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Lab 1 Link Budget

The document provides an introduction to wireless communication, highlighting its significance, advantages, and disadvantages. It explains the basic elements of a wireless communication system, including transmitter, channel, and receiver, and discusses key concepts such as path loss, shadowing, and link budgets. Additionally, it presents tasks for estimating link feasibility and understanding various parameters related to wireless communication systems.

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Wadih El Awar
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16 views9 pages

Lab 1 Link Budget

The document provides an introduction to wireless communication, highlighting its significance, advantages, and disadvantages. It explains the basic elements of a wireless communication system, including transmitter, channel, and receiver, and discusses key concepts such as path loss, shadowing, and link budgets. Additionally, it presents tasks for estimating link feasibility and understanding various parameters related to wireless communication systems.

Uploaded by

Wadih El Awar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COME592L

Wireless Communication systems LAB

Lab 1

Introduction to wireless Communication


Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication is the fastest growing and most vibrant technological areas
in the communication field. Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting
information from one point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables
or any physical medium.
Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from transmitter to
receiver that are placed over a limited distance. With the help of Wireless
Communication, the transmitter and receiver can be placed anywhere between few
meters (like a T.V. Remote Control) to few thousand kilometres (Satellite
Communication).

We live in a World of communication and Wireless Communication, in particular is a


key part of our lives. Some of the commonly used Wireless Communication Systems
in our day – to – day life are: Mobile Phones, GPS Receivers, Remote Controls,
Bluetooth Audio and Wi-Fi etc.

Advantages of Wireless Communication


 Cost

 Mobility

 Ease of Installation

 Reliability

 Disaster Recovery
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

 Interference

 Security

 Health Concerns

Basic Elements of a Wireless Communication System


A typical Wireless Communication System can be divided into three elements: the
Transmitter, the Channel and the Receiver. The following image shows the block
diagram of wireless communication system.

Wireless channel modeling: Parameters

 Path loss:
Path loss or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of
an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major
component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication
system.
This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation. Path
loss may be due to many effects, such as free-space
loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption.
Path loss is also influenced by terrain contours, environment (urban or rural,
vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance
between the transmitter and the receiver, and the height and location of antennas.
Free space path loss equation in deciBels:

FSPL=20log(d)+20log(f)+32.44−Gtx−Grx
Where:
d = distance of the receiver from the transmitter (km)
f = signal frequency (MHz)
Gtx = overall transmitter antenna gain including feeder losses
Grx = overall receiver antenna gain including feeder losses

 Shadowing
Shadowing is the effect that the received signal power fluctuates due to objects
obstructing the propagation path between transmitter and receiver. These fluctuations
are experienced on local-mean powers, that is, short-term averages to remove
fluctuations due to multipath fading.
 Depth of Shadowing:
Egli studied the error in a propagation model predicting the path loss, using only
distance, antenna heights and frequency. For average terrain, he reported a
logarithmic standard deviation of about s = 8.3 dB and 12 dB for VHF and UHF
frequencies, respectively. Such large fluctuations are caused not only by local shadow
attenuation by obstacles in the vicinity of the antenna, but also by large-scale effects
(hills, foliage, etc.) along the path profile, which cause attenuation. Hence, any
estimate of the area-mean power which ignores these effects may be coarse.

Mawaira of the Netherlands' PTT Research modelled large-area and small-area


shadowing as two independent superimposed Markovian processes:

 3 dB with coherence distance over 100 m, plus


 4 dB with coherence distance 1200 m
 Link Budgets
A link budget is an accounting of all of the power gains and losses that a
communication signal experiences in a telecommunication system; from a transmitter,
through a medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver. It is an
equation giving the received power from the transmitter power, after the attenuation
of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna
gains and feedline and other losses, and amplification of the signal in the receiver or
any repeaters it passes through. A link budget is a design aid, calculated during the
design of a communication system to determine the received power, to ensure that the
information is received intelligibly with an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. Randomly
varying channel gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some margin
depending on the anticipated severity of its effects. The amount of margin required
can be reduced by the use of mitigating techniques such as antenna
diversity or frequency hopping.
Important Parameters
Link budgets from different radio manufacturers are sometimes difficult to compare
because they use different terms and definitions (without always clearly specifying
them). Always compare them to a common definition, and try to identify the
following parameters.
1) EIRP (or ERP):

Defines the maximum transmit power. Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is
the power radiated relative to a perfect isotropic antenna; it is obtained by adding
available transmit power and antenna gain in dBi, and removing any loss (due to
cable, inefficiency, angle away from boresight, etc.) Sometimes (though rarely)
manufacturers give an equivalent parameter called effective radiated power (ERP),
which is the power radiated relative to a dipole; it is obtained by adding available
power to antenna gain in dBd (instead of dBi) and again removing any transmission
loss.
ERP is smaller than EIRP by the amount of gain difference between an isotropic
antenna and a dipole, that is 2.15 dB. (Indeed a dipole gain is 0 dBd=2.15 dBi, so any
antenna gain G may be expressed in either unit with the simple conversion
G(dBi) = G(dBd) + 2.15 dB,
And EIRP=ERP+2.15 dB.)

2) SNR or Eb/No:

A minimum signal to noise ratio (SNR) is required to achieve at the receiver a


certain error probability given a signal modulation. The SNR is sometimes expressed
in term of energy per bit over noise power spectral density noted Eb∕N0 or Eb∕Nt.

3) Receiver sensitivity:

On the receiving side some measure of sensitivity must be given: it is usually


expressed in terms of a signal to noise ratio required above a certain noise floor.
A typical link budget equation for a radio communications system may look like
the following:
PRX=PTX+GTX+GRX−LTX−LFS−LP−LRX
Where:
PRX = received power (dBm)
PTX = transmitter output power (dBm)
GTX = transmitter antenna gain (dBi)
GRX = receiver antenna gain (dBi)
LTX = transmit feeder and associated losses (feeder, connectors, etc.) (dB)
LFS = free space loss or path loss (dB)
LP = miscellaneous signal propagation losses (these include fading margin,
polarization mismatch, losses associated with medium through which signal is
travelling, other losses...) (dB)
LRX = receiver feeder and associated losses (feeder, connectors, etc.) (dB)

Example link budget calculation

Let’s estimate the feasibility of a 5 km link, with one access point and one client
radio. The access point is connected to an antenna with 10 dBi gain, with a
transmitting power of 20 dBm and a receive sensitivity of -89 dBm. The client is
connected to an antenna with 14 dBi gain, with a transmitting power of 15 dBm and a
receive sensitivity of -82 dBm. The cables in both systems are short, with a loss of
2dB at each side at the 2.4 GHz frequency of operation.
Use the following graph to get the value of FSPL.
Solution
We can use the online calculator to get the value of link budget from this
website:
https://www.southwestantennas.com/calculator/link-budget
Task I:
1- What is the difference between LOS and NLOS?
2- What are the benefits of wireless communication?
3- What are the elements that effects and make attenuation along the signal’s path (path loss) ?
4- What are the meaning of dBm and dBi units?
5- What is the meaning of fading margin?

Task II:
Let’s estimate the feasibility of a10 km link, with one access point and one client
radio. The access point is connected to an antenna with 15 dBi gain, with a
transmitting power of 25 dBm and a receive sensitivity of -89 dBm. The client is
connected to an antenna with 18 dBi gain, with a transmitting power of 16 dBm and a
receive sensitivity of -82 dBm. The cables in both systems are short, with a loss of
2dB at each side at the 2.4 GHz frequency of operation.
Use the following graph to get the value of FSPL and find the fading margin

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