing" -it’s true if it's raining, re ise OR P®Q excludes the case where both proposition, - pxample: "1 will have coffee oF tea, but not both” -its true if have only one of them, but false if | have both, In summa _ x Inclusive OR: True if cither or both conditions are true, xx Exclusive OR: True only if exactly one condition is true, Q6: Identify whether the given statements are propositions or not. Additionally, you need to provide an explanation for your answer. (i) Every person’is an actor. Sol: Proposition: Yes. Explanation: This is a declarative statement, and it makes a claim that can be evaluated as true or false. The truth value of this statement can be assessed (e.g., not every person is an actor, so it would be false). (ii) The food is tasty. Sol: Proposition: Yes, Explanation: This is a declarative sentence, and it expresses an opinion that could be true or false depending on the context. It is a Proposition because we can determine whether it is true or false (though it may be subjective), (ii) Back to the home. Sol: Proposition: No. Explanation: This is n jot a declarative statement; it’s more of @ command or directive, It cannot be true or false, so it is nol 4 Proposition, Ay Some {roglodytes are hippophobic. I: Proposition: Yes. Explanation: This i: re t This is a de i ent, an evaluated 2 8 a declarative statement. an be ithe e is ement ci checked (eye cyt ue &F false, The truth of this state 2 whether some troglodytes are indeed hippophobie)-(vy) What are you sa. Sol: Proposition: No. Explanation: Th question cannot be true or fals qi) The chairman is a famous mathematician, Sol: Proposition: Y Explanatio This is a declarative statement that can be ‘evaluated as true or false. We can verify whether the chairman is ind a famous mathem: n, so it is a proposition. Q7. Rewrite the proposition in negation form and determine truth values. (i) Pakistan is in South Asia. Sol: Negation: "Pakistan is not in South Asia." Explanation: The original statement claims that Pakistan is part of South Asia. The negation simply reverses this by asserting that Pakistan is not part of South Asia. Truth value: The statement "Pakistan is in South Asia" is true (Pakistan is indeed part of South Asia), so its negation "Pakistan is not in South Asia" is false. (ii) The brand Lewis was ini y from England. Sol: Negation: "The brand Lewis was not initially from England." Explanation: The original statement claims that the brand Lewis originated in England. The negation asserts that it did not originate there. Truth value: If the statement "The brand Lewis was initially from England" is true (assuming this is correct based on historical facts), then the negation "The brand Lewis was not initially from England" is false. (iii) Nauman Ijaz is a Pakistani actor. Sol: Negation: "Nauman jaz is not a Pakistani actor.” Explanation: The original statement asserts that Nauman Ijaz is a Pakistani actor. The negation reverses this by claiming he is not a Pakistani actor. Truth value: "Nauman ljaz is a Pakistani actor" is true (he is a Well-known Pakistani actor), so the negation "Nauman Ijaz is not a Pakistani actor" is false. (iv) Ali is going to have dinner. Sol: Negation: "Ali is not going to have dinner." Explanation: The original statement claims that Ali is going to have dinner. The negation simply says that Ali is not going to have dinner.a} ce eantext. HAL is indeed ye jx ony th atatement 1s [rte depend ; This depe 3. and the nepation “AL inal that has more than one negative gtion that comes after cach js not pone gs. Expl and (he statements a did not d in the piven § answer the que Jecline the offer to buy a new car, Did Maing Ww planati The sentence has (wo negatives: Ans: Ex! i a a negation. ay ‘ a negative action (refusing, something). sy ffer it means that she accepted the a did not decline the 0! eclining, would mean,refusing). Therefore, the double Ties that Maira accepted the offer to buy a new car. ‘The sentence only states that Maira did not refuse the offer, but it sarily mean she bought the She might have accepted ly bought the car. However, it's likely that she offer (because 4 negative here imp! doesn't neces ‘ the offer but not necessart did, as the offer was accepted. (ii) The senator voted agains’ Muslims. Did the Senator vote for the bill that was against t the bill that was meant to hurt his sentence has one negative, the word “against.” in this context means the senator was opposed to ims, so voting against it means The word "against" the bill. The bill was meant to hurt Mu: the senator voted in favor of not hurting Muslims. No, the senator voted against the bill. This means the senator so the answer is no, opposed the bill that was intended to hurt Muslim: the senator did not vote for the bill. (iii) The mayor denies that he opposes the construction of a new secretariat. Does the Mayor support or oppose the construction of a new secretariat? Ans: Explanation: The sentence has two negatives: [ valley means refuses to acknowledge. : thie means does not support. ie eel denies that he opposes the construction, this meal Selena ies it (because he is denying that he opposes The mayor oe ly supports the construction of the new secretarial ' A which mecere por the construction, because he denies oppos!"® es Not Oppo ns(Germs come eke) ATTA NEATOMTAT CODE 9424 co 3D) QUANTITATIVE REASONING-1 Q9% Identify the 9. Identify the (ruth values of p and q, and determine if the values of p and q, and determine if the overall proposition is true or false. Provide a brief explanation for your conclusion. 2 (i) | Cucumbers are vegetables and apples are fruit Sol: p: Cucumbers are vegetables. This is true. Cucumbers are botanically fruits, but they are commonly treated as vegetables in culinary terms. q: Apples are fruit. This is true. Apples are indeed fruits. Proposition: p and q (Both p and q must be true for the whole statement to be true.) Conclusion: True. Both parts of the conjunction are true, so the overall proposition is true. (i) 13+6=19 and 2x6 =10. Sol: p: 13 + 6 = 19. This is false because 13 + 6 equals 19, which is correct. q: 2 x 6 = 10. This is false because 2 * 6 equals 12, not 10. p and q (Both parts must be true for the statement to Conclusion: False. One part is false (specifically, 2 6 = 10), so the whole proposition is false. (iii) The Ravi River goes through Punjab and the Sindh River goes through Gilgit-Baltistan. Sol: p: The Ravi River goes through Punjab. This is true because the Ravi River flows through Punjab in Pakistan. q: The Sindh River goes through Gilgit-Baltistan. This is false because the Sindh River does not go through Gilgit-Baltistan; it primarily flows through Sindh. Proposition: p and q (Both parts must be true for the statement to be true.) : . Conclusion: False. The second part of the statement is false, so the entire proposition is false. (iv) Khawaja Khurshid Anwar was a composer and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was a singer. Sol: p: Khawaja Khurshid Anwar was a composer. This is true. He was a well-known Pakistani composer. q: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was a singer. This is true. He was a legendary Pakistani qawwali singer. Proposition: p and q (Both parts must be true for the statement to be true.)(fer cone 0424 a4) QUANTITATIVE SONNET) Conclusion: Truc. Both parts are true, so the overall propo, ition on \t is true. oo , ) Not all animals are goals and not all men are politicians, Wv 0 Sol: p: Not all animals are goats. ‘This is true because there are many Sol: p: Not all anima ee different species of anim: js that are not goats. : ye q: Not all men are politicians. This is true becau- 4¢ majority of ans. men are not poli Proposi and q (Both parts must be true for thr: statement to be true.) Conclusion: True. Both parts of the statement 42 true, so the overall proposition is true. QO, State whether "or" following propositions. @ ot spend my next vacation in Lahore or Karachi. Sol: This statement suggests that the speaker will spend their vacation in either Lahore or Karachi, but doesn't explicitly exclude the possibility of both (if both places were an option, it could work). Conclusion: Inclusive "or" -The speaker could be implying spending time in either or both places. The oil change is good for three months or five thousand miles. Sol: This means that the oil change will last either for three months or for five thousand miles, whichever comes first. It’s not possible for both conditions to be true simultaneously. Conclusion: Exclusive "or" -The oil change is valid for either a time period or a distance, but not both at once. I'd like to play cricket or football while I'm in New York. ;_ The speaker is expressing a preference to play either cricket or football, but it doesn't suggest they could play both. Conclusion: Exclusive "or" -The speaker is choosing between two activities, not both. (iv) The insurance policy covers fire or theft. Sol: This suggests that the insurance policy covers either fire or theft, but it doesn't mention both being covered at the same time. | Conclusion; Exclusive "or" -The insurance policy covers either fire or thefi, but not both at the same time. wrt used inclusively or exclusively in the