WRE IMP 2-MARKS

1)Define -

i) Irrigation: Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to soil
for full-fledged nourishment of the crops.
ii) Runoff: The amount of water which flows over the surface of the earth after considering
all losses is called as runoff. Runoff is expressed as in ‘m’ OR ‘cm’ or mm.

2)Enlist the Classification of Irrigation on the basis of purposes.

A. Surface Irrigation: 1) Flow Irrigation : i) Perennial Irrigation ii) Flood irrigation .

2) Lift irrigation
B. Sub-surface Irrigation: a) Natural Irrigation b) Artificial Irrigation

3)Define: i) C.C.A ii) G.C.A

i) Culturable Command Area ( C.C.A.): It is the net area which can be irrigated by a canal
system . It includes all land on which cultivation is possible , though all area may not be
under cultivation.
ii) Gross command area ( G.C.A.): It is the total area lying between drainage boundaries
which can be irrigated by a canal system. It includes barren land, village , roads and area of
habitation. G.C.A = C.C.A + Unculturable area

4)Define Spillway and Enlist types of spillway

Spillway: It is the overflow portion of every dam , over which the surplus water flows from
the upstream side of reservoir to the downstream side of reservoir. It is the safety valve of a
dam.
Types of spillway : 1. Main / Service spillway i) Shaft spillway. ii) Ogee or overflow
spillway iii) Siphon spillway iv) Side channel spillway.
2. Subsidiary or Emergency Spillway.

5)Enlist the types of gates provided to reservoir.

A. Non-automatic Gates: i) Radial gate ii) Vertical gate: 1) Sliding gate 2) Fixed gate 3)
Stony gate iii) Rolling gate .
B. Automatic Gate: i) Reynolds Gate ii) Vishveshrayya gate.

6)Enlist the factors affecting on silting of reservoir.

a) Catchment area. b) Shape of catchment. c) Slope of country. d) Nature of surface

soil .e) Climatic conditions .f) Rainfall characteristics.
7)State ill effects of excess Irrigation

a) Water logging: Water logging renders the soil infertile and useless for cultivation.
b) Salt efflorescence due to water logging: Salt efflorescence due to water logging
damages the soil.
c) Breeding of mosquitoes :Breeding of mosquitoes takes place due to over irrigation.
d) Excessive humidity: Excess and intense irrigation may result in increasing the humidity
of the area.

8)State any four benefits of Irrigation.

1) Increase in food production 2) Domestic & industrial water supply 3) Canal plantation 4)
Flood control

9)Define Yield and Dependable yield.

Yield: It is the total quantity of water available from a catchment area at the outlet in
period of one year.
Dependable yield: It is the quantity of water available for a given number of years per
rainfall cycle.

10) Define Base period and Crop period.

Base period: It is the period in days from first watering at the time of sowing to the last
watering before harvesting.
Crop period: It is the period in number of days that crop takes from the instant of its
sowing to that of its harvesting.

11) Enlist any four methods of assessment of irrigation water.

1) Volumetric assessment. 2) Assessment on area basis. 3) Assessment on seasonal basis

4) Composite rate. 5) Permanent assessment.

12)) Enlist any four functions of spillway.

1. To effectively dispose off the surplus quantity of water from upstream to downstream
side of the reservoir. 2. To control the discharge from reservoir. 3. To avoid overtopping of
surplus water. 4. To protect downstream slope from scouring and erosion.
13)Enlist any two advantages and disadvantages of it.

Advantages of Barrage:- 1. Area under submergence of water is less. 2. Cost of

rehabilitation is less.

Disadvantages of barrage:- 1. Storage capacity is less as compared to dams. 2. Initially

needs high cost for construction.

4marks imp wre

1)Describe in brief working of Symons rain gauge with neat labelled sketch.

The most common type of non- recording rain gauges used in our country is the ‘Symon’s
raingauge’.
Working: A Symons Rain gauge consists of a cylindrical vessel of 127 mm internal
diameter with an enlarged base of 210 mm diameter. Inside the cylinder, a rain collecting
bottle, made up of glass is placed. Over the top of this bottle, a glass funnel is inserted. The
top section of the funnel is provided with a circular brass ring of exactly 127 mm diameter.
With each raingauge, a cylindrical graduated measuring glass is also provided. Each
graduation of this glass reads 0.2 mm. The reading should be read correctly upto 0.1 mm.
The raingauge is set upon a concrete block. The rim of the funnel should remain at least
305 mm above the ground. The bottle collects the rain falling over the rim which is then
measured by the measuring glass in ‘mm’ and ‘tenth of mm’

2)Explain the factors affecting Duty.

1) Type of Crop: Different crops require different amount of water, and hence the duties
for them are different.
2)Rainfall: More the rainfall less will be the requirement of irrigation water, and hence
more will be the duty.
3) Type of Soil: If soil is permeable, water lost due to percolation will be more, hence duty
will be less and vice-versa.
4)Method of Irrigation: If method of irrigation is not proper i.e. in case of free flooding,
wastage of water will be more and hence less duty.
3)Explain in brief Engineering surveys carried out for reservoir planning.

In Engineering survey, various type of surveys such as plane table survey, traverse survey,
aerial and photographic surveys etc. are carried out .

Purpose or Aim of engineering survey: 1)To prepare Contour map and Topographical map
of the site. 2)The contour interval may be taken as 1 to 3 m for fairly plain area, and 5 to 10
m for hilly area.3) For Dam site careful triangulation survey is required where contour
interval is less than 1 m.4) Horizontal scale may be 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000.

Necessary information from contour plan: From the contour map of reservoir area, the
water spread of the reservoir at any elevation may be directly determined by measuring the
area with help of planimeter.

Following information can be obtained from contour map.

1. Water spread area from Area-elevation curve 2. Arrangement of lines of communication.

3. Site for waste weir and outlets. 4. Suitable dam site.

4)State the reasons for which elementary profile of dam is not possible to construct in
practice.

Reasons: a) For constructing a road at the top of dam, provision of top width is must but
the shape of elementary profile is right angle triangle.
b) Free board is essential to be kept to avoid spillage of water over the body of dam but in
elementary profile, there is no provision for free board.
c) In elementary profile, only pressure due to water and self-weight is considered but the
other forces such as seismic pressure , silt pressure ice pressure , uplift pressure wind
pressure , tail water pressure are neglected.
d) In elementary profile, the provision of drainage galleries is not considered.

5)Explain the requirement of site for percolation tank

1) The bed of tank should be pervious so that the water will percolate and then join the
ground water table. 2) There should be sufficient number of wells and bore wells existing in
the command area. 3) The nalla or stream should have sufficient discharge in monsoon. 4)
The flanks on the both sides of the nalla should rise with steep slope.

6)State the necessity and advantages of Drip irrigation scheme.

Necessity: 1) Drip irrigation is application of water, at a very slow rate, to the root zone of
a plant. 2) This method is very useful in arid regions where water is scarce. 3) It enables
application of fertilizers along with irrigation water. 4) It ensures optimal growth, better
fruiting and growth of crops with optimum quantity of water
Advantages: (i) It eliminates evaporation losses. (ii) It requires less water to mature a crop.
(iii) Frequent ploughing is not required. (iv) It is best method of irrigation with ground water
in arid zones.

7)Discuss the different activities undertaken under Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan .

Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan was launched by Maharashtra Government in 2015 in a bid to make
Maharashtra draught free by 2019. The main aim of the project is to provide relief to
farmers of draught affected areas of Maharashtra. It includes checking the problems and
implementing new water conservation and irrigation techniques.
Activities undertaken under Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan include: 1. Deepening and widening
of streams. 2. Construction of earthen and cement stop dams 3. Work on nullahs 4.
Digging of Farm Ponds.

8)Enlist types of weir and explain any one in detail.

Types of weirs are: a) Based on materials of construction-1) Masonry weir 2) Rock-fill

weir 3) Concrete weir.
b) Based on use and function-1) Storage weir 2) Pick-up weir 3) Diversion weir 4) Waste
weir.
c) Based on design-1) Gravity weir 2) Non gravity weir
1. Masonry Weir: i. It consists of a vertical drop wall or crest wall with or without crest
gates and an impervious floor ii. Cut off piles are provided at the upstream and
downstream ends of the impervious floor iii. Aprons are also provided at both upstream
and downstream side to prevent scouring iv. The raised masonry crest does the most
ponding and a small part is done by the crest shutter v. These weirs are suitable on any
foundation

9) Differentiate between weir and barrage.

weir - 1 Initial cost of weir is low. 2 Area of submergence is more due to large afflux. 3 Due
to crest there is problem of silting. 4 The control over flood is not possible. 5 It is difficult to
inspect and repair. 6 Roadway is not possible across river.

barrage- 1 Initial cost of barrage is high. 2 Area of submergence less due to less afflux. 3
There is good control over silt entry into canal. 4 There is good control over flood situation.
5 These provide better facilities for inspection and repair of various structures. 6 Road way
can be provided across the river.

10) Draw layout of lift irrigation scheme and explain in brief component parts of the
sam.

Components:-1) Intake well - A channel is constructed to divert the flow of water into
inlet chamber. 2) Inlet chamber - It avoids the entry of silt and debris into Jack well.
3)Rising main - It is a pipe used for carrying water from well to delivery chamber.
4) Delivery chamber - The water from rising main is collected here and then it is allowed to
flow in field ditches.

11) Define Rainfall. Explain with neat sketch automatic rain gauge.

Rainfall: Rainfall is the depth in mm or cm of water that would stand on the surface of the
earth provided it were not lost by evaporation or absorption or any other manner.
Types of automatic rain gauges: 1) Weighing bucket gauge 2) Tipping bucket gauge 3)
Syphon gauge (Float type rain gauge).
Weighing type rain gauge: 1.The rain water passes through a funnel into a bucket called
as catch bucket which is placed on weighing platform. 2.When weight of bucket is
increased due to rain water the weighing platform moves. Movement of weighing platform
is transmitted to Links and levers to a pen arm. This pen traces the collected amount of
rainfall on a graduated graph paper wrapped around drum.

12) Define computation of rainfall. Describe thiessans polygon method with suitable
sketch.

Definition: Measurement of height of water (in mm or cm) stands over the surface of earth
for particular duration of time is called computation of Rainfall.

1) Join the adjacent rain gauge stations A, B, C, and D by straight lines. 2) Construct the
perpendicular bisectors of each of these lines. 3) A Thiessen’s network is thus
constructed. Each polygon contains rain gauge station. It is assumed that the entire area
within any polygon is nearer to the rain gauge station that is included in the polygon. 4) Find
the area of each polygon shown hatched in the figure. 5) Multiply the area of each polygon
by the rain gauge value of the enclosed figure. 6) Find the total area. (ΣA) of the basin.

13) Define silting of reservoir. State factors affecting the rate of silting.

Silting of reservoir: Silting of reservoir means the deposition of silt and clay i.e. fine
particles of soil in reservoir.
Factor affecting silting in a reservoir are as follows: 1) Catchment area: If catchment
area is more, silting will be more. If catchment area is less, silting will be less. 2) Shape of
catchment: If catchment area is fan shaped, silting will be more. If catchment area is fern
shaped, silting will be less. 3) Slope of country: If slope is steep, more particles will be
erodes because of high velocity of runoff & will be deposited in reservoir basin and vice
versa.

14) Define percolation tank and state the points to be considered for selecting the site
for percolation tank.

Percolation tank is an artificially constructed surface. Water percolates from the tank and
meets the ground water table. Due to this the water level of existing wells increases and
then it is pumped for irrigation They are constructed at suitable site by providing earthen
dam and this is indirect system of irrigation.
Points to be considered for selecting the site for percolation tank : 1. To allow the
percolation of water, the bed of tank should be pervious. 2. The nalla or stream should
have sufficient discharge in monsoon. 3. There should be sufficient number of wells on
downstream side of percolation tank.

15)Define hydrology and explain hydrological cycle.

Hydrology is the science which deals with the occurrence, distribution and movement of
water on the earth, including that in the atmosphere and below the surface of earth.
Hydrological cycle: The earth’s water circulatory system is known as the hydrologic cycle.
Hydrologic cycle is the process of transfer of moisture from the atmosphere to the earth in
the form of precipitation, conveyance of the precipitated water by streams and rivers to
ocean and lakes etc., and evaporation of water back to the atmosphere.

16) Differentiate between sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation on any four points.

sprinkler irrigation:-1. Initial investment is less. 2. Spray guns and nozzles are used in
sprinkler irrigation system. 3. Sprinkler wets an area of a circle, which covers a number of
plants. More area is wetted by this system. 4. Sprinkler irrigation dose not prevents the
spreading of diseases. 5. Runoff and evaporation is higher in this method of irrigation. 6.
The effectiveness and efficiency is lesser in sprinkler irrigation.

drip irrigation:-1. Initial investment is more. 2.Dripping valves are present in drip irrigation.
3. Only the root area is witted by drip irrigation. 4. Drip irrigation prevents the spreading of
diseases. 5. Runoff and evaporation is less in this method of irrigation. 6. The effectiveness
and efficiency is higher in drip irrigation.

17)Draw a neat layout of Diversion Head work and write functions of following
components of it:
i) Head Regulator: 1. To regulate the supply of water entering in canal. 2.To controls the
entry of silt into canal.
ii) Divide Wall: 1. To separate flow from scouring weir. 2. To separate the stilling pocket
from scoring sluices.
iii) Fish ladder: 1. To provide free movement of fishes. 2. To help the survival of the fishes.
iv) Scouring Sluice: 1. To scour deposited silt and soil. 2. To provide greater waterway for
floods