Lab 3: Routing, Network Connectivity

and Address Configurations

Emil Burman, Mona Chabokdavan, Chloe Dusén
Task 1
After successfully connecting to the router in privileged mode, run the command “show run”
(showing running configuration) and read throughout the output (try to figure most of it by
yourself). Insert a screenshot and answer the following questions:

(a) What is the IP address of the default gateway of your computer? Does that match one of
your router’s interfaces?

There is no default gateway but there is a default router, the router ip matches that of router 6, ip
address 191.89.181.1.

(b) Which router interface belongs to your network and what IP address does the interface
have?

GigabitEthernet0/0, 191.89.181.1

(c) What routing protocol is configured for the router and for what networks?
RIP routing is used for the 191.89.0.0 and 172.16.0.0 network addresses. (Where 191.89.181.1
is included)
Task 2
After successfully connecting to the remote router in user mode, run the com-
mand “show ip route” (showing routing table) and insert in your report a screenshot of
the result, and answer the following questions:

(a) What are the networks (prefix and mask) that the router you’ve picked has direct
connection with? Differentiate between the local interfaces and a direct link.

Direct link:
172.16.0.0/30
172.16.0.28/30
200.88.202.0/25

Local interfaces:
172.16.0.1/32
172.16.0.30/32
200.88.202.1/32
(b) Determine the route from the selected router to your LAN from the routing table.
What is the interface to go to your LAN?

You go through Serial 0/0/0.

(c) Check how many hops away there are to reach the LAN according to the routing
table. Determine possible routes to your LAN by examining the network topology.
Does the route provided correspond to the best route possible?

There are 3 hops [120/3] to our LAN. Which is correct since the other path (counter clockwise in
the circle) is a lot longer.
Task 3
Ping your neighbour’s computer (PCX-2), and insert a small screenshot in your
report.

(a) How many IP packets are sent by the host in total when you run ping? How many
bytes are used by default in each packet for ping?

4 packets, 32 bytes

(b) What information do you get from running the ping? The answer must be the
interpretation of the result and not a copy of what is displayed.

The result shows that the success rate is 100 percent which means that from 4 packets sent, all
4 packets were recieved and the round-trip indicates minimal delay in transferring packets.

(c) Now ping 1 computer located on one of the other tables. What are the main differences you
notice in the output compared with your neighbor’s computer’s response?

We chose the IP address of PC5-2 and the difference here is that from 4 packets sent, just 3 are
received due to packet loss and it took longer to respond because of multiple hops.
Task 4
(a) Execute tracert for each of them and insert a screenshot with all output.

PC 4-1

PC 3-1

(b) How many hops do you get in each case? How does this compare to the distance
metric provided by the router when you run “show ip route”?
For PC 4-1, we get 4 hops and PC 3-1 gives us 5 hops. The show ip route gives 3 and 4
respectively since it only counts the hops to the local area networks instead of the actual hosts.
There is therefore an additional hop from the gateway router to the device.

(c) What about your neighbouring computer in your LAN? How many hops should you
get? Check your answer by using tracert.

There is only a direct connection to the PC which is expected since they are on the same LAN.
Task 5
(a) What are the Network Layer protocols (+ code and type of messages) involved in the
operation when you run “tracert”? Insert a screenshot with the simulation panel and the PDU
Information.

ICMP (internet control message protocol) is used in this operation.

(b) How many times is each tracert round repeated?

Each tracert is repeated 3 times.

(c) Do a ping to the same destination of tracert. What messages (protocol and type)
are used? What’s the difference with those of the tracert command?
We received 3 types of ICMP messages: Echo Request, Echo Reply, Time Exceeded (TTL
Expired)

The ping command is to check whether a destination is reachable and the round-trip time for
packets sent to the destination. When we use the ping command it will send Echo Request
(Type 8, Code 0) packets and receive Echo Reply (Type 0, Code 0) packets.
Echo reply checks if the destination is reachable. Echo request will respond to confirm it is
reachable.

Tracert shows the route for packets to reach the destination. Since the packet is expired, the
router will send back a TTL Expired (Type 11, Code 0) message because TTL value reaches
zero before getting to the destination, indicating the hop through the route.
Task 6
(a) What is the IP address and subnetwork mask of PCX-1?

The IP address of PC6-1 is 191.89.181.11, and the subnetwork mask is 255.255.255.128

(b) What is the corresponding binary representation of the IP address of PCX-1?

10111111.01011001.10110101.00001011

(c) What part of the IP address represents the network prefix and respectively the host
part? Separate the binary representation into network prefix and host parts.

network prefix: 10111111.01011001.10110101.0

host part: 0001011

(d) What is PCX-1’s MAC address for its active interface?

0090.2B0B.BAB2 is the MAC address

Task 7
(a) After changing your computer’s IP address, ping your starting computer
from the other computer at the same workplace i.e. PCX-2 should ping PCX-1.
Does it work? Can you explain shortly why?

Yes it works, even if the default gateway is not configured since they are on the same subnet.

(b) Now ping from PCX-1 a computer at another table than yours, and insert a small
screenshot in your report. Since you want to communicate with a computer beyond
your subnet, don’t forget to set first the default gateway to the right value in the
IP configuration!

(c) Does it work this time? Which entry in your router’s forwarding table is used when
the computer you have pinged answers to your ping? (remember to check the entry
corresponding on the response and not the packet you’ve sent!)
No, but we spoke to Rhouma during the lab session about this and he said that the interface
used was the one highlighted below?
Task 8
Change your computer’s address to A.B.C.(150+N) where N is replaced by
your group number, eg “ComputerCommunicationLabGroup 88” should assign the address
A.B.C.238 and ping again your neighbor.

(a) Why doesn’t it work this time whereas last time it was fine?

It doesn’t work since they’re now on different subnets.

(b) Where were the packets actually dropped?

They’re dropped at router 6, due to PC6-1 and PC6-2 being on different subnets. We can see
step 5 in the screenshot mentioning the request’s sender IP address being in a different network
than the receiving port.

Ping PCX-2 from PCX-1, and insert a small screenshot in your report and answer the following:
(d) Does it work this time and why?

It works this time, since they are now on the same subnet

(e) What about if you ping a computer on another table, does it work and why?

It doesn't work since the hosts on the LAN have changed subnets without RIP broadcasting the
change. The routing table is therefore still configured for the old subnet and doesn't have an
entry for the new subnet.
Task 9
(a) Connect your switch with another group’s switch using crossover cable.
Then interconnect all switches such that all computers can communicate with each
other. Once you have tested the connectivity within the large network and made
sure it works, take a screenshot of your masterpiece and include it in your report.

(b) Explain why all computers can now be reached directly by your computer, and
compare with Task 8 where the same was not working because computers were part
of different subnets.

Because all the workstations are interconnected and on the same subnet.

(c) Note that currently there is no default gateway for the new IP network. What would
be the purpose of adding a default gateway to this network?

There isnt a router that connects to another subnet and there can therefore not be a default
gateway.
Task 10
(a) How many bits should be used for the subnet part (subnet mask) and for
the host part in each subnet? What is then the subnet mask to use in dot-decimal
notation?

200.150.100.0/24 divides to 8 equal-size subnets, so we need 8 subnets. Since 23 = 8, we need

3 more bits for subnetting.
The new subnet mask : 24+3=27

(b) Reproduce and complete Table 1 which shows the address details for each subnet.
1 = 000-00000 = 0
2 = 001-00000 = 32
3 = 010-00000 = 64
4 = 011-00000 = 96
5 = 100-00000 = 128
6 = 101-00000 = 160
7 = 110-00000 = 192
8 = 111-00000 = 224

SN Subnet Address Host IP Addresses Broadcast Address

#

1 200.150.100.0 200.150.100.01 up to 200.150.100.30 200.150.100.31

2 200.150.100.32 200.150.100.33 up to 200.150.100.62 200.150.100.63

3 200.150.100.64 200.150.100.65 up to 200.150.100.94 200.150.100.95

4 200.150.100.96 200.150.100.97 up to 200.150.100.126 200.150.100.127

5 200.150.100.128 200.150.100.129 up to 200.150.100.158 200.150.100.159

6 200.150.100.160 200.150.100.161 up to 200.150.100.190 200.150.100.191

7 200.150.100.192 200.150.100.193 up to 200.150.100.222 200.150.100.223

8 200.150.100.224 200.150.100.225 up to 200.150.100.255 200.150.100.256

Table 1: Separation of the IP addresses into different subnet spaces.

(c) What does it mean when an IP address has the host part as all zeros (for example
192.168.1.0/24) and when the host part is all ones (eg 192.168.1.255/24)?

The address with all 0s for the host part is usually used to refer to the entire subnet. The
address with all 1s for the host part is the broadcast address for the subnet.
Task 11
Start simulation mode, then send a ping from PCX-1 to PCX-2, and examine
the ARP and ICMP captured packets in the simulation panel. For each of the following
items, identify a packet and copy-paste the reason/explanation found in the PDU information
(retrieved on inspecting individual packets); insert a screenshot of the simulation
panel in your report and discuss the following:.
Packet Identified: ARP request at Switch 6 from Src. IP: 200.150.100.29, to Dest. IP:
200.150.100.30 is sent with destination MAC address FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

Packet Identified: ICMP request at PC6-2, shows the ICMP Echo Request and Reply between
PC6-1 and PC6-2.
Packet Identified: ICMP request at PC6-1, showing the ICMP Echo Reply received from PC6-2.

It was not possible to copy/paste the explanations so we have put all the screenshots with PDU
information.

(a) why the ARP request has been sent to every switch.
Since PC6-1 does not know the MAC address of PC6-2 it can't send a direct question to it, it
therefore has to broadcast to every switch in the LAN.

(b) why the ARP request is dropped by other computers than PCX-2.
Because the only computer that responds to an ARP request is the machine with the wanted
MAC address. So PC6-2 is the only device that could respond and the others ignore the
request.

(c) what is the moment when your local switch updates its MAC table.
The local switch updates its MAC table as it receives a data-packet. It maps the source address
to the correct port.

(d) why subsequent pings do not generate an ARP flood in the network anymore.
The switch has learned the correct interface for the destination address. And therefore doesn't
have to flood all of the interfaces anymore.