Chapter 1: Measuring

1.1 Length(16)
1. What are the S.I. units and symbols for:-
Quantity S.I. unit Symbol
Length m
metres
Mass kilograms kg
Time seconds s
(3)
2. Explain which of the two readings, 2.40 cm or 2.4 cm, is more accurate?
2.40
(2)
** 3. The length of a pencil measured by a metre rule is recorded as 6.75 cm. Why is the reading wrongly
recorded?

(1)
4. Fig 6.1 shows two instruments used to measure 2 different quantities.

Fig 6.1 Fig 6.2

(a) State the accuracy and reading of each instrument
0.2A
Fig 6.1: Accuracy ………………..……….. 1,0A
Fig 6.2: Accuracy ………………..………..

2,8A
Reading ……………………………… Reading ……………………………………………
12.0A [2]

5. What are the readings shown by the vernier callipers below?

0.9+3(0.01)=0.93cm
 [2]
The diagrams below show a micrometer before and after a measurement is made.

Zero Error
What kind of error is shown in the instruments?.......................................................................[1]
(b) What is the actual reading?

1.50+0.32=0.82

0.82-0.02=0.80
____________________________[2]

11 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows the faces of two ammeters. One has an analogue display and the
other a digital display.

Fig. 12.1
(a) State the accuracy of both ammeters
0.1A
Analogue ammeter …………………………………………..
0.01A
Digital ammeter……………………………………………….
[2]
(b) Using your answer to (a) above, explain which instrument is more accurate.
Digital ammeter,because it can take the smallest
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
measurement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

2
 1.2 Time and Volume measurement (42)
1. The Figure below shows a digital stopwatch.

(a) What is the reading shown?

25.84s (1)
2. The figure below shows an oscillating pendulum.

(a) What is meant by the period of the pendulum?

time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation. (1)

(a) The time, t, taken for 10 oscillations of a pendulum is recorded. This time is then divided by 10 to
***
give its period, T. Why is this practice more accurate than just recording the time for 1 oscillation to
give the period?

(1)

3
 (b) Explain what happens to the period of a pendulum if:
(i) The pendulum is taken to the Moon where there is less gravity.
________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) The mass of the bob is doubled.

(iii) The length of the pendulum is increased.

(3)
3. An engineering machine has a piston which is going up and down approximately 75 times per minute.
Describe carefully how a stopwatch may be used to find accurately the time for one up-and down cycle
of the piston.

[4]
4. Drops of water from a cracked gutter fall past the window of a Physics student’s room, as shown in
Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1
The student uses a digital stopwatch to find the time between one drop and the next.
To do this he sets the stopwatch to zero, then, starts the stopwatch as a drop comes into view at the to

4
of the window and stops the stopwatch 40 drops later. The appearance of the stopwatch after 40 drops is
shown in Fig. 4.2.

13.6s
Reading = ........................... [1]

Fig. 4.2
(a) State the reading on the stopwatch.
(b) Calculate the time interval between one drop and the next.
13.6/40=

0.34s
Time = ..................................................................... [2]
(c) Explain why it is better to time 40 intervals than to time just 1 interval.
...................................................................................................................................................................[1]
Fig. 8.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and Q.

Fig 8.1
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s. Describe how
you would determine this time as accurately as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

5
(b) (i) State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the resultant of the
two forces in (i).
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.

potential energy = .................................. [2]

Chapter 2: Mass, inertia, Weight, Density and Centre of Gravity
2.1 Mass and inertia (13)
1. What is the definition of mass?
(1)
2. What is inertia?
(1)

3. Explain why a small boat like a canoe can be stopped easily in a few metres whereas a larger ship like
the titanic might need a few kilometres to be stopped.

(2)

4. In the figure below a card with a coin on it, is placed on top of a glass.

6
 Explain why when the card is pull slowly to the right, the coin remains on it. When the card is pulled
quickly, the coin drops into the glass.

..............................................................................................................................................................[2]

Weight (25)
1. What is the definition of weight?
(1)
2. What is the S.I. unit for weight?
(1)
3. What is the formula to calculate weight?
(1)
4. List 2 differences between mass and weight?

(2)
5. A rocket is launched to space where the pull of gravity is much lower than that on the ground. What
happens to its mass and weight a few minutes after launching?
Mass:
Weight: (2)
6. The gravitational force on Earth and Moon is 10 N/kg and 1.6 N/kg respectively. On Earth, a stone
weighs 2 kg. What is its weight on Moon?

W= (2)
7. Here are two statements made by people who haven’t learned their Physics very well. Each statement
is incorrect. In the space alongside each statement, say what is wrong with the statement.

(2)
7
 8. A space research organisation plans to send astronauts to Mars to examine rocks on its surface.
The organisation will produce a report containing information about conditions on Mars.
(a) (i) The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.7 N / kg. Calculate
the weight, on Mars, of a rock of mass 0.50 kg.

weight = ..................................................... [2]

(ii) A rock dropped on Mars falls to the surface. State the acceleration of the falling rock. Assume that
there is no air resistance on Mars.
Acceleration = ...................................................... [1]
(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.50 kg rock as it strikes the surface at a speed of
3.2 m/s.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]

9. A cube has sides that are 3.0 cm long. The mass of the cube is 54 g.
(a) Explain what is meant by mass.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Calculate the weight of the cube. Give the unit. (g = 10m/ s2)

weight = .............................................................. [2]

Density (31)
1. What is density and its formula?
(2)

2. The block shown below has a mass of 2000 g. The students were asked to identify the material used in
making the block.

8
(a) What is its density?

D= (3)

3. A student is given a cube with sides of 2cm and a density of 4 g/cm3. What is its mass?

M= (3)
4.A glass rod below is of mass 600 g. The density for glass is 2.5g/cm3.

.The rod is immersed in a measuring cylinder containing 40cm3 of water. What is the new volume of water in the
measuring cylinder?

V= (4)
5. The Figure below shows the readings of an electronic balance before and after a metal is placed
in the measuring cylinder.

What is the density of the metal?

9
 D= (4)

14 Fig. 14.1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.

Fig. 14.2 shows the same measuring cylinder after stone A has been lowered into it on a finestring.

Fig. 14.1 Fig. 14.2

Calculate the volume of stone A.

volume =.................................... [2]

(a) The mass of stone A is measured as 40.5 g.
Calculate the density of the rock from which stone A was formed.

density = ............................................ [4]

(b) Stone B, from the same rock as stone A, has a larger volume.
Stone A is removed from the water and replaced by stone B. The measurements are then repeated.
Which of the values in the experiment will be different when using stone B? Tick boxes
alongside any of the quantities that will have changed.

[2]
10
 2.4Centre of Gravity (36)
1. What is meant by “centre of gravity” (centre of mass)?
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. Where is the position of the centre of mass for a uniform metre rule?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3. 1 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform rod.

Fig. 3.1
(a) Use your rule to find the length of the rod.
Length =......................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, show the position of the centre of mass of the rod using the letter C.
[1]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows another rod, of the same length as the previous one, but this rod is thicker at one end.

Fig. 3.2
Use your judgment to mark with the letter M approximately where the centre of mass of this rod will be.
[2]
4. Both glasses shown in Fig. 5.1 are similar

Fig 5.1 Which glass can be easily toppled? Why?

..................................................................................................................................

11
 .............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

5. The Figure below shows a wooden block in different situations.

In which situation will it be toppled? Why?

.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
What are the types of equilibrium shown in the following diagram?

[3]
6. (a) Fig. 10.2 and Fig. 10.3 show a thick piece of wood with one corner on a table.
Fig. 10.4 shows the same piece of wood balanced on the table. B is the centre of mass.

12
 Fig. 10.2 Fig. 10.3 Fig. 10.4
(i) Explain why in Fig. 9.2 the piece of wood falls to the right and in Fig. 9.3 it falls to the left.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(ii) Explain why the piece of wood in Fig. 10.4 does not fall over.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(iii) Suggest how the thickness of the wood in Fig. 10.4 affects its stability.
… .................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
Chapter 3: Motion

3.1 Average speed, Velocity and Acceleration (20)

1. A jet plane was cruising at a constant speed of 800 km/h. A city is 40 km away from it. What is the
time taken for the plane to be flying over the city?

t= (2)

2. A boy saw a lightning striking in a distance. Exactly 3 seconds later he heard a thunder of the
lightning. How far is the boy from the place where the lightning strikes? [Speed of sound in air is 330
m/s]

Distance = (2)

3. A bus covers 100 m in the first 10 s and another 50 m in 5 s after that. What is its average
speed?

Average Speed = (2)

13
4. A car increases its velocity from rest to 64 m/s in 8 s. What is its acceleration?

Acceleration (3)

5. A car starts off at 10 m/s and accelerates at 1 m/s2 for 10 seconds. What is its final velocity?

Velocity (3)

6. A car going at 20 m/s stops in a distance of 20 m. What is it’s deceleration?

Deceleration (3)

7. The driver of a car which travels at a velocity of 32 m/s slammed the car’s brake to come to rest in
8 s. What is its deceleration?

Deceleration (3)

8. A motorcycle accelerates from rest at a rate of 5 m/s2 for 6 s. What is its final velocity?

14
 Velocity (2)

3.2 Motion-Time Graphs and Equations of Motion (41)

1. a) The graph below shows how the speed of a lift changes with time as it descends from the third
to the ground floor of a building.

(i) State its maximum speed (1)

(ii) For how many seconds did it decent at maximum speed? (1)
(iii) What can be calculated using the gradient of the graph? (1)
(iv) Between which times is it increasing its speed? (1)

(b) What is the direction of the resultant force on the lift between 8 and 10 seconds?
Explain your answer.

(2)
(c) ©Estimate the height of the third floor above the ground floor. Show clearly how you
arrived at your answer.

Height = (3)
(d) Calculate the deceleration of the lift as it comes to rest.

Deceleration (2)
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the path of one drop of water in the jet from a powerful hose.

15
 Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2 is a graph of speed against time for the water drop shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.2

(a) Describe the movement of the water drop in the 8s after leaving the hose.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to find
(i) the speed of the water leaving the hose
speed = …………………...

(ii) the time when the speed of the water is least.

Time = ………….………..
[2]

16
© Use values from Fig. 3.2 to calculate the acceleration of the drop as it falls back towards the ground.
Show your working.

Acceleration =............................................ [3]

(e) Calculate the greatest distance above the ground reached by the drop.

Distance = ........................................... [3]

2. 4 Equations of motion (15)

1. A car starts from rest, and accelerates at 1 m/s2 for 10 seconds. How far does it move?

Distance (2)
2. A car is travelling at 30 m/s and stops in 2 seconds. What is its stopping distance for this speed?

Distance (2)
3. An object starts from rest, moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration and covers a
distance of 64 m in 4 s. Calculate
(a) its acceleration

acceleration (2)
3.5 Acceleration of Free Fall and Terminal Velocity (40)

1. What is meant by the term “acceleration of free fall?” What is its magnitude?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus that demonstrates how a coin and a piece of paper fall from rest.

17
 Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2
At the positions shown in Fig. 2.1, the coin and paper are falling through air in the tube. The forces on
them are shown in Fig. 2.2. The length of an arrow indicates the size of each force.

(a) State the initial value of the acceleration of the coin as it falls.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that
(i) the paper falls with constant speed,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the coin accelerates.
.............................................................................................................................................

1. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 10 m/s from the balcony of a tall building.
The balcony is 15 m above the ground and gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s2.

(a) Make a sketch of the motion [2]

18
(b) Calculate:
(i) the time required for the ball to reach the maximum height.

Time [3]

19
(ii) the maximum height.

Maximum height [3]

(iii) the total distance travelled by the ball

total distance [2]

(iv) the time required for the ball to hit the ground from the time it was released,

time [1]
(v) the velocity with which it hits the ground.

Velocity [3]

2. The graph shows how the downward velocity of a parachutist changes with time from leaving the
aircraft to landing on the ground. The parachute is not opened until sometime into the fall.

(a) What is meant by “terminal velocity”?

20
 [1]
(b) (i) What is the value of the acceleration of the parachutist immediately after he has jumped from
the aeroplane?

Acceleration [1]
(ii) Without any calculations, how can you tell that the acceleration decreases until the maximum
velocity is reached?

[1]
(c) Consider section 0s to 7s of the graph.
(i) State what is happening to the parachutist’s speed in this section.
… .................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What can be said about the forces on the parachutist during this section?
….........................................................................................................................................
… .................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) State why the acceleration of the parachutist decreases until the maximum velocity is reached.
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
… .................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d)(i) What was the maximum velocity of the parachutist? V = [1]

(ii) For how long did the parachutist fall after leaving the aircraft? T [1]

(iii) At what time did the parachutist open the parachute? Explain your answer.
T
Reason
[2]
(iv) What was the terminal velocity at which the parachutist fell while the parachute was open?

V [1]

21
(e) The diagram shows the forces acting on the parachutist once the parachute has been opened.

(i) Write down the names of the two forces, shown by the arrows, acting on the parachutist. [2]

(ii) At which time did the parachutist open his parachute?

t .......................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe the way in which the forces acting on the parachutist change during this time. Your
answer should refer to the two forces mentioned above.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [4]

Chapter 4: Force and Its Effects

4.1 Effects of force on shape: Hook’s Law (45)

1. In an experiment, forces are applied to a spring as shown in Fig. 1.1a. The results of this experiment
are shown in Fig. 1.1b.

22
 Fig. 1.1a Fig. 1.1b

4 What is the name given to the point marked Q on Fig. 1.1b?

................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
5 For the part OP of the graph, the spring obeys Hooke’s Law. State what
this means.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

6 ©The spring is stretched until the force and extension are shown by the point R on the graph.
Compare how the spring stretches, as shown by the part of the graph OQ, with that shown by QR.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 The part OP of the graph shows the spring stretching according to the expression
F = kx.

23
Use values from the graph to calculate the value of k.

k = ............................................. [2]

2. In an experiment, different weights are hung on the end of a spring, and the length of the spring is
measured. The results are as follows.

8 What is the length of the unstretched spring?

Length of unstretched spring = [1]
9 Some of the extensions have been calculated for you.
Complete the table by writing in the remaining extensions. [2]

c) (i) On the graph grid of Fig 3.1, plot the values from your table.

24
 Fig. 3.1
(ii) Draw the best straight line through your points.
(iii) The experimenter has read one of the lengths incorrectly.
1. Which one is it? ............................................................................................................
2. What do you think the length reading should have been? ...........................................[5

25
Fig. 6.1 shows a spring before and after different loads were attached to it.

Fig. 6.1

What is the length L in (c)?

L= [4]

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a spring before and after different loads were attached to it.

Fig. 7.1
What is the mass m?
M= [4]

8. A spring is 8 cm. A weight of 6 N extended the spring by 3 cm.

26
 Fig. 8.1

If the limit of proportionality is not exceeded, what is the weight required to make the length of the
spring 24 cm?

W= [4]
9. Spring B is 16 cm long. A load of 5 N extends it by 6 cm. A load of 20 N is hung using 3 springs of B as
shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 9.1
What is the length of L?
L= [4]

27
 4.2 Effect of Force on Motion (45)

2. Calculate the force required to cause a mass of 80kg to accelerate by 2m/s2.

F= [2]
(a) Describe what happens to the motion of a moving object when there is no

resultant force acting on it,

. ............................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) a resultant force is applied to it in the opposite direction to the motion,

. ................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) a resultant force is applied to it in the direction of the motion.

.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. A car’s engine exerts a forward force of 5000N against an air resistance force of 2000N and a
frictional force of 1000N. What is the resultant force acting on the car?

Resultant force = [2]

4. Fig. 5.1 shows three forces acting on a 1.4 kg trolley.

Fig. 5.1
What is the trolley’s acceleration?

Acceleration = [2]

28
 10 The diagram shows the forces acting on a box at one instant as it falls through the air.

Calculate the mass of the box. (The value of g is 10 N/kg.)

m= [2]
(ii) Calculate the unbalanced force on the box.

Unbalanced force = [1]

© The box continues to fall and reaches terminal velocity.
(i) State and explain what happens to the unbalanced force as the box falls.

[2]
(ii) State values for the drag and acceleration of the box when it reaches its terminal velocity.

Drag =
Acceleration =
[2]
4. Fig. 7.1 shows three forces acting on an object of mass 0.5 kg. All three forces act through the
centre of mass of the object.

29
 Fig. 7.1
Calculate
11 the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the object,

magnitude = ……………… direction............................................................................................. [2]

(ii) the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

Acceleration = ........................................ [2]

5. Fig. 8.1 shows the total forces acting forwards and backwards on a car at different times X, Y and
Z during a journey.

Fig. 8.1
In each case, the car is moving forwards. The mass of the car is 1000 kg.

30
12 State the name of one of the forces that is acting in the opposite direction to the motion of the
car.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
13 (i) State whether the speed of the car is changing at time X. Explain
your answer.
Speed at X is
........................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State whether the speed of the car at time Z is increasing, decreasing or is constant. Explain your
answer.

Speed at Z is
........................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
14 ©Calculate the acceleration of the car at time Y.

acceleration = .................................................... [3]

4.2.1 Circular Motion (35)

1. What is centripetal force?
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows an object moving with constant speed v, in a circle.

31
Even though the speed is constant, it does experience an acceleration. (a)How is this
possible?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
What is the direction of this acceleration? ............................................................................................... [1]

3. Fig. 4.1 shows a car making a turn at a circular-shape curve at a constant speed.

(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.
(i) Explain why a force is required.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) In which direction does this force act?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

32
(iii) Suggest what provides this force.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

4.3 The Turning Effect of a Force: Moment (48)

1. What is “moment of a force”?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. State the Principle of Moment.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. Fig. 4.1 shows a metre rule balance on a pivot by three loads.

Fig. 4.1
Calculate the value of d?

D =....................................................................... [3]
4. Fig 5.1 shows a beam balanced about point A by a load and a force F.

33
What is the magnitude of F?

F =.................................................... [3]

5. A 50 cm, 30 N table top is hinged at P as shown in Fig. 6.1.The table top centre of mass is at G, 25
cm away from the hinge. Books of total weight 2N were placed on the table top as shown.

Fig. 6.1

What is the magnitude of F?

F = ................................................................. [3]

34
6. Fig. 7.1 shows a simple see-saw. One child A sits near to end X and another child B sits near to end Y.
The feet of the children do not touch the ground when the see-saw is balanced.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Child A has a mass of 18.0 kg and child B has a mass of 20.0 kg.
Without calculation, indicate where the children could sit so that the see-saw balances horizontally. You
may draw on Fig. 7.1 if you wish.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State the relationship between the moment caused by child A and that caused by child B.
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Child A is 2.50m from the pivot. Calculate the distance of child B from the pivot.

Distance = ................................................. [2]

35
7. Fig. 9.1 shows apparatus for investigating moments of forces.

Fig. 9.1
The uniform metre rule shown in Fig. 9.1 is in equilibrium.
(a) Write down two conditions for the metre rule to be in equilibrium.

Condition 1 ........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
condition 2 ........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Show that the value of the reading on the spring balance is 8.0N. [2]

(c) The weight of the uniform metre rule is 1.5N. Calculate the
force exerted by the pivot on the metre rule.

Magnitude of force = ………………………………… direction of

force .................................................................................. [3]
Chapter 5: Scalar and Vector Quantities(55)

36
 1. What is a scalar quantity?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. What is a vector quantity?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. An object of weight W is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions. Use a scale of
1.0 cm = 10 N.
Clearly label the resultant. [3]

(b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.

resultant = ......................................................................... [1]

37
(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State the value of W.
W = ......................................................................... [1]

8 (a) In an accident, a truck goes off the road and into a ditch. Two breakdown vehicles A and B are used
to pull the truck out of the ditch, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1
At one point in the rescue operation, breakdown vehicle A is exerting a force of 4000 N and breakdown
vehicle B is exerting a force of 2000 N.
(i) Choosing an appropriate scale, make a scale drawing to show the resultant force on the truck. [4]

38
Scale = ……………………………………….

39
 (ii) Use your diagram to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the truck.

magnitude of resultant force = ...................................................... direction of

resultant force = .................................................................. to direction of road [2]
(b) (i) State why the resultant force is an example of a vector quantity.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give an example of a vector quantity that is not a force.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
9. A student sets up the apparatus shown in Fig. 9.1 in order to find the resultant of the two tensions T1
and T2 acting at P. When the tensions T1, T2 and T3 are balanced, the angles between T1 and the
vertical and T2 and the vertical are as marked on Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 9.1
In the space below, draw a scale diagram of the forces T1 and T2. Use the diagram to find the resultant
of the two forces.

40
State
(a) the scale used, scale = ........................................
(b) the value of the resultant, value = ........................................
(c) the direction of the resultant. direction = ........................................ [5]
10. microphone has a weight W of 6.0 N. It is suspended by wire X from the ceiling in a radio studio.
Fig. 11.1 shows the microphone held in the correct position by a horizontal wire Y.

Fig. 11.1
(a) The tension T in wire Y is 8.0 N. Use a vector diagram to determine the magnitude and the
direction of the resultant of W and T.

41
 magnitude = ......................................................
direction = ......................................................
[4]
(b) The microphone is at rest. State the tension in wire X.
tension in X = ................................................................. [1]

Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power (60)

3. A block of wood is placed on a rough horizontal surface, as shown in Fig 3.1. The frictional force
between the block and the surface is 4 N. A force of 10 N is used to pull the wood for 1.5 m.

Fig 3.1

What is the work done?

w = ......................................................... [2]
4. A 2000 kg car is travelling at a speed of 30 m/s. Calculate :- a ) its

kinetic energy

kinetic energy =................................................ [2]

b) the braking force needed to stop it in 40 m.

braking force=....................................... [2]

42
5. A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top and then stops. She
turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or using her brakes.

(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has reached the
top of the hill.

potential energy =................................................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the starting point.

speed = .............................................................. [2]

(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4. What does the “Law of Conservation of Energy” say?
.............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. Fig. 6.1 shows a swinging pendulum. In this system, what are the energy changes
involved when the pendulum swings from P to R through Q?

43
6. For the pendulum above, at which point/s is/are :-
a) the potential energy maximum? Why?

b) the potential energy minimum? Why?

c) the kinetic energy maximum? Why?

d) the kinetic energy minimum? Why?

e) the pendulum is the fastest? Why?

[5]
7. A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m / s against a resistive force of 2000 N,
as illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1
44
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

kinetic energy =................................................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the energy used in 1.0 s against the resistive force.

energy =............................................................... [2]

(c) What is the minimum power that the car engine has to deliver to the wheels?

minimum power = ................................................................ [1]

(d) What form of energy is in the fuel, used by the engine to drive the car?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State why the energy in the fuel is converted at a greater rate than you have calculated in
(c).
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8. Fig. 9.1 shows a model cable-car system. It is driven by an electric motor coupled to a gear system.

Fig. 9.1

45
The model cable-car has a mass of 5.0 kg and is lifted from the bottom pulley to the top pulley in 40 s. It
stops automatically at the top.
(a) Calculate
(i) the average speed of the cable-car,

average speed =.............................................................................. [2]

(ii) the gravitational potential energy gained by the cable-car,

gravitational potential energy gained =................................................................................... [2]

(iii) the useful output power of the driving mechanism.

power =......................................................................... [2]

(b) How would the electrical power input to the motor compare with your answer to (a)(iii)?
. .................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
9. An electric pump is used to raise water from a well, as shown in Fig. 13.1.

Fig. 13.1

46
(a) The pump does work in raising the water. State an equation that could be used to calculate the
work done in raising the water.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The water is raised through a vertical distance of 8.0 m. The weight of water raised in
5.0 s is 100 N.
(i) Calculate the work done in raising the water in this time.

work done =................................ [1]

(ii) Calculate the power the pump uses to raise the water.

power =................................ [1]

(iii) The energy transferred by the pump to the water is greater than your answer to (i). Suggest what
the additional energy is used for.
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Chapter 7: Gas, atmospheric and Liquid Pressure

3.1 Pressure (20)

1. What is the definition for pressure? What is its formula? What is its S.I. unit?
definition...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
formula ........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
S.I. unit. .................................... [1]

2. A boy of mass 60 kg stands on one of his foot. If the total surface area of that foot is 0.0240 m2,
what is the pressure exerted. [g = 10 kg/ N]

pressure = ............................................. [2]

47
3. What is the maximum pressure that can be exerted on a horizontal surface on a 2kg, 20 cm x
15 cm x 10 cm structure shown in Fig.3.1

Fig.3.1

maximum pressure = ..................................................... [3]

4. Fig. 5.1 shows a device for punching holes in a piece of paper. A person applies a force F at the
end of the arm. Just before the hole is made in the paper, the arm is at rest.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Just before the hole is made, the force upwards on the steel rod is 7.2 N. Calculate the
value of F. Use the distances marked on Fig. 5.1.

F = ............................................................. [2]
48
(b) The steel rod pushes the paper into the hole in the metal base with a force of 7.2 N. The end of the
steel rod has an area of 2.8 × 10 –5 m2.
Calculate the pressure exerted on the paper. State the
formula that you use in your calculation.

pressure = ............................................................... [2]

3.2 Gas and atmospheric pressure (35)

1. Fig.1.1 shows a mercury barometer.

Fig.1.1
(a) How does the barometer show atmospheric pressure?
.............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain what happens to the mercury level of the barometer above if it is brought on top of a
mountain?
.............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) What is the unit for pressure measured by the mercury barometer above?
unit ................................................................. [1]

49
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a manometer.

Fig. 2.1
When the left end of the manometer is connected to a gas supply, the mercury level changes as
shown in Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.2

What is the gas pressure in N/m2? [Atmospheric pressure = 103,360 N/m2; density of mercury = 13600

kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg]

Pressure =.............................................. [3]

50
3. (a) A U-tube manometer is used to measure lung pressure by blowing at A, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) Before the person blows at A, the liquid levels X and Y are the same. State the
reason for this.
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which way do the liquid levels move when the person blows at A? level X
moves ..........................
level Y moves ..........................
(iii) What would you measure in order to find the person’s lung pressure?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[4]

4. What causes atmospheric pressure?

.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. The diagram below shows a mercury barometer. Write the pressure in cm Hg and also N/m2 at points;

(i) L (ii) M (iii) N [Density of mercury = 13 600 kg/m3; g = 10 N/kg]

L =...................................................... [2]
M = .................................................... [2]

51
 N =...................................................... [1]

6. fig. 7.1 shows a clip from a weather chart.

L
H

(a) What are isobars lines?

.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What unit is used to measure pressure in weather charts?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) In which direction does the wind blow?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Which area experiences a strong wind?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) What does the letter L indicate?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Describe the type of weather that can be expected at the area labelled H?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a manometer, containing mercury, being used to monitor the pressure of a gas supply.

52
 Fig. 4.1
(a) Using the scale on Fig. 8.1, find the vertical difference between the two mercury levels.

difference =....................................................... [1]

(b) What is the value of the excess pressure of the gas supply, measured in millimetres of mercury?

excess pressure = .................................... [1]

(c) The atmospheric pressure is 750 mm of mercury. Calculate
the actual pressure of the gas supply.

actual pressure = ................................... [1]

(d) The gas pressure now decreases by 20 mm of mercury.
On Fig. 8.1, mark the new positions of the two mercury levels. [2]
Fig. 1.1 shows streams of water shoot out from openings in a flask when the piston is pushed down.

(a) What does this show? ...................................................................................................................... (1)

53
(b) Fig. 7.6 shows the liquid level in a container.

Why are the liquid levels the same?

.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a diver 50 m below the surface of the water.

Fig. 3.1
(a) The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2. Calculate the
pressure that the water exerts on the diver.

pressure =................................................. [3]

54
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a reservoir that stores water.

Fig. 4.1

(a) The valve in the exit pipe is closed. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration of
free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the pressure of the water acting on the closed valve in the exit pipe.

pressure = .......................................... [2]

(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5m2.
Calculate the force exerted by the water on the closed valve.

force =......................................... [2]

55
(c) The valve is then opened and water, originally at the surface of the reservoir, finally flows out of
the exit pipe. State the energy transformation of this water between the surface of the reservoir and
the open end of the pipe.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
6. During a period of hot weather, the atmospheric pressure on the pond in Fig. 6.1 remains
constant.
Water evaporates from the pond, so that the depth h decreases.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Study the diagram and state, giving your reason, what happens during this hot period to
(i) the force of the air on the surface of the pond,
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the pressure at the bottom of the pond.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) On a certain day, the pond is 12 m deep.
(i) Water has a density of 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the pond due to the water.

56
 pressure due to the water =................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Atmospheric pressure on that day is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Calculate
the total pressure at the bottom of the pond.

total pressure = ............................................................................ [1]

(iii) A bubble of gas is released from the mud at the bottom of the pond. Its initial volume is 0.5 cm3.
Ignoring any temperature differences in the water, calculate the volume of the bubble as it reaches the
surface.

volume = .......................................................................... [2]

(iv) In fact, the temperature of the water is greater at the top than at the bottom of the pond.
Comment on the bubble volume you have calculated in (b)(iii).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

57
 Chapter 8: Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter
8.1 kinetic Theory of Matter
1. What does the Kinetic Theory of gases say?
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. What causes gas pressure in a close container?
...................................................................................................................................................................[1]
3. In order to observe Brownian motion, some smoke is mixed with air trapped in a small glass box. The
box is strongly illuminated from the side, and the smoke is viewed from above through a microscope.
This is illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe what is seen when the microscope is focussed on the smoke particles.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) State what causes the effect described in (a).
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [4]
(c) The temperature of the glass box and its contents is increased. Suggest what change is
seen through the microscope.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

58
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 represents the path taken in air by a smoke particle, as seen in a Brownian motion
experiment. The smoke particles can be seen through a microscope, but the air molecules cannot.

Fig. 3.1
(i) State what causes the smoke particles to move like this.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) What conclusions about air molecules can be drawn from this observation of the smoke
particles?

..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
5 Fig. 6.1 shows a way of indicating the positions and direction of movement of some molecules in a gas at
one instant.

Fig. 1.1

59
 (a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules.
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain how the molecules exert a pressure on the container walls.
..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) When the gas in the cylinder is heated, it pushes the piston further out of the cylinder. State what
happens to:
(i) the average spacing of the molecules,
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the average speed of the molecules.
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The gas shown in Fig. 1.1 is changed into a liquid and then into a solid by cooling.
Compare the gaseous and solid states in terms of
(i) the movement of the molecules,
..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the average separation of the molecules.
..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [1]

8.2 Gas Laws (55)

1. (a) What is stated by Boyle’s Law?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What is the formula derived from Boyle’s Law?
formula ................................................................... [1]

(c) A given mass of oxygen has a volume of 4.5 x 10- 4 m3 at a pressure of 40.0 kPa. What is the
volume of the gas if the pressure is increased to 50.0 kPa, while the temperature is kept constant?

volume =............................................... [2]

(d) A bubble of gas is released from the floor of a 3 m deep lake. If its initial volume is

60
0.4 cm3, calculate its volume when it reaches the surface. Assume that the lake’s water temperature is constant.
[Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water]

volume = ................................................. [2]

Fig. 1.1e

(e) Fig. 1.1e shows a syringe use to draw in a liquid. How do you use Boyle’s Law to explain how this
instrument works?
..............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
. ................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) A toilet flush is operated by the compression of air. The air inside the flush has a pressure of 1.0 ×
105 Pa and a volume of 150 cm3. When the flush is operated the volume is reduced to 50 cm3. The
temperature of the air remains constant during this process.
Calculate the new pressure of the air inside the flush.

pressure =................................ [2]

61
2. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a master cylinder sealed at one end. Instead of brake fluid, the cylinder
contains air.

Fig. 2.1
When a force is applied to the piston, the length d changes from 6.0 cm to 4.0 cm. The pressure of
the air increases but the temperature stays constant.
(i) Explain why the pressure increases even though the temperature stays constant.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The initial pressure of the air inside the cylinder is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the final pressure of the air. State the formula that you use in your calculation.

pressure = ................................................................ [3]

(b) Air in a cylinder is compressed slowly, so that the temperature does not rise. The pressure changes

from 2.0 x 105 Pa to 5.0 x 105 Pa. The original volume was 0.35m3. Calculate the new volume.

volume = .............................................. [3]

4. (a) Explain, using ideas about molecules,
(i) why a balloon filled with gas expands when heated,
.................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

62
(ii) why a balloon filled with water expands very little when heated.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) A bubble of gas rises from the bottom of a lake to the surface. The pressure at the bottom of the
lake is 3.0 × 105 Pa and the pressure at the surface is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The volume of the bubble at the
bottom of the lake is 2.0 cm3.
Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface.

volume =............................................................................. [2]

(ii) State one assumption that you have made in your calculation in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a cylinder containing air at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa. The length of the air column in
the cylinder is 80 mm.

Fig. 6.1
The piston is pushed in until the pressure in the cylinder rises to 3.8 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the new length of the air column in the cylinder, assuming that the temperature of the air has
not changed.

63
 new length = .............................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the same cylinder containing air.

Fig. 6.2
The volume of the air in the cylinder changes as the temperature of the air changes.
(i) The apparatus is to be used as a thermometer. Describe how two fixed points, 0 °C and 100 °C, and
a temperature scale could be marked on the apparatus.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how this apparatus could be used to indicate the temperature of a large beaker of
water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
7. One of the sketch graphs in Fig. 7.1 shows how the pressure of the gas varies with volume at
constant temperature, and the other shows how the pressure varies with temperature at constant
volume.
The pressure axis has been labelled in each case.

64
 Fig. 2.1

(i) On the appropriate graphs, label one horizontal axis “ volume / m3 ” and the other horizontal
axis “ temperature / °C ”.
(ii) On one of the graphs, mark, with the letter X, the pressure of the gas at the ice point.
[2]

Chapter 9: Thermal Energy

9.1 Thermal Expansion (34)

1 (a) The temperature of a block of iron is increased.
State what happens to
(i) the energy of the atoms due to their vibrations,
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the average separation of the atoms,
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) the density of the iron.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
2 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how thermal expansion takes place in a solid and in a gas.
solid......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

gas........................................................................................................................................
65
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]

1. (a)The diameter of the metal axle and the hole in the wheel are the same. Explain how you can fit the
metal axle into the hole of the wheel.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A metal rod and a metal ring are shown in Fig. 4.1.
At room temperature, the hole in the ring is only just large enough for the rod to be pushedthrough it.

Fig. 4.1
One end of the metal rod is heated strongly. The entire rod becomes hot.
State
(a) the method by which thermal energy is transferred through the rod,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
66
(b) why the heated rod will no longer pass through the metal ring.
.................................................................................................................................................................[1]
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a device called a thermostat, which is being used to control the temperature of the air
in a room.

Fig. 5.1
X and Y are strips of two different metals, joined together along their length. Together they are called a
bimetallic strip. X expands more than Y for the same temperature rise.
(a) The temperature rises and the bimetallic strip bends.
State
(i) which way the bimetallic strip bends,
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) what happens to the contacts,
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) what happens to the current in the circuit,
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) what adjustment could be made to this thermostat, in order to increase the
temperature at which the thermostat operates.
.................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]

67
5. (a) Fig. 6.1 shows two flasks at room temperature.

Fig. 6.1
The flasks are heated so that their temperatures are always the same as each other. Flask A contains
coloured water. Flask B contains air. A small bubble of liquid traps the air in the flask.
State how this apparatus shows that the air expands more than the water.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
6. (a) State two changes that usually happen to the molecules of a solid when the solid isheated.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Most substances expand when they are heated.
(i) State one example where such expansion is useful.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one example where such expansion is a nuisance, and has to be allowed for.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

68
(c) Explain why a thick glass container might crack If hot water is poured into it.
. .................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
7. Heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.
(a) (i) State which of the three methods is responsible for the transfer of heat from theSun to the Earth.
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the other two methods cannot be involved in this transfer.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A hand feels hot when placed above a lighted match, as shown in Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1
Explain in detail how convection causes this to happen.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

69
 (c) Fig. 8.2 shows a layer of fibreglass placed between the ceiling of a room and the roof ofa house.

Fig. 8.2
Explain how the layer of fibreglass helps to keep the room warm when it is cold outside.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
8. Thermal expansion can be a problem.

Fig. 9.1
Small gaps are left in railway lines and in bridges, as shown in Fig. 9.1.
(a) Explain in detail why the gaps are needed.

70
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) State one other problem caused by thermal expansion and explain how it can be solved.
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [1]

9.2 Measurement of Temperature (85)

1. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What is the instrument that measures temperature?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What is it he SI unit of temperature?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A student was seen using a laboratory thermometer to stir a solution in a beaker. Why is this
practice wrong?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Why is it advisable to make sure that the thermometer is not touching the walls of the container
when measuring temperature during experiments?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Fig. 2.1
(a) The thermometer is used for measuring temperatures in school laboratory experiments.
State the units in which the temperatures are measured ...................................................................... [1]

71
(b) On Fig. 2.1, mark where the liquid thread will reach when the thermometer is placed in
(i) pure melting ice (label this point ICE), [1]
(ii) steam above boiling water (label this point STEAM). [1]
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows how the length of the thread in a liquid-in-glass thermometer varies with
temperature.

Fig. 2.2

(i) What temperature is indicated by a thread length of 14.5 cm?

temperature =...................................... °C
(ii) What happens to the thread of the thermometer if the temperature drops below the ice point?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a thermometer with a range of –10 °C to 50 °C.
Fig. 3.1

72
Explain what is meant by
(i) the sensitivity of a thermometer,
.................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................
the range of a thermometer.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a laboratory thermometer.

Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State the range of the thermometer.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one change in the design of the thermometer to increase its range.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State how you know that the scale of the thermometer in Fig. 3.1 is linear.
........................................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State two changes in the design of the thermometer to make it more sensitive.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe how a clinical thermometer differs from a laboratory thermometer. A diagram may be
included in your answer.
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
5. Fig. 5.1 shows two thermometers A and B with equal length of the stem.
Fig. 5.1

73
 Explain which thermometer is:
(i) the more sensitive
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) has a wider range
………………………….……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
6. Fig.6.1 shows uncalibrated mercury-in- glass thermometer.

Fig.6.1
(a) Explain what is meant by the ice point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In calibrating this thermometer:
(i) What can be used as the lower fixed point and upper fixedpoint of a thermometer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) How do you determine the lower fixed point of a thermometer?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) How do you determine the upper fixed point of a thermometer?
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) How do you mark in the scale of the thermometer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

74
7 A mercury thermometer uses the expansion of mercury to measure temperature. The thermometer is
calibrated by placing it in pure melting ice, and then in steam at 100 °C. This is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State the temperature of the thermometer when it is in pure melting ice.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The length of the mercury column is 4.0 cm in pure melting ice and 28.0 cm in the steam.
Calculate the temperature for a length of 22.0 cm.
temperature = ................................................. °C [2]
(c) The heat capacity of the thermometer is 2.4 J/°C. Calculate the amount of energy needed to
heat the thermometer from the temperature of pure melting ice to 100 °C. energy = J [1]
(d) State one other physical property of a substance that may be used to measure temperature.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
8. The bulb of an unmarked mercury thermometer is placed in boiling water and then melting ice. It
is then put in a coffee drink.
Fig.9.2 shows the mercury level measured by the bulb.

75
 Fig.9.2

(a) What is the temperature of the coffee drink?

temperature = ......................................................... [2]

9. (a)In Fig. 10.1, what is the value of T?

Fig. 10.1

T = ....................................................... [2]

10. A clinical thermometer is shown in Fig. 11.1.

76
 X

Fig. 11.1

(a) A physical property that changes with temperature can be used to measure temperature.
Name two suitable physical properties.
.............................................................. and ........................................................................................... [2]

(b) Name the part labeled X ....................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) What is the function of this part?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]
(d) Before using the thermometer, it must be shaken vigorously. Why?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Explain why this thermometer has a very small range
……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….[1]
(f) State two differences between laboratory and clinical liquid-in-glass thermometers.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
12 Three wires and a meter are used to construct a thermocouple for measuring the surface
temperature of a pipe carrying hot liquid, as shown in Fig. 13.1.

77
 Fig. 13.1
(a) State which metal might be used for wire 1
.............................................................................................................................................
wire 2
.............................................................................................................................................
wire 3
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) State what type of meter is used.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
14. Fig. 16.1 shows a mercury-in-glass thermometer and a thermocouple thermometer.

Fig. 16.1

78
(a) The mercury-in-glass thermometer has a large bulb that is made of thin glass. State and
explain why each of the following features is an advantage.
1. the large bulb
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
2. the thin glass
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State three advantages of the thermocouple thermometer
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3……………….……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

9.3 Heat Capacity (60)

1. (a) What is meant by heat capacity of a substance?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What is the unit of heat capacity?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What is specific heat capacity?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A copper plate has a heat capacity of 200 J/°C.
What is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature from 30 °C to 70°C?

heat energy =................................................... [2]

(e) What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of lead from 30°C to 70°C
[specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J /(kg ºC ) ].

heat energy =................................................... [2]

79
(f) When 42000J of energy is used to heat 200g of a liquid in a beaker, its temperature rises from 30ºC
to 80ºC. What is the liquid’s specific heat capacity?

specific heat capacity =............................................... [2]

(g) A 200W heater is switched on for 3 minutes to heat 400 g of water in a beaker. If the specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J/( kg ºC ), what is the rise in temperature?

rise in temperature = ......................................................... [2]

(i) In Fig.1.1i, a 1000 W electric heater and a thermometer is inserted in an aluminium block of mass
1200 g. The initial temperature of the block is 28ºC.

Fig.1.1i
What is the time taken to increase the temperature of the aluminium block to 70ºC? [Specific heat
capacity of aluminium is 900 J/( kg ºC) ]

time = ............................................. [2]

(j) The specific heat of mercury is 140 J/ (kg°C) while the specific heat of iron is 460 J/(kg
°C). Which one is the better heat conductor ? Why?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
80
(k) In fig. 1.1j.200 g of water in beaker 1 at 75ºC is added to 500g of water at 30ºC in beaker 2. What
is the final temperature of the mixture?
[Assume that there is no heat lost to the surrounding or the beaker]

Fig. 1.1j

final temperature = ............................................. [3]

(l) A 1400 g lead cube, at a temperature of 60°C is slowly immersed in a beaker filled with 400 g of
water at 30°C. What is the final temperature of the water?
[Assume that there is no heat lost; specific heat capacity of lead = (130 J/ kg°C); specific heat capacity of
water = 4200 J/ (kg°C)]

final temperature = ............................................. [3]

81
2. A student in a laboratory uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 to determine the specific heat
capacity of aluminium.

Fig. 2.1
The readings obtained in the experiment are given below.
mass of aluminium block = 0.930 kg initial
temperature of block = 13.1 °C final
temperature of block = 41.3 °C electrical
energy supplied = 23 800 J
(a) Define specific heat capacity.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Use the readings above to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium. State the
equation you use.

specific heat capacity = .............................................................................. [3]

82
 (c) Because the student knows it is good scientific practice to repeat readings, after a short time he
carries out the experiment again, supplying the same quantity of electrical energy.
This time the temperature readings are:
initial temperature of block = 41.0 °C final
temperature of block = 62.1 °C
(i) Use these figures to calculate a second value for the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

specific heat capacity = .............................................................................. [2]

(ii) The student did not make any mistakes when taking the readings.
Suggest why the second value for the specific heat capacity of the aluminium is greater than the first.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest two ways of improving the experiment in order to give as accurate a result as possible.
1..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
3 (a) Solar energy is striking the steel deck of a ship.
(i) Describe how the colour of the deck affects the absorption of the solar energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The solar energy strikes the deck at the rate of 1400 W on every square metre. The steel plate of

the deck is 0.010 m thick. Steel has a density of 7800 kg / m3 and a specific heat capacity of 450 J /
(kg °C). 13% of the solar energy striking the deck is absorbed and the rest is reflected.
Using these figures, calculate

1. how many joules of solar energy are absorbed by 1.0 m2 of the deck in 1.0 s,

number of joules = ............................................................................ [2]

83
2. the mass of 1.0 m2 of deck,

mass = ......................................................................... [2]

3. the rate of rise in temperature of the deck, stating the equation you use.

rate of rise = ................................................................ °C / s [3]

4 (a) In an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water, an electric heater heats water in
a glass beaker. The temperature of the water is measured at regular intervals of time.

Fig. 4.1 shows how the temperature varies with time t.

Fig. 4.1
(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine the change in temperature between
t = 0 and t = 100 s,
change = .................................................................
t = 100 s and t = 200 s.
change = .................................................................
[2]
84
(ii) State and explain why the values in (i) are different.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Describe and explain what happens to the water if the heating is continued.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) The experiment in (a) is repeated using 72 g of water. The heater supplies 7400J of thermal
energy (heat) to the water and the temperature rise of the water is 23 °C. Calculate the specific heat
capacity of water.

specific heat capacity = ...................................................... [2]

(ii) A bullet of mass 72 g is fired from a gun at a speed of 450 m / s. Calculate
the kinetic energy of the bullet.

energy = ............................................................................. [3]

(iii) The amount of internal energy gained by the water and the amount of kinetic energy gained by the
bullet are approximately equal.
Describe the change in the motion of the molecules of the water and of the molecules of the bullet that
this addition of energy has caused.
water: ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
bullet: ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
Suggest why this might be a disadvantage when using water for cooking.
.............................................................................................................................................

85
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. Fig. 5.1 illustrates an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of some metal.

Fig. 5.1
The piece of metal is heated in boiling water until it has reached the temperature of the water. It is then
transferred rapidly to some water in a well-insulated cup. A very sensitive thermometer is used to
measure the initial and final temperatures of the water in the cup. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200
J / (kg K)]
The readings from the experiment are as follows.
Mass of metal = 0.050 kg
Mass of water in cup = 0.200 kg
Initial temperature of water in cup = 21.1 °C Final
temperature of water in cup = 22.9 °C
(i) Calculate the temperature rise of the water in the cup and the temperature fall of the piece of
metal.

temperature rise of water = ......................................................

temperature fall of metal = ......................................................
[1]

86
 (ii) Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in the cup. State the equation that you use.

thermal energy gained = ................................................................... [3]

(iii) Assume that only the water gained thermal energy from the piece of metal. Making use of your
answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of the metal. Give your
answer to 3 significant figures.

specific heat capacity = ................................................................... [2]

(iv) Suggest one reason why the experiment might not have given a correct value for the specific heat
capacity of the metal.
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

9.4 Melting, Boiling and Evaporation (67)

1. (a) What is the meaning of melting point and boiling point of a substance?
melting point ……………………………………………………………………………………….
boiling point………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(b) Energy is needed to convert a boiling liquid, at constant temperature, into a gas. Use the kinetic
particle theory of matter to explain this fact.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) Explain why evaporation from the surface of a liquid causes the temperature of the remaining
liquid to cool.

87
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….………..[2]
(d) The table below describes the conditions of the molecules of a substance in each of the three states
of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
In the right-hand column, write the state of the substance that is described in the left- hand column.

[3]

(e) (i) What is the state of matter just before a substance boils?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the molecules during boiling.
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) (i) What is the state of matter just before a substance melts?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Aluminium melts at 660 °C. At what temperature does it freeze?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

88
2. Fig. 2.1 shows the heating curve of a substance.

Fig. 2.1
(a) Which part of the graph represents:
melting ..............................................................................................................................
boiling ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) What is/are the physical state of the substance between: AB
..........................................................
BC .........................................................
CD ..........................................................
DE .......................................................... [4]

(d) Explain why the temperature remain constant between BC and DE.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) What is the name given to the heat energy supplied at these points?
BC........................................................................................................................................
DE.......................................................................................................................................
[2]

89
3. A substance is heated until it melts and then boils. It is then let to cool until it solidifies again. In the
space below, sketch its temperature-time graph. [3]

90
5 (a) Some water is poured onto a plastic table-top, forming a puddle. The same volume of water is
poured into a plastic dish, which is placed alongside the puddle. This is illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1
Both lots of water begin to evaporate.
(i) In terms of the behaviour of molecules, describe what happens during the process of evaporation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the puddle dries out more rapidly than the water in the dish.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State two changes that would make both lots of water evaporate more rapidly.
1...........................................................................................................................................

2................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) State two differences between evaporation and boiling.
1...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
9. A beaker containing hot liquid is placed on a table in a room. The temperature of the beaker and its
contents changes as shown in Fig. 10.1.

91
 Fig. 10.1
(a) Use Fig. 10.1 to determine the freezing point of the liquid.
freezing point .......................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why the beaker and contents are still losing heat over the section labeled BC in Fig. 10.1 even
though the temperature is constant.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) What is the temperature of the room? Explain your answer.
temperature................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

92
9.5 Latent Heat (105)
1. An immersion heater is put into some crushed ice at 0 °C. The immersion heater is switched on.

Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the graph of temperature against time, up to the time when all the ice has melted.
[3]

Fig. 1.2
(b) The heater is left switched on after all the ice has melted, and the temperature rises. After some
time, the temperature stops rising, even though the heater is still on.
(i) Suggest why the temperature stops rising, even though the heater is still on.

93
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens to the energy received by the water whilst this is happening.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) What is the name given to this heat energy?
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]

2 (a) The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x 105 J/kg.

(i) What is the meaning of the phrase “specific latent heat of fusion” of ice is 3.36 x 105 J/kg?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the amount of heat required to melt 20 g of ice at 0°C?.

heat = ........................................... [2]

(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.26 x 106 J/kg. What is the mass of water boiled
by 400 000 J of heat energy?

mass =......................................... [2]

(c) A 2 kW immersion heater is placed into a big cube of ice at 0 °C. What is the time required to
melt 400 g of the ice?
[Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 x 105 J/kg]

time =......................................... [2]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows apparatus that could be used to measure the specific latent heat of ice.

94
 Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus. You may assume that ice at 0 °C and a stopwatch are
available. State all the readings that would be needed at each stage.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) In an experiment, 120 g of ice at 0 °C is to be melted. The specific latent heat of ice is 340 J/g. Assume
that all the energy from the heater will be used to melt the ice. Calculate the expected time for which
the 60 W heater is switched on.

expected time = ......................................... [2]

(c) When the experiment is carried out, the ice melts in slightly less time than the expected
time.

95
(i) State one reason why this happens.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one modification to the experiment that would reduce the difference between the
experimental time and the expected time.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4. Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus to measure the specific latent heat of fusion of water.
In this question, you may ignore heat transfer to the ice from the room.

Fig. 4.1

The heater is switched on and water drips into the beaker at a constant rate.
In 2.0 minutes, 31g of water drips into the beaker. The power of the heater is 85 W.
(a) Calculate the amount of electrical energy supplied to the heater in 2.0 minutes.

energy = ............................................................. [2]

96
(b) Use your answer to (a) to calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of water.

specific latent heat = ................................................................ [2]

(c) In another experiment using the same heater, ice colder than 0 °C is used. State why less
water drips into the beaker in 2.0 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water, it took 34 500J of
energy to evaporate 15 g of water that was originally at 100 °C.
A second experiment showed that 600 J of energy was lost to the atmosphere from the apparatus during
the time it took to evaporate 15 g of water.
(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water that would be obtained from this
experiment.

specific latent heat = ..................................... [3]

(b) Explain why is a steam burn much more painful than a boiling water burn.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

6. A certain substance is in the solid state at a temperature of –36 °C. It is heated at a constant rate
for 32 minutes. The record of its temperature is given in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State what is meant by the term latent heat.

97
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State a time at which the energy is being supplied as latent heat of fusion.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Explain the energy changes undergone by the molecules of a substance during the period when
latent heat of vaporisation is being supplied.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) (i) The rate of heating is 2.0 kW.
Calculate how much energy is supplied to the substance during the period 18 – 22 minutes.

energy supplied = ................................................................. [3]

(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance is 1760 J / (kg °C).
Use the information in the table for the period 18 – 22 minutes to calculate the mass of the substance
being heated.

mass heated = ................................................................. [3]

7. Liquid air contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.
The boiling point of nitrogen is –196 °C and the boiling point of oxygen is –183 °C. A sample of
liquid air in a beaker is allowed to warm up slowly.
Fig. 8.1 shows how the reading of a thermometer in the beaker varies with time t.

98
 Fig. 8.1
(a) Describe the two changes of state that occur and state when they occur.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The liquid air contains 200 g of liquid oxygen and 800 g of liquid nitrogen.
The specific heat capacity of liquid oxygen is 1.7 J / (g °C) and the specific heat capacity of liquid nitrogen is
2.0 J / (g °C).
Calculate the thermal energy needed to warm the liquid from –205 °C to −196 °C. State the
formula that you use in your calculation.

energy =............................................................... [4]

9 (a) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2260 kJ / kg.
(i) What is the meaning of the phrase “specific latent heat of vaporisation” of water is 2260 kJ/kg?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Explain why:

(ii) this energy is needed to boil water and why the temperature of the water does not change
during the boiling.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
99
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Liquid alcohol applied onto the skin feels much cooler compared to water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(iii) A steam burn hurts much more than boiling water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) A laboratory determination of the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water uses a 120 W heater
to keep water boiling at its boiling point. Water is turned into steam at the rate of 0.050 g / s.
Calculate the value of the specific latent heat of vaporisation obtained from this experiment.
Show your working.

specific latent heat of vaporisation = ........................................ [3]

10. (a) What is the amount of heat required to change 80 g of ice at 0 °C to water at 20 °C?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336,000 J/kg]

heat =............................................. [4]

(b) A 2 kW heater is used to heat 600 g of water from a temperature of 28 °C to 100 °C. The heating is
continued to allow all the water to boil. What is the time taken for the process to be completed?

[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of vaporisation of water =2.26 x

106 J/kg]

time = ............................................ [4]

(c) A glass contains 0.2 kg of hot tea at 70 °C. 60 g of ice at 0 °C is added to the tea until all of it melts. What
is the final temperature of the tea?

[specific heat capacity of tea = 4200 J/(kg °C); specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 x 105 J/kg ]
100
 final temperature =....................................................... [4]
11. A mass of 0.36 kg of a certain substance is in the solid state in a well-insulated container.
Thesubstance is heated at the rate of 1.2 × 104 J / minute.
2.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance is all at the same temperature, and it starts tomelt.
11.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance finishes melting and the temperature startsto rise
again.
(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of the substance.

specific latent heat = .............................................................................. [3]

9.5 Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat (10)

1. What is the amount of heat required to change 80 g of ice at 0 °C to water at 20 °C? [Specific heat
capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336,000 J/kg]

heat =............................................. [3]

2. A 2 kW heater is used to heat 600 g of water from a temperature of 28 °C to 100
°C.The heating is continued to allow all the water to boil. What is the
time taken for the process to be completed?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of vaporisation of water =2.26 x

106 J/kg]

101
 time taken = ........................................................... [3]
3. 56. A glass contains 0.2 kg of hot tea at 70°C. 60 g of ice at 0°C is added to the tea until all of it
melts.
What is the final temperature of the tea?
[Specific heat capacity of tea = 4200 J/(kg °C ); specific latent heat of fusion of ice =

3.36 x 105 J/kg ]

final temperature........................................ [3]

9.6. Heat transfer

9.6.1 Heat Conduction (27)

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement of atoms and some particles in a metal block.

Fig. 1.1
(a) End X of the block is heated. Energy is conducted to end Y, which becomes warm.
(i) Name the particles labeled Z
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the process by which thermal energy is transferred through the metal block.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain fully how heat is conducted from X to Y.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain why the solid block expands when it is heated.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

102
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The block is heated and becomes a liquid.

Describe the changes that occur to the arrangement and the motion of the atoms.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
1. (a) An iron rod and a copper rod of equal length are each held by hand at one end, with the other
end in the flame from a Bunsen burner, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
The copper rod becomes too hot to hold much sooner than the iron rod. What does this
information tell you about iron and copper?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why:
(i) metals feel cold when touched
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Why metals (such as iron and copper) are better heat conductors than non-metals (such as glass
and wood)?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 An electric soldering iron is used to melt solder, for joining wires in an electric circuit. A soldering iron is
shown in Fig. 3.1.

103
 Fig. 3.1
Solder is a metal which melts easily. The heater coil inside the metal cylinder heats the copper tip.
(a) (i) Suggest why the tip is made of copper.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the handle is made of plastic.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The heater coil is switched on. When the tip is put in contact with the solder, some of the heat is
used to melt the solder.
(i) State the process by which the heat is transferred from the copper tip to the solder.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) By which process or processes is the rest of the heat transferred to the surroundings? Tick the boxes
alongside any of the following (you may tick as many as you think are correct).

2]
(c) A short time after switching on the soldering iron, it reaches a steady temperature, even though
the heater coil is constantly generating heat.

104
The soldering iron is rated at 40 W.
(i) Explain why this happens.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the rate at which heat is being lost from the soldering iron? Tick one box.

[1]
4. Ice was placed at the bottom of a test-tube filled with water. The top part of the tube is heated until
the water there boils, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.1

a) What happens to the ice?

..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

b) What does this experiment show?

. .................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) In the experiment, why was the ice wrapped with a wire gauze?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) What is the method by which heat is transferred in a fluid (liquid or gas)?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

105
9.6.2 Convection (16)
1. Describe the process of convection.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
2.Fig. 2.1 shows an electric kettle used to heat water.

Explain why the heating element is placed at the bottom of the kettle.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a metal pan containing water on a cooker. The hotplate heats the water.

106
 Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) State the method of heat transfer through the metal pan.
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe how the molecules transfer heat through the metal pan.
.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of movement of the water at point
X. [1]
(ii) Explain why the water moves in this direction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
9.6.3 Radiation (40)
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows two identical metal plates. The front surface of one is dull black and the front surface
of the other is shiny silver.
The plates are fitted with heaters that keep the surfaces of the plates at the same temperature.

Fig. 2.1
(i) State the additional apparatus needed to test which surface is the best emitter of heat radiation.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one precaution that is needed to ensure a fair comparison.
.............................................................................................................................................

107
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the result that you expect.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Write down another name for heat radiation.
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows some apparatus designed to compare the ability of two surfaces to absorb infra-
red radiation.

Fig. 3.1
The containers, which are identical, are painted on the outside. One is dull black, the other is shiny
white. Both are filled with water, initially at the same temperature.
(a) (i) Describe how you would use the apparatus to compare the abilities of the two surfaces to
absorb infra-red radiation.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[2]
(i) State the result that you would expect.
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]

5. Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of a vacuum flask.

108
 Fig. 5.1
(a) How does the stopper prevent heat loss?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) How does the vacuum prevent heat loss?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) How does the silvered wall prevent heat loss?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) In real use, hot water stored in a vacuum flask, did experience a slight heat loss. How is this
possible?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

6. (a) What is a “greenhouse?

..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What is the “greenhouse effect”?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What gases are “greenhouse gases”?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) What is the main cause for the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Mention one effect of “greenhouse effect and one consequence of this effect.
Effect…………………………………………………………………………………..……………… Consequence
…………………………………………………………………………………….....
109
 [2]

Chapter 10. Waves

10.1 Properties of Waves (30)
1. When waves travel across the surface of water they may set up regular disturbances.
(a) Complete the following sentences.
(i) The maximum disturbance caused by a wave is called its
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The distance between one crest and the next crest of a wave is called the
............................................................................................................................................
(iii) The number of waves passing a point in one second is called the
............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Waves transfer .............................................................................................................
[4]
2. A boy holds a long rope at one end and moves it sharply up and down to send waves along the rope.
Fig. 2.1 shows the waves moving along the rope.

Fig. 2.1

(a) Mark on the diagram

(i) the wavelength of the wave and label it λ ,
(ii) the amplitude of the wave and label it A. [2]

(b) Explain how the boy changes the movement of his hand to
(i) increase the amplitude of the wave,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) increase the frequency of the wave.

110
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows circular wavefronts produced at the centre of a circular ripple tank.

Fig. 3.1
Two corks, A and B, float on the water in the ripple tank. They move up and down on the surface of the
water as the wave passes. The wavelength of the wave is 8.0 cm.
Fig. 3.2 shows how the displacement of A varies with time.

Fig. 3.2

(a) State the amplitude of the vibrations of A as the wave passes.

amplitude = ........................................................................ [1]

(b) The horizontal distance between A and B is half the wavelength of the wave.
On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of B varies with time. [2]

111
(c) (i) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the frequency of the wave.

frequency =......................................................................... [2]

(ii) The distance between the centre of the ripple tank and its edge is 40 cm.
Determine the time taken by a wavefront to travel from the centre of the tank to the edge.

time =.................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the period of the wave.

period = ....................................................................... [2]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows a water wave passing a floating log. The log is stationary.

Fig. 4.1
The log is 6.0 m long and 5 complete waves take 10 seconds to pass point A.
Determine
(i) the wavelength of the water waves,
wavelength = ........................................ [1]
(ii) the frequency of the water waves,
frequency = ........................................ [2]
(iii) the period of the wave
period =....................................... [2]
(iv) the speed of the water waves.

112
 speed = ....................................... [2]

10.2 Types of waves (25)

1. A wave can travel along a rope when one end is disturbed. This type
of wave is shown in diagram 1.

A different type of wave can travel along a spring when one end is disturbed. This type of wave
is shown in diagram 2.

(a) What type of wave is shown in:

(i) diagram 1; .....................................................................................................................
(ii) diagram 2? ...................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Mark on diagram 2, the parts that represent:
1. wavelength
113
2. compressions and rarefactions [3]
(c) State two differences between the two waves.
1…………………………………………………………………………………….………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………………….………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….
[2]
(d) Give one example of each wave
Wave 1………………………………………………… Wave 2
……………………………………………..

(i) Sound contains regions of compression and regions of rarefaction. Describe what is meant by a
compression and by a rarefaction.
Compression ……………………………………………………………………………………… Rarefaction ................................. [2]

(b) Mark on your diagrams the distance equal to the wavelengths of the waves. Label the distances with a
letter W. [2]
3. Boy A throws a large stone into a large still pond, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

114
 Fig. 3.1
(a) Girl B hears the ‘plop’ sound of the stone entering the water a very short time after she sees the
splash, but it is many seconds before the water wave reaches the edge of the pond where she is sitting.
Use this information to decide which wave travels fastest and which travels slowest. Write ‘fastest’ in
one box and ‘slowest’ in another box. Leave one box empty.

[2]
(b) In the boxes below, state whether each type of wave is a transverse or a longitudinal wave.

[3]
(c) In the boxes below, put a tick alongside any of the types of wave that do not need a substance in
which to travel.

[1]

(c) Some waves are longitudinal; some waves are transverse. Some waves are
electromagnetic; some waves are mechanical.

Put ticks (✓) in the table below to indicate which of these descriptions apply to the light waves of the

lightning and the sound waves of the thunder.

115
 [3]
10.3 Sound Waves (75)
1. When a guitar string is plucked a sound is heard. Explain
how the sound is produced.

[2]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows how the air pressure at one instant varies with distance along the path of a continuous
sound wave.

Fig. 2.1
(a) What type of waves are sound waves?
116
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, mark on the axis PY
(i) one point C where there is a compression in the wave, [1]
(ii) one point R where there is a rarefaction in the wave. [1]
(c) Describe the motion of a group of air particles situated on the path of the wave shown in Fig. 2.1.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) The sound wave shown has speed of 340 m / s and a frequency of 200 Hz. Calculate the
distance represented by PX on Fig. 2.1.

distance =................................. [2]

3. (a) Fig. 3.1 illustrates a sound wave travelling through the air.

Fig. 3.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark clearly the direction in which the air particles are moving. [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the sound wave.
wavelength = ........................................................ [1]
(iii) The pitch of the sound wave is raised.
State how the sound wave pattern would differ from that shown in Fig. 3.1.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows an electric bell that is suspended in a glass bell-jar. A vacuum pump slowly removes air
from the bell-jar.

117
 Fig. 4.1
(a) Sound travels through the air in the bell-jar and then through the glass. State how the speed of the
sound changes, if at all, as it passes from the air into the glass.
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State and explain what happens to the sound heard as air is removed from the bell- jar.
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
5. Fig. 5.1 shows the path of a sound wave from a source X.

118
 Fig. 5.1
(a) State why a person standing at point Y hears an echo.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The frequency of the sound wave leaving X is 400 Hz. State the frequency of the sound wave
reaching Y.
frequency =.................................. [1]
(c) The speed of the sound wave leaving X is 330 m/s. Calculate the wavelength of these sound waves.

wavelength = .............................................. [2]

5. During a thunderstorm, thunder and lightning are produced at the same time.
(a) A person is some distance away from the storm.
Explain why the person sees the lightning before hearing the thunder.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

119
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A scientist in a laboratory made the following measurements during a thunderstorm.

Fig. 7.1
(i) How many minutes after the storm started did it reach its closest point to the laboratory?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How can you tell that the storm was never immediately over the laboratory?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) When the storm started, it was immediately above a village 1200 m from the laboratory.
Using this information and information from Fig. 7.1, calculate the speed of sound.

speed of sound = ................................................................. [2]

(iv) State the assumption you made when you calculated your answer to (b)(iii).
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6. Observations of a distant thunderstorm are made.

(a) During a lightning flash, the average wavelength of the light emitted is 5 × 10–7 m. This light
travels at 3 × 108 m/s.

Calculate the average frequency of this light.

frequency = ................................................... [2]

(b) The interval between the lightning flash being seen and the thunder being heard is
3.6 s. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
(i) Calculate the distance between the thunderstorm and the observer.

distance = ............................................

120
(ii) Explain why the speed of light is not taken into account in this calculation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
7. Ultrasound can be used by fishing vessels to find the depth of the sea or to locate shoals of fish. The
diagram shows the transmission and reflection of ultra-sound from a fishing vessel.

(a) What is ultrasound?

.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State two differences between ultrasound waves and radio waves.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The speed of ultrasound in water is 1500 m/s.
(i) The frequency of the ultrasound used for depth finding is 50 000 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of
the ultrasound.

wavelength = .................................................. [2]

(ii) On the diagram the depth of the sea is 1200 m. Calculate the time it would take for the ultrasound
wave to travel from the transmitter to the sea-bed and back to the receiver.

121
 time =................................................ [2]
(d) Waves with small wavelengths spread out (diffract) less than those with long wavelengths.
Use this information to suggest why ultrasound is much better than ordinary sound for finding
the depth of the sea.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
5 This question is about the sound produced by a mobile phone and the energy changes while it is
operating.
(a) The sound produced by a ringing phone consists of two notes, one after the other.
8. Fig. 11.1 shows the trace on an oscilloscope screen produced by the first of the notes.

Fig. 11.1
The second note is louder and has a higher pitch.
(i) On Fig. 11.1, continue the trace to show what happens when the second note is sounding. [2]
(ii) Explain the differences between the two traces.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
9. Fig. 12.1 shows the waveform of the note from a bell. A grid is given to help you take measurements.

122
 Fig. 12.1
(a) (i) State what, if anything, is happening to the loudness of the note.
.................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State how you deduced your answer to (a)(i).
...................................................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) State what, if anything, is happening to the frequency of the note.
................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how you deduced your answer to (b)(i).
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) How many oscillations does it take for the amplitude of the wave to decrease to half its initial
value?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The wave has a frequency of 300 Hz.
1. What is meant by a frequency of 300 Hz?
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. How long does 1 cycle of the wave take?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. How long does it take for the amplitude to decrease to half its initial value?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

123
10.4 Reflection(37)
1. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows two rays of light from a point O on an object. These rays are incident on a
plane mirror.

Fig. 1.1
(i) State the laws of reflection.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)On Fig. 1.1, continue the paths of the two rays after they reach the mirror. Hence locate the image of
the object O. Label the image I. [2]
(iii) Describe the nature of the image I.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a ray of light incident on a mirror at X. The incident ray makes an angle of 50°
with the surface of the mirror.

Fig. 1.2
(i) Complete Fig. 1.2 to show the normal and the reflected ray at X. [1]
124
(ii) State the values of
1. the angle of incidence, ................................................................. [1]
2. the angle of reflection ................................................................. [1]
(c) Fig. 1.3 shows a ray of light from a pin. The light is incident on a plane mirror.

Fig. 1.3
On Fig. 1.3
(i) draw the reflected ray,
(ii) mark with an X the position of the image of the pin.
[3]

125
2.Fig. 2.1 shows a small object P in front of a plane mirror M.

Fig. 2.1
(a) On Fig. 2.1, carefully draw two rays that show how the mirror forms the image of object P.
(b) Label the image I.
(c) State one characteristics of the image that is seen after completing (a) & (b) above.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[4]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows an old coin displayed in a museum.

126
 Fig. 4.1
The coin is vertical and is supported by a transparent stand. A vertical mirror 0.17 m behind the coin
ensures that the back of the coin can be seen by a visitor looking from the line P.
M is a point on the back of the coin.
(a) On Fig. 4.1,
(i) draw two rays of light from M to show how its image is produced, [2]
(ii) label the image I. [1]
(b) State the distance from point M on the coin to its image.
distance = ................................................................. [1]
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light AB striking a plane mirror at an angle of incidence of 40°.

fig. 6.1
(a) State the value of the angle of reflection of the ray.............................................................................. [1]
(b) An object of height 2 cm is placed 5 cm in front of a plane mirror.
(i) State the height of the image formed by the mirror. .............................................................................. [1]

127
(ii) Find the distance between the object and the image.
distance =................................................................... [2]

10.5 Refraction (25)

1. A ray of light passes from air into a transparent plastic block as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State Snell’s law of refraction?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, label the angle of incidence with the letter i and angle of refraction with the letter r. [1]
(iii) State how you would use these angles to determine the refractive index of the plastic.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Complete Fig. 1.1 to show the ray of light after it has left the plastic block. [1]

(b) A second ray of light is incident on the block with an angle of incidence of 64°. The angle of
refraction is 40°. Calculate the refractive index of the plastic.

128
 refractive index =................................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a ray of light passing from air into a glass block. The normal to thesurface of
the glass is shown.

Fig. 1.2
(i) Calculate the angle of incidence. ..............................................................................
(ii) Name angle B. ..........................................................................................................
[2]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a ray PQ of blue light incident on the side of a rectangular glass block.
Fig. 2.1

129
(a) (i) By drawing on Fig. 2.1, continue the ray PQ through and beyond the block.
(ii) Mark the angle of incidence at CD with the letter i and the angle of refraction at CD with the letter r.
[3]

(b) The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 108 m/s and the speed of light in glass is 2.0 x108m/s.
(i) Write down a formula that gives the refractive index of glass in terms of the speeds of light in air and
glass.
refractive index = ………………………….
(ii) Use this formula to calculate the refractive index of glass.
refractive index = …………….……………
[2]

(c) The frequency of the blue light in ray PQ is 6.0 x 1014 Hz. Calculate
the wavelength of this light in air.

wavelength = ..................................... [2]

7 (a) In Fig. 7.1, a ray of light is shown passing into water from air. The angle of the refracted ray tothe
normal is 40°.
On Fig. 7.1, mark clearly the angle of incidence i. [1]

Fig. 7.1
(b) In Fig. 7.2, a ray of light is shown in water and reaching the surface with the air at an angle of40° to
the normal.

130
 Fig. 7.2
(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw accurately the path of the ray in the air. [2]
(ii) The angle in the water in Fig. 7.2 is increased from 40° to 70°, and the ray no longer emerges into
the air.
State what happens to the ray at the surface and explain why this happens.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

10.6 Critical angle and Total Internal Reflection

1. In Fig. 1.1, a ray of light TRS is shown entering, passing through and leaving a semicircular
glass block.

131
 Fig. 1.1
(a) As the light enters the block, its frequency remains constant.
State what happens to
(i) the speed of the light as it enters the block,
............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the wavelength of the light as it enters the block.
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The refractive index of the glass is 1.48. The
speed of light in air is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the speed of the light in the glass. State the equation you use.

speed = ......................................................................... [2]

(c) Another ray of light enters the block along UR.

On Fig. 1.1, draw a line to show what happens to this ray after it has reached R. [2]

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the results of an experiment to find the critical angle for light in a semicircular glass
132
block.

Fig. 2.1
The ray of light PO hits the glass at O at an angle of incidence of 0°. Q is the centre
of the straight side of the block.
(i) Measure the critical angle of the glass from Fig. 2.1.
critical angle = .........................
(ii) Explain what is meant by the critical angle of the light in the glass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows another ray passing through the same block.

133
 Fig. 2.2

The speed of the light between W and Q is 3.0 × 108m/s. The speed of the light between Q and Y is 2.0 ×

108m/s.
(i) State the speed of the light between Y and Z.
speed = ......................................
(ii) Write down an expression, in terms of the speeds of the light, that may be used to find the
refractive index of the glass. Determine the value of the refractive index.
Expression ………………………………………

refractive index = ........................

(iii) Explain why there is no change of direction of ray QY as it passes out of the glass.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) What happens to the wavelength of the light as it passes out of the glass?
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a ray of light OPQ passing through a semi-circular glass block.

134
 Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain why there is no change in the direction of the ray at P.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the changes, if any, that occur to the speed, wavelength and frequency of the light as it enters
the glass block. Speed...................................................................................................................................
Wavelength..........................................................................................................................
Frequency............................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) At Q some of the light in ray OPQ is reflected and some is refracted.
On Fig. 3.1, draw in the approximate positions of the reflected ray and the refracted ray. Label these rays.
[2]
(d) The refractive index for light passing from glass to air is 0.67. Calculate the angle
of refraction of the ray that is refracted at Q into air.

angle =................................ [3]

135
4. Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2 show rays of light passing through the same semi-circular block of plastic.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

Q is the centre of the straight side of the block.
(a) State the value of the critical angle in the plastic.
critical angle = .......................................................... [1]
(b) Explain what is meant by the critical angle.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Calculate the refractive index of the plastic. State the formula that you use.

refractive index = ................................................. [3]

(d) Some light reflects back into the plastic at Q. On Fig.
4.1, draw the reflected ray at Q. [1]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows part of the path of a ray of light PQ travelling in an optical fibre.

136
 Fig. 6.1
PQ undergoes total internal reflection at Q.
(a) Explain what is meant by total internal reflection, and state the conditions under which it occurs.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Explain why the ray does not leave the fibre at Q
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Carefully complete the path of the ray of light, until it reaches the end R of the optical fibre.

(d) In telecommunication, what are the advantages of using optical fibres over copper
cables?.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

7. (a) A ray of light passes through one surface of a glass prism at right angles to the surface, as
shown in Fig. 8.1.

137
 Fig. 8.1
(i) State why the ray is not deviated as it passes through the surface into the glass at A.
.................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, use a ruler to help you draw the rest of the path of the ray, until it has emerged
again into the air. [3]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a periscope that uses two plane mirrors.

Fig. 8.2
(i) On Fig. 8.2, clearly mark the angle of incidence i and the angle of reflection r at
mirror A. [1]
138
 (ii) State the equation linking i and r. [1]
(iii) In the space below, use a ruler to redraw the periscope, but using prisms like that in Fig. 8.1 instead
of mirrors at A and B.
[2]
8. Fig. 9.1 shows a ray of light, from the top of an object PQ, passing through two glass prisms.

Fig. 9.1
(a) Complete the path through the two prisms of the ray shown leaving Q. [1]
(b) A person looking into the lower prism, at the position indicated by the eye symbol, sees an image
of PQ.
State the properties of this image.
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Explain why there is no change in direction of the ray from P at points A, C, D and F.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) The speed of light as it travels from P to A is 3 × 108 m/s and the refractive index of the prism glass
is 1.5.
Calculate the speed of light in the prism.

139
 speed = ................................ [2]
(e) Explain why the ray AB reflects through 90° at B and does not pass out of the prism at B.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

10.7 Electromagnetic Waves (45)

1. (a) The diagram shows the various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Describe the relationship shown between the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave and its
frequency.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why waves with high energy are more dangerous to humans than those with low energy.
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Describe the relationship shown between the wavelength and frequency of the waves.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Name the radiation at A .................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the radiation at B ......................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State one use of X-rays.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State one harmful effect of X-rays.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) State two properties that all electromagnetic waves have in common.
............................................................................................................................................

140
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
2. The Sun produces visible light, infra-red and ultraviolet waves that travel through space to
reach the surface of the Earth.
(a) (i) State two things that are common to visible light, infra-red and ultraviolet waves.
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3 (a) The following list contains the names of types of energy transfer by means of waves.
ˠ-rays, infra-red, radio/TV/microwaves, sound, visible light, X-rays
(i) Which one of these is not a type of electromagnetic wave?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the nature of the wave you have named in (a)(i).
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) The remaining names in the list are all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, but one region is
missing.
Name the missing region.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) A television station emits waves with a frequency of 2.5 × 108 Hz. Electromagnetic waves travel at a

speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of the waves emitted by this television station. State the equation you use.

wavelength = .................................................................. [2]

4. Fig. 5.1 shows the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Fig. 5.1
(a) Name one type of radiation that has
(i) a higher frequency than ultra-violet,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

141
(ii) a longer wavelength than visible light.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Some γ-rays emitted from a radioactive source have a speed in air of 3.0 x 108m/s and a
wavelength of 1.0 x 10–12m.
Calculate the frequency of the γ-rays.

frequency = ................................ [2]

(c) State the approximate speed of infra-red waves in air.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 Fig. 6.1 shows some regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, arranged in order of increasing
wavelength.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Name the type of electromagnetic wave found in the region that is not labelled.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) State the speed in a vacuum of electromagnetic waves.
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Which of the regions shown in Fig. 6.1 refers to waves of the highest frequency?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. Explain the meaning of transverse.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

142
9. 8 Lenses (70)
1. Fig. 1.1 shows three rays of light, parallel to the axis of a thin converging lens. The rays strike the
first surface of the lens. F1 and F2 are the two principal foci of the lens.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe and explain what happens to the top ray as it enters the lens.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) On Fig. 1.1, use a ruler to,
(i) complete the three rays through the lens, until they reach about 5 cm to the right of the lens, [2]
(ii) draw a fourth ray, parallel to the others on the left of the lens, which passes through F2, until it
reaches about 5 cm to the right of the lens. [1]
(c) A lens such as that shown in Fig. 1.1 can be used as a magnifying glass.
(i) On Fig. 1.1, show with an X where the object could be positioned for the lens to be used as a
magnifying glass. [1]
(ii) State 3 characteristics of the image formed by a magnifying glass.

143
1…......................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
3. .........................................................................................................................................
[3]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows how an image is formed by a converging lens.

Fig. 2.1
(a) State the value of the focal length of the lens.

focal length = ....................................................... [1]

(b) The object O is moved a small distance to the left. State

two things that happen to the image I.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Points F1 and F2 are marked on Fig. 2.1.
(i) State the name we give to these two points.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig 2.1, draw the ray from the top of the object which passes through F2.
Continue your ray until it meets the image. [2]

144
2. Fig. 3.1 shows a converging lens being used as a magnifying glass. An object 1.6
cm tall is placed 2.4 cm from the lens.

Fig. 3.1

(a) What is meant by the focal point of the lens?

..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What is meant by the focal length of the lens?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What is the focal length of this lens?
f =..................................................... [1]
On Fig. 3.1, use a ruler to construct accurately the position and size of the image. You should show
how you construct your ray diagram and how light appears to come from the image to the eye.
[4]
(d) The image is virtual. What is a virtual image?
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

145
(c) Calculate the magnification produced by the lens. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

magnification =............................................. [2]

4. Complete the ray diagrams for Fig 4. 1 (a), below and fully describe the image formed.

Characteristics of the image

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...
[6]

146
5. In this part of the question, you are required to draw an accurate ray diagram on Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.1
(i) From the top of the object, draw a ray that, after leaving the lens, passes through F.
(ii) From the top of the object, draw a ray that passes through P.
(iii) Mark in the image, and write “image” alongside it.
(iv) From your diagram, state two things that are the same (or approximately the same) about the
image and the object.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
(v) From your diagram, state one thing that is definitely different about the image and the object.
..................................................................................................................................
[6]

9. (a) What is meant by the focal length of a converging lens?

.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An object is placed in front of a converging lens. A real image is formed, as shown in Fig. 9.1.

147
The converging lens is not shown.

Fig. 9.1
(i) Explain what is meant by a real image.
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Rays of light from point A on the object form point B on the image. On Fig. 9.1,
draw
1. a ray to find the position of the converging lens, showing the lens as a vertical straight line in this
position,
2. a ray to find the position of a principal focus of the lens, marking this position F,
3. a third possible ray from A to B. [3]
(iii) The distance between the object and the lens is increased. State any changes which take place in
1. the distance of the image from the lens,
..........................................................................................................................................
2. the size of the image.
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
10.9 Water Waves (38)
1 Some plane waves travel on the surface of water in a tank.
They pass from a region of deep water into a region of shallow
water. Fig. 5.1 shows what the waves look like from above.

148
 Fig. 5.1
(a) State what happens at the boundary, if anything, to
(i) the frequency of the waves,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the speed of the waves,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the wavelength of the waves.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The waves have a speed of 0.12 m / s in the deep water. Wave crests are 0.08 m apart in the
deep water.
Calculate the frequency of the source producing the waves. State the equation that you use.

frequency = ............................................................... [3]

(c) Fig. 5.2 shows identical waves moving towards the boundary at an angle.

149
 Fig. 5.2
On Fig. 5.2, draw carefully the remainder of waves A and B, plus the two previous waves which reached
the shallow water. You will need to use your ruler to do this. [3]
5. A student produces wavefronts in a ripple tank to demonstrate refraction, as shown inFig. 7.1. He
places a sheet of glass under the water on the right-hand side of the tank. Thearrows show the
directions of movement of the wavefronts.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State what is meant by a wavefront.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State what happens to each of the following quantities as the wavefronts change direction.
(i) wavelength ......................................................................................................................
150
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) speed .............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) frequency ......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

Chapter 11. Magnetism

11.1 Properties of magnets
1. Bars A, B, C and D are an aluminium bar, an unmagnetised iron bar and two bar magnets. Tests are
performed to find out which bar is which.

Each row of Fig. 8.1 shows what happens when two of the bars are placed end to end.

Fig. 1.1
Which bar is which? Complete the lines below.
Bar A is ........................................................................
Bar B is ........................................................................
Bar C is ........................................................................
Bar D is ........................................................................
[4]

10. 2 Magnetic induction

1. (a) State what is meant by the north pole of a magnet.
.........................................................................................................................................

151
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The north poles of two magnets are brought close together. What sort of
force, if any, is there between the poles? Tick one box.

[1]
(c) Fig. 2.1 shows the north pole of a magnet close to an iron bar.

Fig. 2.1
(i) The iron bar is attracted to the North Pole because of induced magnetism in the iron bar.
On Fig. 2.1, mark clearly the induced North Pole and the induced south pole of the iron bar. [1]
(ii) State what happens to the induced magnetism in the iron bar when the magnet is taken away.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

152
3 (a) An iron rod is placed next to a bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) On Fig. 8.1, mark clearly the North Pole and the South Pole that are induced in the iron rod. [1]
(ii) What happens between the magnet and the rod?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(b) A second bar magnet is now placed next to the iron rod, as shown in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 3.2
(i) On Fig. 3.2, mark clearly the magnetic poles induced in the iron rod. [1]
(ii) What happens to the iron rod and the second magnet?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) The iron rod is removed, leaving the two magnets, as shown in Fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.3
What happens to the two magnets?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(d) The second magnet is removed and replaced by a charged plastic rod, as shown in Fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.4

153
What happens to the magnet and the plastic rod?
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………. [1]
5(a) With the aid of a diagram, explain how an electric current may be used
(i) to magnetise a steel bar,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
(ii) to demagnetise a magnet.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
(b) State, explaining your answers, whether you would choose iron or steel for each of thefollowing.
(i) a bar magnet
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) the core of an electromagnet
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) the needle of a plotting compass
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
4. Fig. 4.1 shows a magnet, two compasses and two nails.

Fig. 4.1
(a) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow in each compass to show the direction of the magnetic field at the two
positions. [2]

154
(b) The magnet causes the nails to become magnetised by induction. Both ends of each nail become
magnetic poles.
On Fig. 4.1, mark an N or an S at each end of the two nails to show the magnetic poles.
[2]
(c) When the magnet is removed, the nails are still magnetised.
Describe with the aid of a diagram how the nails can be demagnetised using electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest the material from which the nails could be made. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
11.3 Magnetising and electromagnets
1 (a) Describe one method of magnetising a steel rod.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) How would you check that the steel rod had been magnetised?

155
 [2]
(c) A glass tube is supported vertically on a bench. A strong bar magnet A is placed in the bottom of
the tube, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1
A second magnet B is now dropped into the tube. Describe what
happens to magnet B, and explain why.

[3]
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows an electromagnet.
156
 Fig. 9.2
(i) What must be done to magnetise the core?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Suggest the material from which the core should be made.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State one advantage of an electromagnet, compared with a magnet such as that in (a).
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
13 (a) State the difference between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Insulated wire is wrapped round a core as shown in Fig. 13.1. A current is
passedthrough the wire to form an electromagnet.

Fig. 13.1
(i) Suggest a suitable material for the core.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two ways by which the strength of the electromagnet may be increased.
1...........................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................................................
157
 [3]
11.3 Magnetic field
(a) Fig. 8.2 shows four identical plotting compasses placed around a bar magnet where the magnetic
field of the surroundings can be ignored. The pointer has only been drawn on one plotting compass.

Fig. 8.2
On Fig. 8.2, draw the pointers on the other three plotting compasses to indicate the directions of the
magnetic field of the bar magnet in those three places. [3]
9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the magnetic field pattern around a single bar magnet.

Fig. 9.1
(i) On Fig. 9.1, mark the north and south poles of the magnet, using the letters N and S. [2]
(ii) A small piece of unmagnetised iron is placed at A. What, if
anything, happens to it?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) A small piece of positively charged plastic is placed at B.
What, if anything, happens to it?
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

158
 11.4 Electromagnets
Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit. The e.m.f. of the battery is 12 V.

Fig. 7.1

(a) What is the total resistance in the circuit when the ammeter reads 2 A? Show your
working and state the unit.

resistance = [3]
(b) Two soft iron nails are attracted to the core as shown in Fig. 7.2.

Fig. 7.2
(i) Complete Fig. 7.2 to show the poles induced on the nails. [2]
(ii) Explain what happens to the nails when the current is gradually reduced to zero. [3]
(a) State two advantages that electromagnets have, compared with permanent magnets.
1...........................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Tick one box in each of the columns below, to indicate what should be used to give the strongest
electromagnet.

159
(b) A computer component is screened from external magnetic fields by placing it in a box, as shown
in Fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6.2
There is a strong magnetic field outside the box. The magnetic field lines have not been drawn near the
box.
(i) State the best choice for the material of the box.
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) On Fig. 6.2, join the magnetic field lines on the left of the box to those on the right, showing the
pattern of the magnetic field. [2]

160
 7. Fig. 7.1 shows an arrangement that could be used for making an electromagnet or a permanent
magnet.

Fig. 7.1
Two bars of the same size are also available, one made of iron and the other of steel.
(a) (i) State which bar should be used to make a permanent magnet.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the apparatus would be used to make a permanent magnet.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest one reason why the circuit contains an ammeter and a variable resistor.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) During the making of a permanent magnet, the ammeter reads a steady current of
4.0 A throughout the 5.0 s that the current is switched on. The voltage of the supply is 12 V.
Calculate
(i) the total circuit resistance,

resistance = ............................
161
(ii) the power of the supply,

power = .................................
(iii) the energy supplied during the 5.0 s.

energy = .................................
[6]
(c) The potential difference across the variable resistor is 7.0 V and that across the ammeter is
zero.
(i) Calculate the potential difference across the magnetising coil.

potential difference = .................................

(ii) State the general principle used in making this calculation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
10 (a) (i) What is an electromagnet?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State one very useful property of an electromagnet.
.................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) An iron bar has many turns of wire wrapped around it, as shown in Fig. 10.1. The wire
isconnected to an alternating current supply.
162
 Fig. 10.1
Some more wire is made into a flat coil and connected across a low voltage lamp. When the flat coil is held
close to the end of the iron bar, the lamp glows.
Explain why this happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [3]
Fig. 6.1 shows a reed relay being used to switch on an electric motor when a variable resistor is adjusted.

163
Fig. 6.1
(a) The variable resistor is set at its greatest resistance and then switch S is closed. The reeds in the reed
relay do not close when this is done.
(i) State two things that happen in the coil of the reed relay.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State what happens to the two reeds in the reed relay.
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
5 Fig. 7.1 shows two pieces of soft iron in the magnetic field of a strong permanent

Fig. 7.1
The pieces of soft iron become magnetised.
(a)On Fig. 7.1, mark the magnetic poles produced at each end of both pieces of soft iron.
[1]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a reed switch.

164
 Fig. 7.2
The reed switch is placed between the poles of the strong permanent magnet. State and explain
what happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Fig. 7.3 shows two separate electrical circuits.

Fig. 7.3
One circuit consists of a reed switch, a cell and a warning lamp. The other circuit consistsof a thermistor,
another cell, and a coil wound round the reed switch. The thermistor isat the same temperature as the
air around it.
(i) State what happens to the thermistor when the temperature of the air rises.
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why the warning lamp lights up when the air temperature rises.
.................................................................................................................................
165
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [2]

Chapter 12 Electricity
12.1 Static Electricity (80)
1. (a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences at points A, B, C & D. Each word
may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

When Jo combs her hair with a plastic comb, her hair and the comb become charged. This happens
because of the A................................... between her hair and the comb.
The comb becomes positively charged so her hair becomes B........................................
charged. Jo's hair sticks out because like charges C.................................................................When she is
combing her hair, Jo can hear a crackling sound. This is caused by
D...................................... moving from her hair to the comb. [4]

(b) If Jo combed her hair with a metal comb, the comb would not become charged. What property of the
metal comb stops it becoming charged in this way?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. (a) (i) What name do we give to the type of material that allows electrical charges to pass through
it?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give an example of such a material.
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) What must be done to this type of material in order to make electrical charges pass through it?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

166
 [3]
(b) (i) What name do we give to the type of material that does not allow electrical charges to
pass through it?
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give an example of such a material.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Which of the two types of material in (a)(i) and (b)(i) may be held in the hand and charged by
friction (e.g. by rubbing with a soft cloth)?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

3. A hockey player trains on a nylon-fibre surface. As he runs around, his shoes rub against the
surface and he becomes positively charged.
(a) (i) Explain, in terms of the particles involved, how he becomes positively charged.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State what happens to the nylon-fibre surface as he becomes positively charged.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) At the end of the training session, the hockey player touches a metal gate and feels an electric
shock.
(i) State how this shock is produced.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The shock lasts for 0.15 ms. During this time, the current has an average value of 1.6 mA. Calculate
the size of the charge on the hockey player just before he touches the gate.

charge = ................................................................. [3]

167
4. (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a positively charged plastic rod, a metal plate resting on an insulator, and
a lead connected to earth.

Fig. 4.1
Describe how the metal plate may be charged by induction.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) An electrostatic generator sets up a current of 20 mA in a circuit.
Calculate
(i) the charge flowing through the circuit in 15 s,

charge = ............................

(ii) the potential difference across a 10 kΩ resistor in the circuit.

potential difference = ........................{3]..

168
5. A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes negatively charged.
(a) Explain how the rod becomes negatively charged when rubbed with a cloth.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(b) An uncharged metal-coated sphere hangs from an insulating thread. The sphere is brought near to
the rod. The sphere is attracted to the rod, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(i) Describe and explain what happens to the free electrons in the metal-coated sphere as it
approaches the rod.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(ii) Draw a diagram to show how charge is distributed on the sphere. [1]

(iii) Explain why the uncharged sphere is attracted to the negatively-charged rod.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) With the charged rod still close, point X on the metal-coated sphere is earthed.
(i) State what is meant by earthing the sphere.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Describe and explain what happens to the free electrons in the metal-coated sphere as it is earthed.
169
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(iii) Draw a diagram to show how the charge is now distributed on the sphere. [1]

6 (a) State the law of attraction and repulsion between electrostatic charges.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Sometimes, when people have been riding in a car, they get an electric shock from the
door handle as they get out of the car. Suggest why
this happens.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes positively charged. After charging, the
rod is held close to the suspended table-tennis ball shown in Fig. 8.1. The table-tennis ball is covered
with metal paint and is initially uncharged.

Fig. 8.1
(i) Describe what happens to the charges on the metal-painted table-tennis ball as the positively-
charged rod is brought close to the ball.
170
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The ball is attracted towards the charged rod. Explain
why this happens.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) When it is a few centimetres away from the rod, the ball is briefly touched by a wire connected to
earth.
In terms of the movement of charges, describe what happens to the charge on the ball.

.................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[2]

10. In Fig. 11.1, A and B are two conductors on insulating stands. Both A and B were initially
uncharged.

Fig. 11.1
(a) Conductor A is given the positive charge shown on Fig. 11.1.
(i) On Fig. 11.1, mark the signs of the charges induced at end X and at end Y of conductor B.
(ii) Explain how these charges are induced.
[1]

171
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Explain why the charges at X and at Y are equal in magnitude.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) B is now connected to earth by a length of wire.
Explain what happens, if anything, to
(i) the charge at X,
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the charge at Y.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
11. Thunderclouds contain charges. Water drops are carried up by air currents and become
charged. Fig. 6.1 shows a positively charged cloud and two drops of water.

Fig. 12.1
(a) Draw lines of force to show the electric field between the cloud and the ground. You may ignore

172
the drops. [2]
(b) Fig. 12.1 shows the charge distribution on the two drops when they are in the electric field between
the cloud and the ground. Drop 1 moves upwards and briefly touches drop 2.
(i) Explain what happens to the charges on the two drops as they touch.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Having touched, the drops now separate. State what charges will now be found on drop 1 and on
drop 2.
drop 1 .................................................................................................................................
drop 2 ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
The build-up of charge on the cloud causes a large potential difference between the cloud and the
ground. Explain, in terms of energy, what is meant by potential difference.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
12. Fig. 13.1 shows a high-voltage supply connected across two metal plates.

Fig. 13.1
When the supply is switched on, an electric field is present between the plates.
(a) Explain what is meant by an electric field .
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) On Fig. 13.1, draw the electric field lines between the plates and indicate their direction by

173
arrows. [2]
(c) The metal plates are now joined by a high-resistance wire. A charge of 0.060 C passes along
the wire in 30 s.
Calculate the reading on the ammeter.

ammeter reading = .............................................. [2]

(d) The potential difference of the supply is re-set to 1500 V and the ammeter reading changes to
0.0080 A.

Calculate the energy supplied in 10 s. Show your working.

energy =.................................[3]

12.2 Current Electricity

1. (a) A car headlamp circuit consists of a 12 V battery, a switch, two 12 V headlamps and a 12 V
indicator lamp (inside the car).
Fig. 1.1 shows the symbols of these components.

Fig. 1.1
Complete Fig. 9.1 to show the wiring necessary so that all three lamps light up at full brightness when
the switch is closed. [2]
174
2. A student has a power supply, a resistor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and a variable resistor.

(a) The student obtains five sets of readings from which he determines an average value for the
resistance of the resistor.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a circuit that he could use.

[3]
(b) Describe how the circuit should be used to obtain the five sets of readings.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
3. (a) A lamp shines with full brightness when connected to a 12 V battery, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(i) Write down the equation that links resistance with p.d. and current.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) The current in the lamp is 0.50 A. Calculate the resistance of the lamp. [3]
(b) A
resistance of lamp = ………………… resistor

175
 is now connected in series with the lamp, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

[3]
Fig. 3.2
(i) State what happens to the current in the lamp when the resistor is added.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest what change might be seen in the lamp.
...........................................................................................................................
4. Fig. 4.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Fig. 4.1

176
The resistance of the lamp is 4.0 Ω when it is at its normal brightness.
(a) The lamp is rated at 6.0 V, 9.0 W.
Calculate the current in the lamp when it is at its normal brightness.

current =................................ [2]

(b) The sliding contact C is moved to A. The lamp lights at its normal brightness.
Calculate
(i) the total circuit resistance,

resistance = ................................. [1]

(ii) the potential difference across the 4.0 Ω resistor R.

potential difference = ................................... [1]

(c) The sliding contact C is moved from A to B.
(i) Describe any change that occurs in the brightness of the lamp.
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain your answer to (i).
.................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) The 1 m wire between A and B, as shown in Fig. 8.1, has a resistance of 2.0 Ω.
Calculate the resistance between A and B when
(i) the 1 m length is replaced by a 2 m length of the same wire,

resistance = ................................. [1]

(ii) the 1 m length is replaced by a 1 m length of a wire of the same material but of onlyhalf the
cross-sectional area.

177
 resistance = ................................. [1]
5. Fig. 5.1 shows an electrical circuit using two resistors.

Fig. 5.1
(a) The switch S is open and the ammeter reading is zero. State the value
of the potential difference across the 6Ωresistor.
potential difference = .......................................... [1]
(b) Switch S is now closed.
(i) State the value of the total resistance of the circuit.
resistance = ........................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the current in the ammeter. State clearly the formula that you use.

current = ............................................................... [2]

(iii) Calculate the potential difference across the 6Ω resistor.

p.d. =..................................................................... [2]

178
6. A resistor of resistance 18 Ω is connected in parallel with a resistor of resistance 9.0 Ω. The parallel
combination of resistors is connected to a 12 V battery.
(a) On Fig. 6.1, complete the circuit diagram for this arrangement. [1]

Fig. 6.1
(b) Calculate the effective resistance of the two resistors.
effective resistance =............................................................... [2]
(c) For the resistor of resistance 9.0 Ω, calculate
(i) the current in the resistor,
current =............................................................ [2]
(ii) the power dissipation.
power = .......................................................... [2]

179
7 Fig. 7.1 shows the V/I characteristic graphs for two resistors X and Y.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Calculate the resistance of X.

resistance = ............................................................. [2]

(b) The parallel combination of X and Y is connected to a battery, as shown in Fig. 7.2.

Fig. 7.2
(i) The battery has an e.m.f. of 4.0 V. Using Fig. 7.1. Calculate
180
the current in the battery.

current =.................................................... [2]

(ii) The battery of e.m.f. 4.0 V is replaced with a different battery. The current in this battery is 0.3
A. Using Fig. 7.1 (or otherwise), determine the e.m.f. of the battery.

e.m.f = ............................................................ [3]

8. (a) Fig. 8.1 is a sketch graph of the current in a component P against the potential difference
(p.d.) across it.

Fig. 8.1
(i) Define resistance.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State how the resistance of P varies with the p.d. across it.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Suggest what component P is.
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Explain why the resistance of P varies with the p.d. across it.
181
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Component P is used in the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 10.2
The current in ammeter 2 is 0.40 A and the current in ammeter 3 is 0.60 A.
(i) Determine the readings of ammeters 1 and 4.
Ammeter 1...................................................Ammeter 4 ........................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the p.d. across the 20 Ω resistor.

p.d =............................................................ [2]

(iii) State the p.d. across the power supply. p.d = ............................................................ [1]
(iv) Calculate the resistance of P in this circuit.

resistance = ................................................................. [2]

9. (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit that includes three ammeters. The resistance of the ammeters and
the battery can be ignored.

182
 Fig. 9.1
(i) What is the total resistance of the circuit?

resistance = ............................... Ω
(ii) Ammeter A1 reads 0.2 A. What do the other two ammeters read?
A2 reads ................................ A
A3 reads................................. A

[3]
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows the same components as in (a), but connected differently.

Fig. 9.2
(i) What is the total resistance of the circuit?

total resistance = ............................................................ [2]

183
(ii) Ammeter A1 reads 0.8 A. What do the other two ammeters read? Tick the appropriate
boxes.

[3]

10. Fig. 10.1 shows two resistors forming part of a circuit.

Fig. 10.1
(a) (i) Complete the following sentence about the two resistors connected between A and D.
The two resistors are connected in ............................................................................... [1]
(ii) The potential difference between A and D is 4.2 V. State the value
of the potential difference between B and C.
potential difference =........................................................................... [1]
(iii) Calculate the current in the 3 Ω resistor.

current = ........................................................................... [3]

(iv) State how the current in AB compares with
1. the current in each of the two resistors,
..........................................................................................................................................
2. the current in CD.

184
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) In the boxes below, draw two circuit diagrams, each containing a battery and three identical
resistors. Arrange each circuit so that all the resistors in the circuit carry the same current.
Draw one circuit in each box.

[2]
11. Fig. 11.1 shows an electrical circuit containing a 12 V power supply and a number of resistors.

Fig. 11.1
(a) Calculate the combined resistance of
(i) the 2 Ω and 4 Ω resistors in series,

resistance =................................................................ [1]

185
(ii) the 3 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in parallel.

resistance =................................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the reading of the ammeter in Fig. 11.1.

ammeter reading = ................................................................. [2]

(c) Determine the potential difference across the 4 Ω resistor.

p.d. = ............................................................. [2]

(d) Fig. 11.2 shows another circuit.

Fig. 11.2
When the circuit is switched on, the ammeter reads 0.50 A.
(i) Calculate the value of the unknown resistor.

resistance = ................................. [2]

(ii) Calculate the charge passing through the 3.0 Ω resistor in 120 s.

charge = ................................ [1]

(iii) Calculate the power dissipated in the 3.0 Ω resistor.

186
 power = ............................... [2]
12. Fig. 12.1 shows a 12 V battery connected to a number of resistors.

Fig. 12.1
(a) Calculate the current in the 8Ω resistor.

current = ............................... [2]

(b) Calculate, for the resistors connected in the circuit, the combined resistance of
(i) the two 5Ω resistors,

resistance = ………………..
(ii) the two 4Ω resistors.

187
 resistance = ………………..
[2]
(c) The total current in the two 4Ω resistors is 6 A. Calculate the
total power dissipated in the two resistors.

power = ............................... [2]

(d) What will be the reading on a voltmeter connected across
(i) the two 4Ω resistors,
reading = ………………..

(ii) one 5Ω resistor?

reading = ……………….
[2]

188
12.3 Practical Electricity

1. The electric lamp in Fig. 1.1 has “240 V, 100 W” marked on it. Its filament is a coiled coil of fine
tungsten wire, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

(a) (i) To give out white light, the filament has to reach a very high temperature. Suggest why having
the filament as a coiled coil helps to achieve this high temperature.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) If your hand is close to the lamp when it is switched on for a few seconds, you can feel warmth from
the lamp but the glass will remain cool.
By what method has the thermal energy reached your hand?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) (i) The markings on the lamp give electrical information about the lamp when it is operating
normally.
State the value of
1. the normal operating potential difference across the lamp,
............................................................................................................................................
2. the power of the lamp.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) When the lamp is working normally, its resistance is 576 Ω. Calculate the
current in the lamp.

189
 current =.............................................................. [4]
2.(a) An electric heater, sold in the electrical store, has a current of 8A when it is working normally.
The cable fitted to the heater has a maximum safe current of 12 A.
Circle the fuse that would be most suitable to use in the plug fitted to the cable of the heater?
5 A 10 A 13 A 20 A [1]
(b) The cable for connecting an electric cooker is much thicker than the cable on a table lamp.
(i) Why do cookers need a much thicker cable?
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What would happen if a thin cable were used for wiring a cooker to the supply?
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) In the space below, draw the circuit symbol for a fuse.[1]

(d) Describe how a fuse protects an electric circuit.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) A mains electricity circuit has three wires, live, neutral and earth. In which of
these is the fuse connected?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

3. (a) The diagram shows the inside of a 13 amp plug.

190
 Each part of the plug has a job to do.
(i) Which part, A, B, C or D:
1. connects the outside metal case of an appliance to earth
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. holds the cable in place?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the following sentence by using the correct words from the box. Each word may be used
once or not at all.

If the .............................................. becomes bigger than 13 amps, the fuse inside the plug will
melt .................................... the circuit.
(b) The table gives the temperature at which copper and tin melt.

The wire inside a fuse is made of tin.

Explain why it would be dangerous to replace the fuse in a plug with a piece of copper wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

191
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
4. Fig. 4.1 shows a cable containing three wires coloured brown, blue and yellow/green, and a mains
plug with the cover removed.

Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how to connect the cable and the three wires correctly and safely to the plug.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) The table lamp shown in Fig. 4.2 is made from plastic. It has only two wires in the cable to
connect it to the plug.

Fig. 4.2
The lamp has a power rating of 100 W and is used with a 230 V supply.
(i) Which wire, earth, live or neutral, is not needed in the cable for the lamp?

192
 ..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the lamp is safe to use even though it has only two wires in the cable.

.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain what is meant by a power rating of 100W.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Calculate the value of the fuse that should be used in the plug for this lamp.

value of the fuse = ................................................................... [3]

(v) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the lamp in 30 minutes.

electrical energy =......................................................... [3]

5The diagram shows the wiring to an electrical appliance. The outside of the appliance is metal.

Explain how the earth wire and fuse protect both the appliance and the user. The answer has been started for you.

If a fault occurs which causes…………………………………………………………………...

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

193
6. A microwave oven is rated at 650 W and is connected to a 230 V mains supply.
(a) (i) Calculate the current from the supply when the microwave oven is switched on.

current = ................................................................ [2]

(ii) Suggest a rating of the fuse for use with this oven.
fuse rating =.................................................................. [1]
(b) The insulation of the mains cable has worn away. The live wire touches the outer metal casing
of the microwave oven.
(i) Explain the hazard that results if the outer metal casing is not earthed.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how connecting the earth wire to the outer casing and using a fuse of a suitable rating
removes this hazard.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
12.4 Electrical Energy
1. The cable from the mains plug to a washing machine contains a live wire, a neutral wire and an
earth wire. The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the washing machine.
(a) Explain how connecting the earth wire to the metal case makes the washing machine safer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) When in use, the average input power to the washing machine is 500 W.
Calculate the number of kW h of energy used by the washing machine in 45 minutes of use.

number of kW h =................................................................ [2]

194
2. When he leaves work at 6.30 p.m. (18:30) one evening, a caretaker forgets to switch off the 100 W
lamp in his office. He doesn’t discover this until he returns at 7.30 a.m. (07:30) the next morning.

The mains electricity supply is 250 V.

(a) Calculate how much energy the caretaker has wasted.

energy wasted =............................................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the charge that passed through the lamp during this time.

charge =.......................................................................... [3]

(c) What happened to the energy wasted by the lamp?
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

2. (a) A 3 kW heater is used for 90 minutes during one day. Calculate the cost of using the heater for
one day given that one kilowatt-hour of electrical energy costs 40 cents.

cost = ...................................................cents [2]

(b) The heater operates from a 240 V supply. State and explain why a 10 A fuse would not be suitable for
this heater.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]

3. A filament lamp has a power of 100 W at 240 V. A ‘low energy’ lamp has a power of 20 W at
195
240 V . The two lamps give out the same amount of light energy per second.
(a) Calculate the current in the ‘low energy’ lamp.

current = ................................. A [2]

(b) The cost of using electrical appliances in a particular country is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour
(kW h).
Calculate the cost of using the ‘low energy’ lamp for 200 hours.

cost =...................................cents [2]

(c) (i) Calculate the number of ‘low energy’ lamps that would transfer the same electrical power as one
filament lamp.

number =................................... [1]

(ii) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show how several ‘low energy’ lamps are connected to
the supply so that the lamps have their normal brightness. [2]

Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Effects

13.1 Field around Current Carrying Wires

196
 1. Fig. 1.1 shows a small plotting compass placed above a copper wire. When there is no current in
the wire, the plotting compass points towards the North.

Fig. 1.1
(a) A large current is switched on in the wire. The direction of the current is shown in Fig. 1.1.
(i) State what happens to the compass needle.
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens if the compass is placed under the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) State and explain what is observed if there is a 50 Hz alternating current in the wire.
............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
2. 3.1 shows a coil of wire wound on a cardboard tube.

There is a d.c. current in the coil. The direction of the current is shown in the key.

Fig. 3.1
197
(d) On Fig. 3.1, draw the magnetic field produced by the coil. [3]
(e) Fig. 3.2 shows a simple loudspeaker that uses the coil shown in Fig. 3.1 attached to a paper cone.

Fig. 3.2
The coil is connected to a signal generator.
There is an alternating current of frequency 100 Hz in the coil.
(i) State what is meant by a frequency of 100 Hz.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
13.2 The Motor Effect
1. Fig. 1.1 shows a flexible wire passing through a hole in a horizontal, plastic board.

Fig. 1.1
The wire carries a current vertically upwards. A student moves a small compass around the board and
plots the magnetic field lines due to the current.
(a) (i) Draw a diagram of the board as seen from above and mark on it the magnetic field lines due to the
current. [3]

198
 (ii) The current is increased. Describe how the magnetic field changes.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A 6.0 V power supply produces a current of 8.0 A in the wire. Calculate
(i) the total resistance of the circuit,

resistance = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) the charge that flows through the wire in 2.0 minutes.

charge = ................................................. [2]

(c) The north pole of a bar magnet is held on the left of the wire and the south pole of another bar
magnet is held on the right, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2
(i) State the direction of the magnetic field at the wire due to these two poles.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

199
(ii) Describe the effect of this magnetic field on the current-carrying wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The current in the wire is now reversed. State the effect of this on the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Describe how this effect is put to use in a d.c. motor.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

2 Fig. 2.1 shows one way to demonstrate an electrical effect.

Fig. 2.1
As the wire is moved downwards between the magnetic poles, the needle of the ammeter deflects to
the right.
(a) State the name of this electrical effect.
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State what happens to the needle of the ammeter when the wire is moved upwards between the
magnetic poles.
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]

200
(c) State and explain what happens when the wire is held stationary between the magnetic
poles.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 illustrates the left hand rule, which helps when describing the force on a current-
carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Fig. 2.1
One direction has been labelled for you.
In each of the other two boxes, write the name of the quantity that direction represents.
[2]
(b) . 2.2 shows a simple d.c. motor connected to a battery and a switch.
201
(i) On Fig. 2.2, write in each of the boxes the name of the part of the motor to which the arrow is
pointing. [2]
(ii) State which way the coil of the motor will rotate when the switch is closed, when viewed from the
position X.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two things which could be done to increase the speed of rotation of the coil.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a long straight wire between the poles of a permanent magnet.
It is connected through a switch to a battery so that, when the switch is closed, there is a steady current in
the wire.

Fig. 3.1
(a) State the direction of the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet.

202
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The wire is free to move. The current is switched on so that its direction is into the page.
(i) State the direction of movement of the wire.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how you reached your answer to (b)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(c) This experiment is the basis of an electric motor.
Describe two changes to the arrangement shown in Fig. 3.1 that would enable continuous rotation to
take place.
change 1 .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
change 2 .............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Fig. 3.2 shows two wires.
Each wire carries a current into the page.

Fig. 3.2
(i) On Fig. 3.2, draw the magnetic field due to the currents in the wires. [3]
(ii) There is a force on each wire due to the current in the other wire. On Fig. 3.2,
draw an arrow on each wire to show these forces. [1]

203
4. The diagram shows the parts of a loudspeaker.

(a) (i) When there is a current in the coil, a force is produced that makes the diaphragm move. Explain
why a force is produced.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Describe the energy changes that take place when there is a current in the coil.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) When there is an alternating current in the coil, the diaphragm vibrates at the frequency of the
alternating current. How does this movement produce a sound in the air?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A diaphragm which has too much mass is unable to respond to high frequencies.
(i) Explain why.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the effect this has on the sound produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 A simple motor is made in a school laboratory. A coil of wire is mounted on an axle between the poles
of a horseshoe magnet, as illustrated in Fig. 6.1.

204
 Fig. 6.1
(a) At the instant illustrated in Fig. 6.1, the coil ABCD is horizontal and the battery is connected as
shown.
(i) For this position, state the direction of the force on AB and the direction of the motion of AB.
force on AB ........................................................................................................................
direction of motion of AB .......................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why BC does not contribute to the turning force on the coil.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) At the instant when the coil is vertical, the springy contacts do not, in fact, make contact with
the ends of the coil.
Describe and explain what happens to the coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

205
(c) The motor in Fig. 6.1 does not rotate very quickly. The designer of a commercial motor is
required to produce a faster-rotating motor.
Suggest one change that could be made to increase the speed of the motor.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

13.2 Electromagnetic Induction

1. Electromagnetic induction may be demonstrated using a magnet, a solenoid and other
necessary apparatus.
(a) Explain what is meant by electromagnetic induction.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set up so that electromagnetic
induction may be demonstrated. [2]

(c) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

206
(d) Describe how you would use the apparatus to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) How would you know that an e.m.f. has been induced?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Name a device which makes use of electromagnetic induction.
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. When a magnet is pushed into the solenoid in Fig. 2.1 the ammeter records a brief current.

Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Explain why a current is produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the magnetic pole produced at the left-hand end of the solenoid.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State what is observed when
(i) the magnet is pulled out of the solenoid,
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) the magnet is stationary inside the solenoid.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

207
(c) 2.1 shows the same set up with the poles of the magnet are reversed.

N S

(i) the magnetic pole produced at the left-hand end of the solenoid.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) 2.1 and 2.2 can be used to demonstrate Lenz Law. State this law
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3. A coil is wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube and connected to a sensitive centre- zero
millivoltmeter.
Figs. 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 show three situations involving the coil and a magnet.
(a) On the lines alongside each situation, describe what, if anything, is seen happening on the
millivoltmeter.

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.2

Fig.
3.3 one of the situations in (a) where something is seen happening to the millivoltmeter.
(b) Choose
208
For this situation, state three changes which could be made to increase the magnitude of what is seen.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
3. ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
4. (a) An experimenter uses a length of wire ABC in an attempt to demonstrate
electromagnetic induction. The wire is connected to a sensitive millivoltmeter G.

Fig. 4.1
Using the arrangement in Fig. 4.1, the experimenter finds that she does not obtain the expected
deflection on G when she moves the wire ABC down through the magnetic field.
(i) Explain why there is no deflection shown on G.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What change should be made in order to observe a deflection on G?
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

5. A “wind-up” torch does not have batteries. It uses the energy stored in a wound-up spring to
generate the electrical energy that is needed. Fig. 4.1 shows a simplified diagram of the
arrangement.

209
 Fig. 5.1
(a) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) As the spring unwinds, the force in the spring decreases. Explain why this results in the torch
emitting less light.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State how the coil could be changed to produce a larger induced e.m.f.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

13.3 The a.c. generator

1. (a) Fig. 1.1 illustrates a simple alternating current generator.

210
 Fig. 1.1
(i) Name the principle used to explain how a generator works.
…………………………………………………………..……………………….……………… [1]
(ii) State three ways of increasing the voltage generated.
1…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(iii) Explain why the direction of the voltage reverses each half revolution of the coil.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]
(b) State the purpose of the slip rings.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The direction of the current in the coil can be found from Lenz’s law. State Lenz’s
law.
.........................................................................................................................................

211
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(A rotating-coil generator consists of a rectangular coil of wire that rotates at constant speed
between the poles of a permanent magnet.

Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 show views from one end of the coil, when the coil is in different positions.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.3

(c) Which diagram shows the coil in the position where
(i) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is at its maximum, …………...............................................
(ii) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is zero? .............................................................................
[2]
(d) On Fig. 4.4, sketch the graph of e.m.f. against time, for two complete rotations of the coil.

Fig. 4.4
[4]

212
5.(a) The apparatus in Fig. 10.1 is set up in a laboratory. The metal wheels are rolled along the railsfrom
the left-hand end to the right-hand end.

Fig. 5.1
(i) Describe what is seen happening to the pointer on the sensitive centre-zero
millivoltmeter.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain why this happens.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) The metal wheels are now rolled back to the left-hand end again. Describe
what now happens to the millivoltmeter pointer.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

213
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a magnet suspended above a coil of wire.

Fig. 5.2
The end of the magnet is pushed into the coil and released, so that it bounces repeatedly inand out of the
coil.
Describe what is seen on the sensitive centre-zero millivoltmeter.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6. The diagram shows a small electric motor being used to lift a weight of 1.3 N. The power input to
the motor from the supply is 0.6 W.

(a) The gravitational potential energy of the weight increases by 1.04 J in 4 s.

(i) Calculate the rate at which the weight gains gravitational potential energy.

rate = ...................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the height through which the weight is lifted in 4 s. State the equation you use in your
214
calculation.

height = ............................................................ [3]

(b) (i) The raised weight is held in place whilst the power supply is disconnected and a small lamp is
connected across the output to the motor. The weight is released and the lamp lights.

Explain this with reference to the diagram of the motor.

.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The brightness of the lamp is observed to increase as the weight falls. Explain this.
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
13.4 The transformer
1. A transformer is needed to step down a 240 V a.c. supply to a 12 V a.c. output.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a suitable transformer. [3]

(b) Explain
(i) why the transformer only works on a.c.,

215
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) how the input voltage is changed to an output voltage.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The output current is 1.5 A.
Calculate
(i) the power output,

power =................................ [1]

(ii) the energy output in 30 s.

energy = ................................ [1]

2. A transformer has 20 000 turns on the primary coil and 400 turns on the secondary coil. The
efficiency of the transformer is 100%.
(a) Determine the output of the transformer when the input is an a.c. supply of 240 V, 50 Hz.

output =............................................ [3]

(b) The transformer is used to operate a 9.6 W lamp from the 240 V supply.
Calculate
(i) the current in the coil,

secondary current = ................................................ [2]

216
 (ii) the current in the primary coil.

primary current = .......................................... [2]

(b) The generators at a power station produce a voltage of 25 000 V. This voltage is stepped up to
400 000 V by a transformer for long-distance transmission on overhead power lines. The voltage is
later stepped down to 240 V.
(i) State and explain why the voltage is stepped up for long-distance transmission.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil of the step-up transformer
to the number of turns in its secondary coil.

ratio = ......................................................................... [1]

(iii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using thicker wire in the overhead power lines.
advantage: ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
disadvantage: ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) An electric drill of power 1000 W is used in a country where the mains voltage is 240V.
State and explain the most appropriate fuse to use with this drill.
You should select a fuse from the following values: 1 A, 3 A, 4 A, 13 A.

217
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [3]

3. The diagram shows a transformer which is used to step down the 240 V mains voltage to light a 12 V
lamp. The number of turns in the primary coil is 15 000.

(a) Explain if this is a step-up or step-down transformer?

..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write down an equation which could be used to calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.
(1)
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.

number of turns =..................................................................... (2)

(b) 250J of electrical energy is supplied to the primary coil in 10s. Calculate the current in the primary
coil.

current =.................................................. [3]

(c) (i) The energy output from the secondary coil is 225J in 10 s. Calculate the efficiency of the
transformer.

efficiency = .......................................................... [2]

218
(ii) Explain why the efficiency is less than 100%.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The generators at a power plant produce a voltage of 25 000 V. For long distance transmission,
on overhead power lines, this is stepped up to 400 000 V. It is later stepped down to 240 V for
domestic use.
(i) Explain why the voltage is stepped up to 400 000 V.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) A transformer is used to step up the voltage. Calculate the ratio of primary turns to secondary
turns needed for this transformer.

ratio = ................................................. [3]

(e) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using overhead power lines than underground
lines.
advantage: ...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
disadvantage: ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

4. (a) The transformer in Fig. 6.1 is used to convert 240 V a.c. to 6 V a.c.

Fig. 6.1
219
(i) Using the information above, calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.

number of turns = ................................................................ [2]

(ii) Describe how the transformer works.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State one way in which energy is lost from the transformer, and from which part it islost.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) State one way of reducing the energy loss in the transformer
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The input is changed from alternating current to direct current. Explain why
the transformer has no output.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
5. Fig. 7.1 shows a simple transformer.

Fig. 7.1
(a) Describe how a voltage across the primary coil causes a voltage across the secondary coil.

220
.................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) State what design feature would cause the voltage across the secondary coil to be larger than the
voltage across the primary coil.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The output of a power station is connected to a transformer, which you are to assume is 100%
efficient.
The input to the primary coil is 24 000 V, 12 000 A.
The output from the secondary coil is 400 000 V. This is the voltage at which the electrical energy is
transmitted through the transmission lines.
Calculate the current in the secondary coil.

current =......................................................................... [2]

(a) One coil of a transformer is connected to a toy train set. The other coil is connected to a240 V a.c.
mains supply, as shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10.1
(i) How can you tell from Fig. 10.1 that the transformer is a step-down transformer?
221
 ............................................................................................................................................[1]
.Calculate the voltage at which the toy train operates.

toy train operates at ..................................... [3]

(ii) 1. The voltage of the mains supply is reduced. What happens to the voltagesupplied to the train
set? Tick one box.

An attempt is made to use the train set in a country where the mains supply is 110 V. Suggest one difference
that might be noticed in the way the toy train operates.
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
The diagram shows how the National Grid transmits electrical energy over long distances.

(i) State the purpose of transformer A and explain why it is an essential part of the National Grid
system.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Why do the power stations generate a.c. and not d.c.?
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
222
7 Fig. 7.1 illustrates one country’s system for transmitting electricity around the country, from the power
station to people’s houses.

Fig. 7.1
(a) At different points in this system, the voltage is 220 V, 11 000 V or 132 000 V. At the three places
marked on Fig. 7.1, write in the appropriate value of the voltage. [3]
(b) State two reasons why it is cheaper to transmit electrical energy at high voltage.
1.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Copper cables carrying the electricity are buried in the ground or aluminium cables are suspended
from pylons.
Explain why aluminium is a better choice of metal for overhead power lines.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
10 A farmer connects a house to the mains electricity. The house is a long way from the nearest 230 V
mains electricity supply.
Fig. 10.1 shows the mains supply connected to the house.

Fig. 10.1

223
(a) The farmer uses 230 V lamps in the house but they do not light up at full brightness. Explain why
the lamps are dim.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The farmer adds transformers, as shown in Fig. 10.2.

Fig. 10.2
The lamps in the distant house light up at full brightness. Explain why
the lamps are now bright.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

14.0 Introductory Electronics 1 (a)

State what is meant by thermionic emission.
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The list below contains the names of five different components that might be found in anelectric
circuit.
Capacitor, light-dependent resistor, resistor, thermistor, variable resistor Which of these
has:
(i) a resistance that falls rapidly when the temperature rises,
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) a resistance that changes when a sliding contact is moved,
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) a high resistance in the dark but a low resistance in daylight?
.............................................................................................................................................
2 (a) A 1500 Ω resistor is used on an electronic circuit board in a television. Fig. 2.1 shows
the bands on a resistor.

224
 Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2

The table of Fig. 2.2 shows the colour code for the bands.
(i) State the colours of the bands on a 1500 Ω resistor.
band 1 ...............................................................
band 2 ...............................................................
band 3 ...............................................................
[2]
(ii) Determine the maximum value of resistance that can be shown with this three-band colour code.
resistance =............................................................................ [1]
(iii) The 1500 Ω resistor on the electronic circuit board has a correct power rating of 0.25W.
State a disadvantage of using a different 1500 Ω resistor with a power rating that is
1. much less than 0.25 W,
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
2. much greater than 0.25 W.
..........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

225
 (b) Fig. 2.3 shows part of a circuit that includes a variable resistor R and a battery of

Fig. 10.3
(i) State one similarity and one difference between electromotive force (e.m.f.) and potential
difference (p.d.).
similarity: ...........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
difference: ..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) A light-emitting diode (LED) is connected between points X and Y, so that it emits light.
On Fig. 2.3, draw the symbol for the LED connected between points X and Y. [2]
(iii) The resistance of R is increased. State what happens to the p.d. across the LED and to the current in
the LED.
p.d.: .....................................................................................................................................
current: ................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) The LED is marked “maximum current 25 mA when the p.d. is 1.7 V”. Calculate the
minimum value of the resistance of R.

resistance =............................................................................ [4]

3(a) A cathode-ray oscilloscope makes use of the process known as thermionic emission.
Describe what happens during this process.
.............................................................................................................................................

226
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In Fig. 3.1, a beam of cathode rays is entering the space between two charged metal plates.

Fig. 3.1
(i) What sort of particles make up cathode rays?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, continue the dotted line to show the path of the cathode rays as theytravel
between the plates and into the space beyond the plates. [3]
(c) One cathode-ray tube has 5000 V between the accelerating anode and the cathode. The beam of
electrons carries a total charge of 0.0095 C in 5.0 s.
Calculate
(i) the current caused by the beam,

current = .......................................................................... [2]

(ii) the energy transferred by the beam in 20 s.

energy =........................................................................... [2]

4Fig. 7.1 shows a cathode-ray tube connected to external voltage supplies and switches. The
227
terminals labelled H.T. are connected to a high voltage source.

Fig. 7.1
(e) When the cathode becomes hot it releases electrons.
What name is used to describe the release of electrons by heating?
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) (i) Which switch should be closed to make the cathode become hot?
switch = ...............................................................
(ii) Which switch should then be closed to obtain a beam of electrons along CD?
switch = ...............................................................
(iii) Which switch should then be closed to deflect the beam of electrons downwards?
switch = ...........................................................
[2]
(g) What must be done in order to deflect the beam of electrons upwards, instead
ofdownwards?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4. Fig. 6.1 shows a vacuum tube in which it is hoped to generate cathode rays.

228
 Fig. 8.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 8.1, draw the symbol for a battery connected so that thermionic
emissionoccurs.
(ii) What particles are emitted in thermionic emission? ............................................................................[2]
(b)

Fig. 8.2
(i) On Fig. 8.2, show the + and – terminals suitably connected so that cathode raysmay pass along the
tube.
(ii) On Fig. 8.2, draw a line showing the path of the cathode rays.
(iii) How are the cathode rays detected in the tube?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

[4]
229
(c) Fig. 8.3 shows the same vacuum tube, with the terminals labeled P, Q, R, S, and T.

Fig. 8.3
Between which two points should a battery be connected if the cathode rays are to bedeflected
upwards?
between point ................. and point................................... [1]

5. Fig. 9.1 represents a cathode-ray tube containing a number of different parts. There are empty
boxes connected to four of the parts. These boxes are for some of the answers to this question. Not
all of the boxes will be used.

Fig. 9.1
(a) On Fig. 9.1, write the word CATHODE in the appropriate box. [1]
(b) One part shown in Fig. 9.1 is used to deflect the cathode rays up and down.

230
 Write UP AND DOWN in the appropriate box. [1]
(c) One part glows when the cathode rays strike it. Write
GLOWS in the appropriate box. [1]
(d) On Fig. 9.1, draw a battery connected so that the cathode is heated. [1]
(e) Name the particles that make up cathode rays............................................................................ [1]
(f) What fills the rest of the space in the cathode-ray tube? Tick one box.

[1]

(a) Fig. 9.1 shows two resistors connected to a 6 V battery.

Fig. 9.1
(i) What name do we use to describe this way of connecting resistors?
.......................................................................................................................................................[1]
231
(ii) Calculate the combined resistance of the two resistors.

combined resistance =............................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the current in the circuit.

current =............................... [4]

(iv) Use your answer to (a)(iii) to calculate the potential difference across the 10Ω resistor.

potential difference = ............................. [2]

(v) State the potential difference between terminals X and Y.
potential difference ........................... [1]
(b) The circuit in Fig. 9.2 is similar to the circuit in Fig. 9.1, but it uses a resistor AB with a sliding
contact.

Fig. 9.2
(i) State the potential difference between X and Y when the sliding contact is at
1. end A of the resistor, ………..............
2. end B of the resistor. .......................
232
 [2]
(ii) The sliding contact of the resistor AB is moved so that the potential difference between X
and Y is 5 V.
On Fig. 9.2, mark with the letter C the position of the sliding contact. [1]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows an electromagnetic relay being used to operate an electric motor.

Fig. 10.2
Below are sentences that describe stages of the process by which the circuit works.
A. The armature pivots and the contacts close.
B. The core of the relay is magnetised.
C. The switch is closed and the current flows through the coil.
D. A current flows through the motor, making it work.
E. The core attracts the top part of the armature.
Put the sentences so that the stages are in the correct order. Put the appropriate letters in the boxes
below. One box has been filled in as an example.

233
 [4]
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a simple relay. Fig. 10.2 shows a reed relay. Both are drawn to the same scale.

Fig. 10.1 Fig. 10.2

Explain in detail why
(i) closing switch S in Fig. 10.1 causes the motor M to start,
(ii) closing switch T in Fig. 10.2 causes the motor M to start,
(iii) the reed relay in Fig. 10.2 switches faster than the simple relay in Fig. 10.1. [8]

234
7 Fig. 7.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Fig. 7.1
(a) On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow at A to show the direction of flow of the electrons in the wire.
[1]
(b) What is the name of component X?
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State and explain how the potential difference across X varies as the light shining on itbecomes
brighter.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
Fig. 8.1 shows a transformer and a rectifier used in a battery charging circuit for a 12 V battery.

Fig. 8.1
(a) The transformer produces an output of 15 V across the secondary coil. Calculate a
suitable turns ratio for the transformer.
235
turns ratio =............................................ [2]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows the 15 V output across the secondary coil.

Fig. 8.2
On the same axes, sketch the graph of the potential difference across the terminals T1 and T2 before the
battery is connected. [2]
(c) Explain how the circuit converts an a.c. supply into a d.c. output.
.............................................................................................................................................
…..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) On Fig. 8.1, draw in a battery connected so that it may be charged. [1]
(e) When fully charged, the 12V battery can supply a current of 2.0 A for 30 hours (1.08

×105 s).

Calculate
(i) the battery power when supplying a current of 2.0 A,

power = ......................................
(ii) the total energy that the battery will supply during the 30 hours.

energy = ......................................
[4]

Chapter 15 Radioactivity (134)

1. A certain element is known to exist as two different isotopes.
(a) State one thing that is the same for atoms of both isotopes.
236
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State one thing that is different between atoms of these two isotopes.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) An atom of one of these isotopes is unstable and decays into a different element by emitting a β-
particle.
(i) State one thing about the atom that remains the same during this decay.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one thing about the atom that changes as a result of this decay.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

2. The symbol represents a nucleus of uranium.

(a) State:
(i) the meaning of nucleon number and its value.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) its atomic number. ................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) its neutron number… ........................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A nucleus of uranium-238 decays to form a nucleus of thorium by the emission of an alpha-particle.
State
(i) the proton number of an alpha-particle,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the nucleon number of an alpha-particle,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the proton number of thorium,
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) the nucleon number of the thorium isotope formed.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Alpha-particles, beta-particles and gamma-rays are three types of radioactive emissions.
(a) State which type is
(i) the most penetrating, ......................................................................................................
(ii) the most ionising, ...........................................................................................................
(iii) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. ...........................................................................

237
 [3]
3. Here is a list of different types of radiation.
alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), infra-red, radio, ultra-violet, visible, X-rays
(a) Underline all those radiations in the list which are not electromagnetic radiations. [2]
(b) Which radiation is the most penetrating ............................................................................................... [1]
(c) Which radiation has the longest wavelength?....................................................................................... [1]
(d) Which radiation consists of particles that are the same as 4He nuclei?
… ...................................................................................................................................................................[1]
4.
(a) How many of each of these particles
(i) are found in an α-particle,
number of protons = ...................
number of neutrons = ...................
number of electrons = ............................... [1]
(ii) are found in a β-particle?

number of protons = ...................

number of neutrons = ...................
number of electrons = ............................... [1]

(b) Sodium-24 can be represented as .

How many of each of these particles are there in a neutral atom of ?

number of protons = .....................
number of neutrons = .....................
number of electrons = .....................
[3]
(c) A nucleus of sodium-24 decays to become magnesium-24, by the emission of one particle. The
equation below describes this change.

The symbol represents the emitted particle.

238
(i) State the value of x................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the value of y ............................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What type of particle is θ? ................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) (a) The decay of a nucleus of radium leads to the emission of an α-particle and leaves
behind a nucleus of radon (Rn).
Write an equation to show this decay.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
6.(a)Explain what is meant by background radiation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe how one human activity has led to an increase in background radiation.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 (a) A scientist has three radioactive sources. The first source emits only alpha- particles, the
second source emits only beta-particles and the third source emits only gamma-rays.
(i) Explain how the scientist demonstrates that the three types of radiation have different penetrating
powers.
In your account
• draw a diagram of the apparatus used,
• state what materials are used to show the different penetrating powers,
• explain how the apparatus is used.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [5]
(ii) State two different safety precautions the scientist must follow when handling the radioactive
sources. [2]
1. ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................................................
239
.................................................................................................................................................................... [5]
6. Fig. 9.1 shows a beam of radiation that contains α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays. The beam
enters a very strong magnetic field shown in symbol form by N and S poles.

Fig. 9.1
Complete the table below.

[6]
7. Emissions from a radioactive source pass through a hole in a lead screen and into a magnetic field,
as shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10.1
Radiation detectors are placed at A, B and C. They give the following readings:

240
The radioactive source is then completely removed, and the readings become:

Explain why there are still counts being recorded at A, B and C, even when the radioactive source has been
removed, and give the reason for them being slightly different.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(a) From the data given, deduce the type of emission being detected, if any, at A, at B and at C when
the radiation source is present.
State the reasons for your answers. detector at A
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2]
detector at B
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]
detector at C
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[3]

8. When a nucleus of xenon –135 emits a beta-particle, it decays to form a

nucleus of caesium (Cs).

241
(a) State what the number 135 represents in the symbol
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Complete the equation to represent the decay of the xenon –135 nucleus.

[2]
(c) A radioactive material emits beta-particles. Fig. 11.1 shows the number of beta-
particlesemitted in one second at two different times.

Fig. 11.1
(i) State what is meant by the half-life of a radioactive material.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Calculate the half-life of the radioactive material.

half-life = ..................................................... [2]

Fig. 11.1 shows how the activity of a radioactive source changes with time. Use the graph to calculate a
value for the half-life of the radioactive source. Show clearly how you obtained your answer.

242
 Fig. 11|.1
half-life =......................... [2]
11 (a) Four students attempt to define the half-life of a sample of radioactive substance.
Student A Half-life is half the time for the activity of the sample to decrease to zero. Student B Half-life is
half the time taken for the activity of the sample to decrease to half its original value.
Student C Half-life is the time taken for the activity of the sample to decrease to half its original value.
Which student has given a correct definition?....................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 12.1 shows two samples of the same radioactive substance. The substance emits β
particles.

Fig. 12.1
Which quantity is the same for both samples. [1]

243
(c) A quantity of radioactive material has to be taken from a nuclear reactor to a factory some distance
away. Fig. 12.2 shows the decay curve for the quantity of radioactive material.

Fig. 12.2

244
Just before it leaves the nuclear reactor, the count-rate from the material is 2000 counts / minute. When
it arrives at the factory, the count-rate is 1000 counts / minute.
(i) How long did the journey take? ........................................................................ [1]
(ii) How many half-lives elapsed during the journey? ................................................................................ [1]
(iii) The material is only useful to the factory if the activity is at least 100 counts / minute. Use Fig. 12.2
to determine how many hours of useful life the factory has from the radioactive material.
useful life = ................................................... [2]

12 (a) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are known as ionising radiations.

(i) Describe what happens when gases are ionised by ionising radiations.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why α-particles are considered better ionisers of gas than β-particles.
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) (i) Suggest two practical applications of radioactive isotopes.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
(ii) For one of the applications that you have suggested, describe how it works, or draw a labelled diagram
to illustrate it in use.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
14. Fig. 14.1 illustrates the process that occurs in the core of a nuclear reactor.

245
Fig. 14.1
(a) State the name of the process illustrated in Fig. 8.1.
..................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe what happens during this process.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Some of the waste from a nuclear reactor is radioactive with a long half-life.
Explain what is meant by
(i) radioactive,
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) a long half-life.
............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
15 (a) Some atoms are radioactive. Explain what is meant by radioactive.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Some hospital equipment is sterilised using gamma-rays. State two properties of gamma-rays
that make them suitable for this use.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................[2]

246
247