ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS - II

LABORATORY MANUAL (ECE - 227)

II/IV ECE SEM – II

By Dr. V. Rajya Lakshmi

Ms.Ch.Anoosha Professor & HOD, ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (A)

(Affiliated to AU, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA) Sangivalasa-
531 162, Visakhapatnam District, Phone: 08933-225083/84/87

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 Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
(Affiliated to AU, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam District
Phone: 08933-225083/84/87 Fax: 226395
Website: www.anits.edu.in email: principal@anits.edu.in

Vision of the Institute

ANITS envisions to emerge as a world-class technical institution whose products represent a

good blend of technological excellence and the best of human values.

Mission of the Institute

To train young men and women into competent and confident engineers with excellent

communication skills, to face the challenges of future technology changes, by imparting holistic

technical education using the best of infrastructure, outstanding technical and teaching expertise

and an exemplary work culture, besides molding them into good citizens

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Vision of the Department

To become a center of excellence in Education, research and produce high quality engineers in
the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering to face the challenges of future
technological changes.

Mission of the Department

To achieve vision department will

Transform students into valuable resources for industry and society by imparting contemporary
technical education.
Develop interpersonal skills and leadership qualities among students by creating an ambience
of academic integrity to participate in various professional activities
Create a suitable academic environment to promote research attitude among students.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PEO1 : Graduates excel in their career in the domains of Electronics, Communication and
Information Technology.
PEO2 : Graduates will practice professional ethics and excel in professional career through
interpersonal skills and leadership qualities.
PEO3 : Graduates demonstrate passion for competence in higher education, research and
participate in various professional activities.

Program Outcomes (POs):

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.

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7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSO1 : Implement Signal & Image Processing techniques using modern tools.
PSO2 : Design and analyze Communication systems using emerging techniques.
PSO3 : Solve real time problems with expertise in Embedded Systems.

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 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND ANALYSIS-II LABORATORY
ECE 227 Credits:2
Instruction: 3 Practicals /Week Sessional Marks:50
End Exam: 3 Hours End Exam Marks:50
Prerequisites: ECA-I
Course Objectives:
The objective of this lab is to correlate the theoretical concepts of different analog
electronic circuits with practical feasibility thereby giving them a scope to learn basic
electronic circuits and their different electrical characteristics in a better way.
Course outcomes:
By the end of the course student should be able to:
1 Analyze and Design feedback amplifiers and sinusoidal oscillator circuits.
2 Analyze and Design various power amplifiers and tuned voltage amplifiers.
3 Calculate the parameters of differential amplifier using BJTs or Op-amp
4 Analyze and Design amplifier circuits using op-amps.
5 Analyze and Design various application circuits using op-amp such as summing
amplifier, integrator, differentiator etc
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes & Program Specific Outcomes:
PO PSO Performance Indicators
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1.1.2, 1.4.1 , 2.1.2, 2.1.3,
2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.4, 3.2.2,
1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3.2.3, 3.4.1, 3.4.2 , 4.1.1,
4.1.2, 4.1.4, 8.1.1, 9.1.1,
9.1.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.3
1.1.2, 1.4.1 ,2.1.2, 2.1.3,
2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.4, 3.2.2,
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3.2.3, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.1.1,
4.1.2, 4.1.4, 8.1.1, 9.1.1,
9.1.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.3
1.1.2, 1.4.1 ,2.1.2, 2.1.3,
2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.4, 3.2.2,
3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.1.2, 4.1.4,
8.1.1, 9.1.1, 9.1.2, 10.1.1,
10.1.2, 10.1.3
1.1.2, 1.4.1,2.1.2, 2.1.3,
CO 2.4.4, 3.2.2, 3.4.1, 3.4.2,
4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2
4.1.2, 4.1.4, 8.1.1, 9.1.1,
9.1.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.3
1.1.2, 1.4.1 ,2.1.2, 2.1.3,
2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.4, 3.2.2,
5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.1.2, 4.1.4,
8.1.1, 9.1.1, 9.1.2, 10.1.1,
10.1.2, 10.1.3

For PO1 – PO5

If percentage of PIs related to CO >40% Level 3
If percentage of PIs related to CO 21% to 40% Level 2
If percentage of PIs related to CO ≤20% Level 1
For PO6 – PO12
If percentage of PIs related to CO >51% Level 2
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 If percentage of PIs related to CO ≤50% Level 1

PIs percentage for the Cos:

CO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 40% 38% 30% 30% 33% 28% 43%
CO2 40% 38% 30% 30% 33% 28% 43%
CO3 40% 38% 23% 20% 33% 28% 43%
CO4 40% 23% 23% 20% 33% 28% 43%
CO5 40% 38% 23% 20% 33% 28% 43%

Competency Indicators
1.1.2 Apply advanced mathematical techniques to model and
1.1 Demonstrate competence in mathematical modelling solve Electronics and Communication engineering problems.
1.4 Demonstrate competence in specialized engineering 1.4.1 Apply Electronics and Communication engineering
knowledge to the program concepts to solve engineering problems.
2.1.2 Identify engineering systems, variables, and
2.1 Demonstrate an ability to identify and formulate complex parameters to solve the problems
engineering problem 2.1.3 Identify the mathematical, engineering and other
relevant knowledge that applies to a given problem.
2.3 Demonstrate an ability to formulate and interpret a model 2.3.1 Combine scientific principles and engineering concepts to
formulate model/s (mathematical or otherwise) of a system or
process that is appropriate in terms of applicability and
required accuracy.
2.3.2 Identify assumptions (mathematical and physical)
necessary to allow modeling of a system at the level of
accuracy required.
2.4 Demonstrate an ability to execute a solution process and 2.4.4 Extract desired understanding and conclusions consistent
analyze results with objectives and limitations of the analysis
3.2 Demonstrate an ability to generate a diverse set of 3.2.2 Build models/prototypes to develop a diverse set of
alternative design solutions design solutions
3.2.3 Identify suitable criteria for the evaluation of alternate
design solution
3.4 Demonstrate an ability to advance an engineering design to 3.4.1 Refine a conceptual design into a detailed design
defined end state within the existing constraints (of the resources)
3.4.2 Generate information through appropriate tests to improve
or revise the design
4.1 Demonstrate an ability to conduct investigations of technical 4.1.2 Examine the relevant methods, tools and techniques of
issues consistent with their level of knowledge and experiment design, system
understanding calibration, data acquisition, analysis and presentation
4.1.4 Establish a relationship between measured data
and underlying physical principles.
8.1 Demonstrate an ability to recognize ethical dilemmas 8.1.1 Identify situations of unethical professional conduct and
propose ethical alternatives
9.1 Demonstrate an ability to form a team and define a role for 9.1.1 Recognize a variety of working and learning preferences;
each member appreciate the value of diversity on a team
9.1.2 Implement the norms of practice (e.g., rules, roles,
charters, agendas, etc.) of effective team work, to accomplish a
goal.
10.1 Demonstrate an ability to comprehend technical literature 10.1.1 Read, understand and interpret technical and non-
and document project work technical information.
10.1.2 Produce clear, well-constructed, and well-supported
written engineering documents.
10.1.3 Create flow in a document or presentation- a logical
progression of ideas so that the main point is clear.

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Obtain the input and output impedance of a trans-conductance amplifier with and
without feedback.
2. Obtain the frequency response of a voltage shunt negative feedback amplifier
with and without feedback.
3. Generate a sinusoidal signal using Colpitts oscillator at a desired frequency.
4. Generate a sinusoidal signal using Wein bridge circuit.
5. Generate a sinusoidal signal using RC phase shift oscillator and observe the
Lissajous patterns at different phase shifts.
6. Plot the frequency response of a tuned voltage amplifier and find the resonant
frequency.
7. Obtain the output waveforms of a class-B push pull power amplifier and
calculate the efficiency and distortion.
8. Obtain the output waveforms of a class-A transformer coupled power amplifier and
calculate the power conversion efficiency.
9. Determine the gain and CMRR for the BJT differential amplifier.
10. Obtain the signals at the output junctions of multistage BJT differential pair.
11. Verify different applications of an Operational amplifier.
12. Verify different parameters of an operational amplifier.
13. Observe the working of an operational amplifier in inverting, non inverting and
differential modes.
14. Plot the V-I characteristics of an n-channel enhancement MOSFET and verify its
operation as an inverter.
15. Verify the working of a CMOS source follower amplifier.

Text books:
1. Jacob Millman, Christos Halkias, Chetan Parikh, "Integrated Electronics",
2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Publication, 2009.
nd
2. Donald A. Neamon, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, 2 Edition.
TMG publications.
References:
1. Ramakanth A Gayakwad, “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”- 4th Edition.
Justification of CO-PO mapping:
CO1: The students are expected to
Apply the knowledge of fundamentals of mathematics and electronic engineering in designing the feedback amplifiers and
sinusoidal oscillators [PO1]
Analyze the feedback amplifiers and sinusoidal oscillators to evaluate the performance by measuring parameters. [PO2]
Design solutions for feedback amplifiers and sinusoidal oscillators [PO3]
Conduct investigations of designed feedback amplifiers and sinusoidal oscillators [PO4]
Practice Ethics in the laboratory by exhibiting punctuality, dress code, decent behavior, careful handling of the equipment
and sincere towards observation/record writing. [PO8]
Individual and team work must be exhibited by the students by maintaining harmony with the batch mates, for the
cooperative way of learning. [PO9]
Communication skills must be exhibited by the students during viva (oral) and record submission (written) [PO10]

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CO2: The students are expected to
Apply the knowledge of basics of mathematics in deriving the frequency response power amplifiers and tuned voltage
amplifiers. [PO1].
Analyze the performance of given tuned voltage amplifier in different frequency bands and find efficiency percentage of
power amplifiers. [PO2].
Design solutions for power amplifiers and tuned voltage amplifiers [PO3]
Conduct investigations of designed power amplifiers and tuned voltage amplifiers [PO4]
Practice Ethics in the laboratory by exhibiting punctuality, dress code, decent behavior, careful handling of the equipment
and sincere towards observation/record writing. [PO8]
Individual and team work must be exhibited by the students by maintaining harmony with the batch mates, for the
cooperative way of learning. [PO9]
Communication skills must be exhibited by the students during viva (oral) and record submission (written) [PO10]
CO3: The students are expected to
Apply the knowledge of engineering basics to solve the parameters of differential amplifier using BJTs [PO1]
Analyze the parameters of differential amplifier using BJTs.[PO2]
Design solutions for the differential amplifier using BJTs [PO3]
Conduct investigations of designed differential amplifier using BJTs [PO4]
Practice Ethics in the laboratory by exhibiting punctuality, dress code, decent behavior, careful handling of the equipment
and sincere towards observation/record writing. [PO8]
Individual and team work must be exhibited by the students by maintaining harmony with the batch mates, for the
cooperative way of learning. [PO9]
Communication skills must be exhibited by the students during viva (oral) and record submission (written) [PO10]
CO4: The students are expected to
Apply the knowledge of engineering fundamentals, to design & analyze the amplifier circuits using op-amps. [PO1]
Analyze the response of the amplifier circuits using op-amps. [PO2]
Design solutions for the amplifier circuits using op-amps [PO3]
Conduct investigations of designed the amplifier circuits using op-amps [PO4]
Practice Ethics in the laboratory by exhibiting punctuality, dress code, decent behavior, careful handling of the equipment
and sincere towards observation/record writing. [PO8]
Individual and team work must be exhibited by the students by maintaining harmony with the batch mates, for the
cooperative way of learning. [PO9]
Communication skills must be exhibited by the students during viva (oral) and record submission (written) [PO10]
CO5: The students are expected to
Apply the knowledge of electric network circuits fundamentals in designing the applications circuits using op-amp.[PO1]
Analyze the application circuits using op-amp to evaluate the circuit parameters, and to design the applications circuits using
op-amp.[PO2]
Design solutions for the applications circuits using op-amp [PO3]
Conduct investigations of designed application circuits using op-amp [PO4]
Practice Ethics in the laboratory by exhibiting punctuality, dress code, decent behavior, careful handling of the equipment
and sincere towards observation/record writing. [PO8]
Individual and team work must be exhibited by the students by maintaining harmony with the batch mates, for the
cooperative way of learning. [PO9]
Communication skills must be exhibited by the students during viva (oral) and record submission (written) [PO10]

Justification of Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Specific Outcomes:

CO1- Students are expected to exhibit the skill to analyze negative feedback amplifiers, sinusoidal oscillators, power amplifiers
CO2 and tuned voltage amplifiers.
CO3- Students are expected to analyze the response of differential amplifier using BJTs, amplifier circuits using op-amps and the
CO5 applications circuits using op-amp.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Total marks for each student to evaluate in lab: 100 marks

Out of 100 marks:
a. External exam Evaluation: 50 marks
b. Internal Evaluation: 50 marks
Internal exam: 25 marks
Evaluation in Lab: 25 marks

EXTERNAL EXAMS (50 Marks)

S.No. Lab exam assessment Marks allotted
1. Write Up-Aim, apparatus, Circuit diagram 05
2. Procedure 05
3. Tabular columns , Theoretical calculations(if 05
any),Formulas
4. Model graphs & precautions 05
5. Performance 10
6. Results & graph 10
7. Viva 10
TOTAL MARKS 50
INTERNAL EVALUATION (50 Marks)
1. Internal Exam at the end of semester(Marks 25
division same as above)
2. Evaluation in lab
Observation(write up for every experiment) 5
Viva (viva in every lab) 5
Record 10
Aim & apparatus-1mark 25
Circuit diagram and procedure-3 marks
Theory-3 marks
Calculations and tables-2 marks
Result-1marks
Attendance 5
>90% - 5 marks
>80% - 90% - 4 marks
>75% - 80% - 3 marks
>=66% - 75% -2 marks
<66% - No Marks
Total marks: 50

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, BheemunipatnamMandal, Visakhapatnam District
RUBRICS
( ECA-II Laboratory)
S.No Performance Indicator Excellent Good Average Poor performance
>80% to ≤100% >60% to ≤80% >40% to ≤60% ≤40%

1. An ability to identify, Able to apply the Shows nearly complete Unable to apply the Poor knowledge on
formulate and solve concepts of electronic understanding of concept of electronic electronics concept.
Electronic Circuit analysis circuits to solve given concepts of electronics in circuits in solving
problems with basic problem statement. problem solving. problems effectively. Developed design
electronics knowledge contains many
and to design/analyse Able to Develop a Developed a design Developed the design errors.
and conduct experiments design Strategy, Strategy, analyzed the strategy with Guidance
as well as interpret data analyze the circuit as circuit with some and unable to analyze Unable to recollect
as an individual or with an individual or with a guidance. the circuit properly. the theoretical
a team.(Based on team. knowledge with
Observation)(5M) Must be assisted in More Guidance is need to practical problem
(PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, Able to relate integrating Previous integrating previous solving.
PO9) theoretical concepts knowledge and relating knowledge.
with practical problem theoretical concepts to Unable to use the
solving. problem solving. Incorrect use of modern tool/or
computer tool software components.
Able to use modern Ability to use the modern and/or incorrect usage
tool and/or discrete tool and/or discrete of components and
components effectively components is less equipment to generate
to produce desired and/or need guidance to desired output.
output. know the usage of
components and
equipment.
2. An ability to communicate Able to listen carefully Able to listen carefully Able to listen carefully Unable to listen
effectively when and able to describe and presents key and less knowledge on carefully and
employing oral the purpose of the elements of oral purpose of doing unable to describe
communications. experiments and its presentation on purpose experiments and its the purpose of
(Based on viva) (5M). scope. of doing experiment and scope. doing experiment
(PO10) its scope. And few desired and relevant
Able to plan and information is missing. theoretical
deliver a well- information clearly.
organized oral
presentation on
purpose of doing
experiment and its
scope.
3. Graduates to acquire the Report is presented Report is presented good Report is presented with Report contains
ability to communicate very neatly and used and used good poor organization of the many errors and
effectively when very good professional professional writing style content. having inadequate
employing written writing style with the with the professional information.
Communications by professional code of code of ethics.
following the ethical ethics.
principle of report Used graphs, tables and
writing. (10M) Used graphs, tables diagrams to support
and diagrams to points, interpret and
(PO8,PO10) support points, assess information. Few
interpret and assess desired information is
information. missing in the report.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District

ABOUT THE LAB

In ECA-I Lab students will be able to study and analyses the basic electronic devices like diodes,
BJTs, JFETs, Half-wave & full-wave rectifiers. Rectifiers are introduced and their performances
with different types of filters are observed and basic amplifiers. With this knowledge students
will be able to do mini-projects with the help of diodes and transistors

In ECA-II lab students will be able to analyze and design different linear and non-linear
waveforms with different time constants and different types of inputs. Design, analysis and
voltage regulators circuits will be done and understand the principles and parameters of different
amplifiers, oscillators and to study the characteristics of OP-AMP by measuring various
parameters. With this knowledge students will be able to do mini-projects with the help of
amplifiers and Oscillators.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District

LIST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT IN EDC-I LABORATORY

SL.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT MAKE QUANTITY

1. 20 MHz, 25MHz & 30MHz DUAL SCIENTECH/SCIENTIFIC/ 16
TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE CADDO/FALCON
2. 1 MHz FUNCTION GENERATOR SCIENTECH/SCIENTIFIC/ 18
WITH DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTRONICS/ FUTURE TECH/
METRAVI/APLAB
3. TRPS 0-30V, 2A DUAL CHANNEL ITL HYD/FALCON 26

4. TRPS 0-30V, 2A SINGLE CHANNEL ITL HYD 10

5. AC MICRO VOLTMETER SYSTRONICS 10

6. 5KVA SERVO CONTROLLED ITL 01

STABILIZER

7. BENCH TOP DIGITAL MULTIMETER METRAVI/APLAB 23

TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF THE LABORATORY (including consumables):Rs. 17,19,646/-

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
District

EDC-I LABORATORY

Do’s

1. Be punctual and regular to the laboratory.

2. Maintain Discipline all the time and obey the instructions.

3. Check the connections properly before turning ON the circuit.

4. Turn OFF the circuit immediately if you see any component heating.

5. Dismount all the components and wires before returning the kit.

6. Any failure / break-down of equipment must be reported to the faculty

Don’ts

1. Don’t touch live electric wires.

2. Don’t turn ON the circuit unless it is completed.

3. Avoid making loose connections.

4. Don’t leave the lab without permission.

5. Do not handle any equipment without reading the instructions/Instruction manuals

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 1. CURRENT SERIES AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To obtain the frequency response characteristics of a Current Series amplifier with and
without feedback and Obtain the bandwidth.

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
Resistors 1kΩ,4.7k,8.2k 1 No
Resistors 2.2k,33k,10K 1 No
Capacitors 10µF 3 No ,
Transistors BC107 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :-
Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K
10uf
C
2.2K 1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K 1K 10K
FREQ = 1k
Vs

CURRENT SERIES AMPLIFIER WIT H FEEDBACK

Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K
10uf
C
2.2K 1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K
FREQ = 1k 10uf 10K
Vs 1K
Ce

CURRENT SERIES AMPLIFIER WIT HOUT FEEDBACK

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PROCEDURE :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A 10V supply is given to the circuit.
3. The circuit is connected for with feedback, i.e., without bypass capacitor.
4. A certain amplitude of input signal is kept constant using signal generator and for different
frequencies, the output voltage from CRO are noted.
5. Now, the circuit is connected for without feedback i.e., with bypass capacitor C E and RE in
the circuit.
6. By keeping the input signal constant, the output voltage for different frequencies are noted.
7. Gain for with and without feedback is calculated using

Gain = 20 log Vo / Vi (dB)

Where Vo is output voltage, Vi is input voltage.

TABULAR FORM : WITH FEEDBACK Vi =

Voltage
INPUT O/P Voltage(Vo) Gain in dB =
gain
FREQUENCY (Hz) (V) 20 log AV
AV=Vo/Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

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WITHOUT FEEDBACK: Vi =

Voltage
O/P VOLTAGE
INPUT
(Vo)
gain Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) AV=Vo/Vi 20 log AV

100 fl
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

MODEL GRAPH :

Av Without fl
-3dB
Avf feedback
Gain in -3dB
With
dB feedback

flf fl fh fhf

f(Hz)

Bandwidth= fl-fh
GRAPH:
A graph is plotted between gain (dB) and frequency (Hz) for both with and without feedback.

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be made with proper polarity.

2. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
feedback A.
A. Af =A /(1+Aβ)
2. Define negative feedback.
A. The amout of feedback applied is subtracted from the input to get negative feedback.
3. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
A. High BW,less noise,less distortion,gain stability
4. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a current shunt feedback amplifier
A. Rif = Ri/(1+Aβ), Rof =Ro(1+Aβ)

RESULT:
The frequency response characteristics of current series amplifier with & with out feed back
and bandwidth are obtained.

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 2. PARAMETERS CALCULATION OF A CURRENT SERIES
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To calculate the input impedance, output impedance and voltage gain of current series
feedback
amplifier with and without feedback
APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
Resistors 1kΩ,4.7k,8.2k 1 No
Resistors 2.2k,33k,10K 1 No
Capacitors 10µF 3 No ,
Transistors BC107 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

Theory:
An amplifiers impedance value is particularly important for analysis especially when
cascading individual amplifier stages together one after another to minimise distortion
of the signal.
The input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance “seen” by the source
driving the input of the amplifier. If it is too low, it can have an adverse loading effect
on the previous stage and possibly affecting the frequency response and output signal
level of that stage. But in most applications, common emitter and common collector
amplifier circuits generally have high input impedances.
Output and Input Impedance Model

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19
Where, VS is the signal voltage, RS is the internal resistance of the signal source, and RLis the
load resistance connected across the output. We can expand this idea further by looking at how
the amplifier is connected to the source and load.
When an amplifier is connected to a signal source, the source “sees” the input impedance, Zin of
the amplifier as a load. Likewise, the input voltage, Vin is what the amplifier sees across the
input impedance, Zin. Then the amplifiers input can be modelled as a simple voltage divider
circuit as shown.

Amplifier Input Circuit Model

The same idea applies for the output impedance of the amplifier. When a load
resistance, RL is connected to the output of the amplifier, the amplifier becomes the
source feeding the load. Therefore, the output voltage and impedance automatically
becomes the source voltage and source impedance for the load as shown.

Amplifier Output Circuit Model

Then we can see that the input and output characteristics of an amplifier can both be modelled
as a simple voltage divider network. The amplifier itself can be connected inCommon
Emitter (emitter grounded), Common Collector (emitter follower) or inCommon
Base configurations. In this tutorial we will look at the bipolar transistor connected in a common
emitter configuration seen previously.

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20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :-
Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K
10uf
C
2.2K 1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K 1K 10K
FREQ = 1k
Vs

CURRENT SERIES AMPLIFIER WIT H FEEDBACK

Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K
10uf
C
2.2K 1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K
FREQ = 1k 10uf 10K
Vs 1K
Ce

CURRENT SERIES AMPLIFIER WIT HOUT FEEDBACK

Theoretical Calculations:

Calculation of hie= hfex re

hfe= using multimeter calculate hfe value for the given transistor

re= 26mV/IE

IE=VE/RE(calculate drop across RE using multimeter for DC bias circuit)

Input impedancae without Feedback:

𝑍𝐼𝑁 = 𝑅1 ∕∕ 𝑅2 ∕∕ ℎ𝑖𝑒

Output impedancae without Feedback:

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21
 𝑍𝑂 = 𝑅𝐶 ∕∕ 𝑅𝐿

Voltage gain without feedback:

𝑍
𝐴𝑉 = −ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑍 𝑂
𝐼𝑁

Input impedancae with Feedback:

𝑍𝐼𝑁 = 𝑅1 ∕∕ 𝑅2 ∕∕ (ℎ𝑖𝑒 + (1 + ℎ𝑓𝑒)𝑅𝑒 )

Output impedancae with Feedback:

𝑍𝑂 = 𝑅𝐶 ∕∕ 𝑅𝐿

Voltage gain with feedback:

𝑍𝑂
𝐴𝑉 = −ℎ𝑓𝑒
𝑍𝐼𝑁

Practical Observations(with and without feedback):

VIN= ___V(using CRO)

𝑽𝑰𝑵
𝒁𝑰𝑵 = 𝑹𝒔 [ ]
𝑽𝑺 −𝑽𝑰𝑵

VL= ___V(using CRO)

VNL= ___V(using CRO)
𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑳
𝒁𝑶 = 𝑹𝑳 [ ]
𝑽𝑳
𝑽
𝑨𝑽 = 𝑽 𝑳
𝑰𝑵

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. With out input source, Ce and load i.e in DC
bias
2. A 10V DC supply is given to the circuit for biasing
3. Calculate emitter voltage across Re and find emitter current Ie
4. Circuit is connected as per circuit diagram without feedback i.e., without Ce.
5. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mV) is kept constant using the function at a constant
frequency of 1KHz

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22
6. Note down the VIN ,VL , VNL using CRO
7. Now the Circuit is connected as per circuit diagram with feedback i.e keeping Ce
8. Note down the VIN ,VL , VNL using CRO
9. Calculate input impedance ZIN ,output impedance ZO ,and voltage gain AV and compare with
theoretical values.

PRECAUTIONS :
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Avoid parallax error while taking readings.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
feedback
A. Af=A/(1+Aβ)
2. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
A. High BW, less noise, less distortion, gain stability
2. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a Current series feedback amplifier
A. Rif = Ri (1+Aβ), Rof =Ro (1+Aβ)
3. What are the types of feedback amplifiers.
A. Voltage shunt, current shunt, current series, voltage series feedback amplifiers.

RESULT:
The input impedance ZIN ,output impedance ZO ,and voltage gain AV with & with out
feedback are calculated and compared theoretically.

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23
 3. VOLTAGE SHUNT AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of a voltage shunt feedback(with and without)
amplifier and obtain the bandwidth

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No

Resistors 1kΩ,4.7k,8.2k 1 No
Resistors 2.2k,33k,10K,2.7K 1 No
Capacitors 10µF 3 No ,
Transistors BC107 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :
Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K

2.7K 10uf

2.2K 1Ouf C

B BC107A
E

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K
FREQ = 1k 1K 10K
Vs 10uf

VOLT AGE SHUNT AMPLIFIER WITH FEEDBACK

Vcc = 10V

33K 4.7K
10uf
C
2.2K 1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL = 20mV Vo (CRO)

8.2K
FREQ = 1k 10uf 10K
Vs 1K
Ce

VOLT AGE SHUNT AMPLIFIER WITHOUT FEEDBACK

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24
 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A 10V DC supply is given to the circuit for biasing.
3. The circuit is connected without feedback i.e., without RF
4. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mV) is kept constant using the function
generator and for different frequencies the output voltage from CRO are noted.
5. Now, the circuit is connected with feedback i.e., with RF.
6. By keeping the input signal constant the output voltages for different frequencies are
noted from CRO.
7. Gain with and without feedback is calculated from the formula

Gain = 20 log Vo / Vi (dB)

Where Vo is output voltage, Vi is input voltage.

TABULAR FORM :

WITH FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo)
20 log Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

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25
WITHOUT FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo)
20 log Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

MODEL GRAPH :

Av Without fl
-3dB
Avf feedback
Gain in -3dB
With
dB feedback

flf fl fh fhf

f(Hz)

Bandwidth= fl-fh

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26
GRAPH : A graph is plotted between gain (dB) and frequency(Hz)
which is frequency response of voltage shunt feedback
amplifier for without feedback and with feedback.

PRECAUTIONS :
3. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
4. Avoid parallax error while taking readings.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
feedback A.
A. Af=A/(1+Aβ)
2. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
A. High BW, less noise, less distortion, gain stability
3. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a voltage shunt feedback amplifier
A. Rif = Ri/(1+Aβ), Rof =Ro/(1+Aβ)
4. What are the types of feedback amplifiers.
A. Voltage shunt, current shunt, current series, voltage series feedback amplifiers.

RESULT:
The frequency response of the given voltage shunt amplifier with & with out feedback are
obtained .

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27
 4. COLPITTS OSCILATOR
AIM:
To determine the frequency of oscillations of the Colpitts Oscillator.

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Inductor 0.33mH 1 No
Resistors 10kΩ, 22kΩ, 100kΩ 1 No
Capacitors 100µF, 330pF 1 No
Capacitors 10µF 2 No,
Transistors BC107 1 No.
Potentiometer 10K 1 No
DCB 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vcc = +10V

R1 (10K) Rc (22K)

Cc(10uf)

C
Q3
Cs (10uf)
B
BC 107
E

CRO
R2 (10K) Re
(Pot) 100ohms Ce (100uf)

C1 (330pf) C2 (DCB)

L (0.33mH)

COLPIT TS OSCILLATOR
:

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28
 PROCEDURE :
1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure.
2. The capacitor C1 is kept constant and C2 is up to some value.
3. The resistor R2 is adjusted until sinusoidal waveform is observed on the CRO.
4. Then the time period and hence the frequency are Calculated which is nearly equal to the
theoretical frequency.
5. The theoretical and practical values of frequency are verified using the formula.
fo = 1 / 2П √ LCeq where Ceq = C1C2
C1+C2
fo practical = 1 /T (Hz) T = Time period.
6. The experiment is repeated for different values of C2 and each time the time period is noted.

TABULARFORM :

CAPACITANCE Theoretical T
INDUCTANCE f=1/T Amplitude
S.NO. fo=1/2П √ LCeq (Sec) (V)
(L) (Hz)
C1 C2 Ceq (kHz)

1. 0.33mH 330pf 330pf

2. 0.33mH 330pf 470pf

3. 0.33mH 330pf 570pf

MODEL GRAPH :

Amplitude(V)

Time(sec)

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29
PRECAUTIONS :

1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

2. The sinusoidal waveform obtained must be distortion.
3. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

QUESTIONS:
1. What type of feedback is used in oscillators.
A. Positive feedback
2. Define tank circuit.
A. It is the circuit which generates oscillations in the oscillator using tank circuit
components.
3. What is barkhausen condition.
A. i. loop gain |Aβ|=1 ii. Total phase shift = 360° or 0°
4. Why LC oscillators cannot be used as a audio frequency oscillators.
A. At audio frequency range 1.e at low frequency the inductor size becomes bulky.

RESULT: The frequency of the oscillations of colpitts oscillator is determined .

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30
 5. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To determine the frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator.

APPARATUS:
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Inductor 100µH 1 No
Resistors 10kΩ, 22kΩ, 100kΩ 1 No
Capacitors 100µF, 0.01µF 1 No
Capacitors 330pF 2 No,
Transistors BC107 1 No.
Potentiometer 10K 1 No
DIB 2 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Vcc = +10V

R1 (10K) Rc(22K)

Cc (330pf)
C
Q2
Cs (0.01uf)
B BC 107

R2 (10K) (Pot) Re Ce (100uf) CRO

100ohms
3mH DIB

L1 L2

C (330pf)

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

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31
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The inductor ‘L2’ is up to some value, keeping inductor ‘L1’ constant
3. The potentiometer ‘R2’ is adjusted until sinusoidal waveform is observed on CRO.
4. The time period and hence the frequency are
calculated for the wave obtained which is nearly
equal to the theoretical frequency.
5. The theoretical and practical values of frequency are verified using the formula.
fo = 1 / 2П √ LeqC where Leq = L1+L2
fo practical = 1 /T (Hz) T = Time period
6.The experiment is repeated for different values of ‘L2’ and each time the time period is
noted .

TABULAR FORM :

Inductance Theoretical Time PRACTICAL Amplitude

C
L1 L2 Leq =L1+ L2 f = 1 /2П√Leq C T (Sec) f = 1 /T (Hz) (V)

470pf 3mH 3mH

470pf 3mH 4mH

470pf 3mH 5mH

MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude(V)

Time(sec)

GRAPH :
A graph is plotted between time period on x-axis and amplitude on y-axis to obtained a
sinusoidal waveform at a particular value of L2.

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32
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Avoid loose contacts.
2. Avoid wrong connections.

QUESTIONS:
1. What type of feedback is used in oscillators.
A. Positive feedback
2. What are the types of oscillator.
A. Sinusoidal oscillators and relaxation oscillators
3. What is barkhausen condition.
A. i. loop gain |Aβ|=1 ii. Total phase shift = 360° or 0°
4. Why LC oscillators cannot be used as a audio frequency oscillators.
A. At audio frequency range 1.e at low frequency the inductor size becomes bulky.
5. What is the other name for LC and RC oscillators and its ranges of frequency.
A. LC are also called as Radio frequency oscillators(range= 20KHz to 100MHz)
RC are also called as audio frequency oscillators (range=20Hz to 20 KHz)
RESULT:
The frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator is determined.

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33
 6. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILATOR
AIM:
To find the frequency of oscillations of the RC phase shift oscillator and to
measure the phase shift of each section of the RC network.

APPARATUS:
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Resistors 33kΩ,8.2kΩ,4kΩ 1 No
Resistors 2.2kΩ, 2.7kΩ,10KΩ 1 No
Resistors 4.7kΩ 2 No
Capacitors 0.01µF 3 No
Capacitors 4.7µF 1 No
Transistors BC107 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Vcc = +10V

Rc (4K )
R1(33K)
0.01uf 0.01uf 0.01uf
O B C D

C
B BC 107

Ce CRO
R2 (8.2K) Re (2.2K) 4.7K 4.7K 2.7K
4.7uf

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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34
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. observe the output waveform at ‘0’ on CRO which is sinusoidal.
3. Now, the CRO probe is changed to position ‘B’ such that the output waveform at B is
observed on CRO, which is shifted by 60o w.r.t. ‘0’
4. The output waveform at ‘C’ is observed on CRO, which is shifted by 120o w.r.t. ‘0’.
5. The output waveform at ‘D’ is observed on CRO,which is shifted by 180o w.r.t. ‘0’.
6. Theoretically the frequency of oscillations is calculated by the formula,
f=1/2‫ח‬RC√6+4K, K = RC / R

Practically the time period ‘T’ on CRO is noted and frequency f = 1/T is
calculated.

7. A graph is plot for phase and amplitude locating the phase shift observed on CRO at
different positions of (B,C,D).

TABULAR FORM :

RC Position Lissajous x1 x2 θ=Sin-1 T f0 (Hz) Amplitude ∆t

(KΩ) w.r.t Pattern (x1 /x 2) (Sec) Theoretical (V) (sec)
Collector

4K B

LISSAZEOUS PATTERN:

Y Major Axis

x2
x1

x1
x2

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35
MODEL GRAPH : OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
at O
Amp(V) at B

∆t
Time(sec)

Amp(V) at O
at C

∆t Time(sec)

Amp(V)
at O
at D

∆t Time(sec)

PRECAUTIONS :
1. The readings are to be noted down without parallax error.
2.Wrong connections should be avoided.

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36
QUESTIONS:

1. How the Barkhausen Criteria is satisfied in the RC phase-shift oscillator?

A. To satisfy total phase shift 360°,each RC section gives 60° i.e 60°x 3=360°
2. How do you vary the frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator?
A. By changing R and C components and again designing the circuit with changed
components to get the new frequency.
3. What is the maximum phase-shift that can be obtained by a single RC section?
A. 60°
4. What is the frequency range that can be obtained by the RC phase shift oscillator?
A. Audio range=20Hz to 20KHz
5. What is the need of lissazeous pattern.
A. To find the phase angle of each RC section

RESULT: The frequency of oscillations of a phase shift oscillator is found and phase
shift of each section of the RC network( in Lissazeous pattern) is measured.

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37
 7. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM: To obtain the frequency of oscillations of a Wein Bridge oscillator.

APPARATUS:

Power supply(2 channel) 0-30V 1No.

CRO 20MHz 1No.
Resistors 10KΩ 1 No
Resistors 4.7kΩ 2 No
DCB 2 No
potentiometer 10KΩ 1 No
Op-amp LM 741 IC 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

7 +15

2 -
6 V0
3 +
10K 10K POT
LM741
4
-15 4.7K 4.7K

DCB

WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR DCB

PIN DIAGRAM :

OFFSET 1 8 NC

INV 2 7 +VCC
LM741
Op-amp
NINV 3 6 O/P

4 5 OFFSET
-VCC

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38
PROCEDURE :

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The two capacitances are varied by using variable capacitance box.
3. The output wave is observed on the CRO.
4. The time period of the wave for each value of capacitor is noted.
5. The frequency of the wave is calculated from the time period using the formula f = 1/T
6. Theoretical frequency is calculated by using the formula
f = 1/√2ПR1R2C1C2
7. Compare the practical and theoretical values.

TABULAR FORM :

C Time Practical Amplitude

R1 = R2 Theoretical(Hz) Output
C1 C2 Period f = 1/T (V)
(Ω) f = 1/√2ПR1R2C1C2 voltage(v)
T (Sec) (Hz)

4.7K 3nf 3nf

4.7K 4nf 4nf

4.7K 5nf 5nf

MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude(V)

Time(sec)

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39
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Connections should be made properly and the output should be a proper sine wave, such that
the time period and amplitude may be obtained accurately.

QUESTIONS:

1. What determines the frequency of oscillations?

A. The R and C components of the bridge circuit.
2. What is the frequency range of oscillations?
A. Audio range=20Hz to 20KHz
3. When frequency of oscillations occur in oscillator.
A. When bridge is balanced.

RESULT
The frequency of oscillations of Wein bridge oscillator is Determined.

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40
 8. EFFICIENCY OF CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
AIM: To calculate the efficiency of a Class-A power amplifier and compare with theoretical
value.

APPARATUS:
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
voltmeter 1 No
Transistors CL-100 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

THEORY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Vcc = 4V

1.8k 8.2K

C
1Ouf
B BC107A

VAMPL Vo (CRO)
1.8K
FREQ = 1k
Vs

40 | P a g e

41
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

= 25%

PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure

2. An input voltage of 1V and a frequency of 1KHz is applied with the help of signal
generator
3. Observe the output undistorted waveform
4. Note the Vpp value
5. Using multimeter calculate the voltage across Rc and calculate the current Ic in RL
6. Now calculate the practical efficiency using formula given
7. Compare the practical efficiency and theriotical efficiency.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose and wrong connections must be avoided.
2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.

QUESTIONS:

1. In what way the design features of power transistors different from small signal
transistors?
2. What is the basis for the classification of power amplifiers? Mention different types of
power amplifiers?
3. What reasons will you assign for higher conversion efficiency of Class B amplifier as
compared to Class A amplifier?

RESULT: Calculated the efficiency of a Class-A power amplifier and compared with
theoretical value.

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42
 9. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS CLASS – B PUSH
PULL AMPLIFIER
AIM: To obtain the Load and power Characteristics of a Class-B push pull amplifier.

APPARATUS:
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
AC micro voltmeter 1 No
Resistors 10kΩ 2 No
DRB 1 No
Capacitors 4.7µF 2 No
diodes 1N4007 2 No.
Transistors CK-100,CL-100 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Vcc = +10V

R1 (10K)

1 NPN
T1 CL 100

Cs (4.7uf) 1N4007 Ce (4.7uf)

1
2

1N4007
PNP
2 T2 CK 100
1V Vo
Vs AC micro voltmeter
1KHz
DRB
R2 (10K)

CLASS A PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER

PROCEDURE :
1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure.
2. An input voltage of 20V and a frequency of 1KHz is applied with the help of signal
generator
3. The load RL is varied from 10K to 10Ω with the help of decade resistance box and
each time the output voltage is noted from AC micro voltmeter.
4. The power, Po = Vo2 / RL is calculated in each case and a graph is plot between Po and
RL is drawn.
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43
 .
TABULARFORM : I/P VOLTAGE, Vi = 20V,1KHz

Po = Vo2 / RL
RL (Ω) VO (Volts)
(Watts)

10KΩ
To
10Ω

MODEL GRAPH :

Po(Watt)

RL(Ω)

PRECAUTIONS :
1. Loose and wrong connections must be avoided.
2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.

QUESTIONS:
1. Define class-B amplifier
A. The output current flows only for the half of the input signal
2. What are the advantages of class B over class A amplifier.
A. Efficiency of class B(50%) is more than class A(25%)
3. What is cross over distortion.
A. Crossover distortion is the term given to a type of distortion that occurs in push-pull
class AB or class B amplifiers. It happens during the time that one side of the output
stage shuts off, and the other turns on.
4. What is complementary symmetry amplifier.
A. A complimentary-symmetry amplifier is a power output stage using two transistors.
One is an NPN and the other is PNP

RESULT:
Hence the load Characteristics of the given class-B Push pull amplifier.

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44
 10. EFFICIENCY OF CLASS – B PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER

AIM: To calculate the efficiency of a Class-B push pull amplifier and compare with
theoretical value.

APPARATUS:
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
voltmeter 1 No
Transistors CK-100,CL-100 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : +Vcc=+5V

NPN
CL 100

+ PNP
Vs CK 100
10 CRO
V

-Vcc=-5V

Theoretical calculations:

𝑉𝑃 𝜋
𝜂𝑡ℎ = ( ) × ( ) × 100
𝑉𝐶𝐶 4
Practical calculations:

𝑃1
𝜂𝑃𝑅 = ( ) × 100 ;
𝑃2
′ ′′
𝑉𝑝𝑝 1 𝑉𝑜𝑝 𝑉𝑂𝑃
𝑃1 = ( ) × , 𝑃2 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 ( + )
2√2 𝑅𝐿 𝜋𝑅𝐿 𝜋𝑅𝐿

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45
 PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure

2. An input voltage of 2V and a frequency of 1KHz is applied with the help of signal
generator
3. Observe the output waveform with cross over distortion and note the required values
for graph and Vpp voltage
4. Open the pnp transistor and observe the o/p waveform and note down the peak voltage
Vp'
5. Open the NPN transistor and observe the o/p waveform and note down the peak voltage
Vp''
6. Calculate the efficiency and compared with theoretical value

MODEL GRAPHS:

Amplitude(V) Input waveform

Time(sec)

Output waveform

Time(sec)

With NPN
transistor
Vp'

Time(sec)

With PNP
transistor

Time(sec)

Vp''

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46
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Loose and wrong connections must be avoided.
2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.

QUESTIONS:
5. Define class-B amplifier
B. The output current flows only for the half of the input signal
6. What are the advantages of class B over class A amplifier.
B. Efficiency of class B(50%) is more than class A(25%)
7. What is cross over distortion.
B. Crossover distortion is the term given to a type of distortion that occurs in push-pull
class AB or class B amplifiers. It happens during the time that one side of the output
stage shuts off, and the other turns on.
8. What is complementary symmetry amplifier.
B. A complimentary-symmetry amplifier is a power output stage using two transistors.
One is an NPN and the other is PNP

RESULT:
The efficiency of class-B Push pull amplifier is calculated and compared with theoretical value

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 11. TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of tuned voltage amplifier and find the resonant
Frequency and verify it with practical frequency.

APPARATUS:

Power supply 0-30V 1No.

CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No.
Capacitors 10µF 3 No.
Capacitor or DCB 330pF 1 No.
Transistors BC107 1 No.
Resistor 33KΩ,8.2KΩ 1 No.
Resistor 2.2KΩ,1KΩ,10KΩ 1.No.
Inductor or DIB 1H 1 No
Bread board and connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vcc = +10V

L (1H)
R1 (33K) 330pf

Cc (10uf)
C
Cs (10uf)
B
BC 107
E
Rs (2.2K)
10K CRO
R2 (8.2K)
Vs

Re (1K)
Vi = 20mV Ce (10uf)

TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in the figure.
2. A 10V DC supply is given to the circuit for biasing.
3. An input signal of (say 20mV to 30mV) is given from the output of the signal
generator.
4. The output voltage Vo is noted for different values of the
frequencies.
5. In each case the gain is calculated using the formulae
AV = 20 log10 Vo/Vi (dB).

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48
 6. It is observed that at certain frequency the gain obtained is maximum. The
frequency is known as the resonant frequency at which XL = XC and it
approximately

fr (theoretical) = 1 / 2Π√LC

TABULAR FORM : I/P Voltage, Vi =

Frequency (Hz) O/P Voltage, Vo (V) Gain AV = 20 log10 Vo/Vi (dB)

100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

MODEL GRAPH:
AV(max)
}-3dB

Gain in dB

f1 fr f2 Freq in Hz

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49
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. The amplitude of the input voltage must be maintained constant through out the
experiment.
3. Waveforms must be obtained without any distortion.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is resonant frequency.
A. Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at certain
frequencies, known as the resonance frequencies
2. State the conditions which exist during resonance.
A. The impedance of inductor is equal to the impedance of capacitor.
3. Define Quality factor
A. The quality factor or Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-
damped an oscillator or resonator is, or equivalently, characterizes a resonator's
bandwidth relative to its center frequency.
4. Give the relation between Quality factor and bandwidth.
A. Q= fr/ BW
5. What are the applications of tuned voltage amplifier.
A. Radio and TV amplifiers employ tuned amplifiers to select one broadcast channel from
among the many concurrently induced

RESULT:
The frequency response and band width of a tuned Voltage amplifier are obtained .

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 12. MEASUREMENT OF OP – AMP PARAMETERS

AIM : To determine the parameters of operational amplifier.

APPARATUS :

Power supply (2-Channel) 0-30V 1No.

CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No.
Op-amp LM 741IC 1 No.
Digital micro voltmeter 1 No.
Resistor 100KΩ,100Ω,10M Ω 2 No.
Resistor 10KΩ 1No.
CRO Probes 2 No.
Bread board and connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Rf (100K)

R1 (100ohms) +15V
2 _
7 6

LM 741
+
3 4
- 15V
Vo DC Voltmeter

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

R2 (10M)

IB2 2
+15V

_ 7
6
LM 741
IB1 +
3 4
Vo DC Voltmeter
- 15V
R1 (10M)

INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

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 100K

R1 (100ohms) +15V
2 _
7 7
6 6
LM 741
R1 (100ohms)
+ 4
3 Vo (CRO)
- 15V
20V
1KHz
100K

CALCULATION OF CMRR

+15V
2
_ 7 6

LM 741
+
3 4
AFO Vo (CRO )
2V
- 15V
10K
1KHz

SLEW RATE

PROCEDURE:

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE :

1. connect the circuit as shown in diagram (1).
2. A DC voltage of 15V is given.
3. The output voltage Vo is calculated
4. input offset voltage is calculated from the formula,
Vio = Vo
1+(RF / R1)

INPUT OFFSET CURRENT and INPUT BIAS CURRENT :

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram(2).
2. The input bias current and input offset current is calculated by obtaining bias currents,
IB1 & IB2.
3. IB1 is obtained by shorting R2 resistor and the output voltage Vo is measured by a
Dc micro voltmeter.
4. IB1 is obtained by substituting in the formulae
IB1 = Vo / R1
5.. IB2 is obtained by shorting R1 resistor and the output voltage Vo is measured by a
Dc micro voltmeter.
6. .IB2 is obtained by substituting in the formulae.
IB2 = Vo / R2

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 Bias current IB = (IB1) + (IB2)
2
Input offset current, Iio = IB1 ~ IB2

COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO:

1.Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram (3).
2. A DC supply of 15V is given.
3.An input signal of 20V at 1KHz is given from the signal generator.
4. The output voltage Vo is measured from the CRO is calculated by the formula,

CMRR= (1 + RF /R1) (VS /VO)

CMRR(dB)=20log10(CMRR)

SLEW RATE :
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit Diagram (4).
2.A Dc dual supply of 15V is given from the TRPS.
3.An input signal of 2V at 1KHz is given from the signal generator.
4.The frequency is increased gradually and the voltage(2Vm) at which square wave
transforms into triangular wave is noted. The value of frequency is also noted.
5.The slew rate is calculated by the formula.,

Slew Rate(SR) = 2ΠfmVm /106 (V/μ. Sec)

PRECAUTIONS :
1. Loose and wrong connections should be avoided.
2. Readings are to be taken without parallax error.
3. The power should be turned off before making and breaking circuit connections

QUESTIONS:
1. Define Operational amplifier.
A. An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a direct coupled high gain amplifier with
a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output
2. What is virtual ground
A. Virtual ground (or virtual earth) is a node of the circuit that is maintained at a steady
reference potential, without being connected directly to the reference potential.
3. What are the ideal characteristics of op-amp.
A. A=∞,Ri=∞,Ro=0,BW=∞,Vio=0V.

RESULT : The parameters of the given op-amp are determined.

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 13. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF OP – AMP
AIM:
To plot the frequency response characteristics for both inverting and non inverting modes of
the given OP – AMP and to obtain its bandwidth.
APPARATUS:

Power supply (2-Channel) 0-30V 1No.

CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No.
Op-amp LM 741 1 No.
Resistor 10KΩ,1KΩ 2 No.
CRO Probes 2 No.
Bread board and connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Rf (10K)

R1 (1K) +15V
2
_ 7 6
LM 741
Vs +
20mV 4
3
AFO Vo (CRO)
- 15V

INVERTING MODE

Rf (10K)

R1 (1K) +15V
_2 7
6
LM 741
+ 4
3 Vo (CRO)
Vs
20mV - 15V
AFO

NON – INVERTING MODE

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PIN DIAGRAM:

OFFSET 1 8 NC

INV 2 7 +VCC
LM741
Op-amp
NINV 3 6 O/P

4 5 OFFSET
-VCC

PROCEDURE :
1. The circuit is connected as shown in circuit diagram (1) in inverting mode.
2. A 15V dual supply is given to the op amp from TRPS
3. Now an input voltage of (Say 20mV to 30mV) is given from the signal generator.
4. By varying the frequency, the output voltage Vo is noted from the CRO for different values
of frequencies up to 1MHz.
5. For each value, the gain is calculated by the formula,
AV = 20 log Vo / Vi dB.
6. Now the circuit diagram (2) is connected in non-inverting mode and the above
procedure is repeated.
7. It is observed that the gain (AV) of an op amp is greater in non inverting mode
compared to that in inverting mode.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

For Inverting mode:

AV=-Rf/R1
AV(db)=20log10(AV)

For Non-Inverting mode:

AV=(1+(Rf/R1))
AV(db)=20log10(AV)

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TABULAR FORM :

INVERTING MODE : Vi =

GAIN AV = 20 log Vo / Vi
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE Vo (V) (dB)

100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

NON INVERTING MODE : Vi =

GAIN AV = 20 log Vo / Vi
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE Vo (V) (dB)

100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k

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 70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

MODEL GRAPH :

Non-inv mode
AVmax(Ninv)
}-3dB
AVmax(inv) Inv mode
}-3dB

Gain in
dB

fh fh
Freq in Hz

Bandwidth ≈ fh
GRAPH:
A graph is plotted between voltage gain (dB) and frequency (Hz) both for inverting and
non inverting amplifiers.

PREACAUTION:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. The output signal should be free from distortions.
3. Avoid parallax error while taking readings from CRO.

QUESTIONS:
1. Why response of Op-amp starts from constant.
A. As Op-Amp is a direct coupled amplifier there is no coupling capacitor
2. What are the types of packages for op-amp.
A. Flat pack, metal can pack etc.
3. What are the applications of op-amp
A. Summer, scaling, log amplifier etc.

RESULT :
The frequency response characteristics of the given Op-amp in both inverting & non
inverting modes are Obtained.

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57
 14. GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT OF OP – AMP
AIM: To find bandwidth without plotting frequency response graph and to prove the gain BW
product is constant in inverting modes of the given OP – AMP

APPARATUS:

Power supply (2-Channel) 0-30V 1No.

CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No.
Op-amp LM 741 1 No.
Resistor 10KΩ,1KΩ 2 No.
CRO Probes 2 No.
Bread board and connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Rf

R1 (1K) +15V
2
_ 7 6
LM 741
Vs +
20mV 3 4
AFO Vo (CRO)
- 15V

INVERTING MODE

PIN DIAGRAM:

OFFSET 1 8 NC

INV 2 7 +VCC
LM741
Op-amp
NINV 3 6 O/P

4 5 OFFSET
-VCC

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58
 PROCEDURE :
1. The circuit is connected as shown in circuit diagram (1) in inverting mode.
2. A 15V dual supply is given to the op amp from TRPS
3. Now an input voltage of (Say 20mV to 30mV) is given from the signal generator and a
frequency of 1KHz
4. For any value of Rf, the output voltage Vo is noted from the CRO and calculate the gain and
compare with theoretical values
5. For each value, the gain is calculated by the formula,
AV = 20 log Vo / Vi dB.
6. Find the Vo/√2 value and observe/set this value in CRO by increasing the frequency
in function generator .Then note the corresponding frequency which is BW
7. Calculate the GBW product
8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 for different values of Rf
9. t is observed that the gain bandwidth product is constant for any value of Rf.

TABULAR FORM :

Rf(Ω) O/P Voltage(Vo) Vo/√𝟐 value Av=Vo/Vin Av(dB)= 20 log Bandwidth GBW product
Vo / Vi
10K

22K

30K

PREACAUTION:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. The output signal should be free from distortions.
3. Avoid parallax error while taking readings from CRO.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the relation between Gain and Bandwidth.
a. Gain and BW are inversely proportional to each other
2. What is the gain of inverting amplifier and Non-inverting amplifier
a. Af=-(Rf/R1)-INV , Af=(1+Rf/R1)-NON-INV
3. What are the blocks of op-amp
a. Input stage-Dual Input Dual Output DA, Intermediate stage-Dual input Unbalanced
output DA, Level Shifting, Output Stage.

RESULT :
The BW is calculated for different values of Rf and proved that GBW product is constant.

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59
 15. BJT Differential Amplifier

AIM: To determine the gain and CMRR of a BJT differential amplifier and to prove that
CMRR improves with the increase in RE.

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
Resistors 47kΩ, 3 No
Resistors 50kΩ,100kΩ 1 No
Transistors BC107 2 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

THEORY:
The differential amplifier, or differential pair, is an essential building block in all integrated
amplifiers.In general, the input stage of any analog integrated circuit with more than one input
consists of a differential pair or differential amplifier. The basic differential pair circuit consists
of two-matched transistors Q1andQ2 , whose emitters are joined together and biased a constant
current source I as shown in Figure 1. The operation mode of the differential amplifier is defined
according to the type of the input signal, for example large or small input signal, polarity of the
input signals. Three important characteristics of the differential input stage are: the common-
mode rejection ratio CMRR, the input differential resistance id R , and the differential-mode gain
Ad

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60
THE DIFFERENTIAL –MODE GAIN

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61
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Build the differential amplifier shown in Figure with Re=50kΩ

2. Before applying Function Generator input, make sure that you have the minimum
voltageunder -40 dB attenuation with 1 kHz frequency!! (First press -20 dB ATT
button, and also pull -20 dB knob located on the right hand side.)
3. Now apply a input of 100mv at any one input VB1 or VB2 This configuration is called as
Differential mode input signal
4. 3. By connecting Ch1 to the output of the amplifier V02 (Collector Voltage)Measure the
peak-to-peak values and Calculate the
differential gain Ad= Vo2/Vs

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62
 5. Modify the circuit connections as follows: disconnect the ground connection at point
VB2 and connect this point to VB1. This circuit configuration is known as differential
amplifier with a common-mode input signal.
6. By connecting Ch1 to the output of the amplifier V02 (Collector Voltage) Measure the
peak-to-peak values and Calculate the
Common mode gain Ac= Vo2/Vc
7. Calculate CMRR= Ad/Ac and in dB CMRRdB = 20 log10(Ad /Ac)
8. Repeat the steps 3 to 6 for different value of Re=100kΩ and find CMRR
9. Observe that with increasing Re value CMRR improves.

TABULAR FORM:

Input Vs1 Vs2 Vo2 V02=Vc Ad= Ac= CMRR= CMRRdB =

condition Vo2/Vs Vo2/Vc Ad/Ac 20 log10(Ad
/Ac)
Differential 100mV -- -- --
mode
Common 100mV 100mV -- --
mode

PRECAUTIONS :
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Avoid parallax error while taking readings.

QUESTIONS:

1. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

A. It is the ratio of Ad/Ac
2. Methods of improving CMRR
3. Increasing Re
4. What are the other methods to improve CMRR without RE
A. A. Replacing Re with Constant current source or Current mirror circuit

RESULT: The gain and CMRR of a BJT differential amplifier are determined and it was
proved that CMRR improves with the increase in RE.

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63
 16. N-CHANNEL MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:Plot the transfer and drain characteristics of n-channel MOSFET and calculate its
parameters drain resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factor.

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No
Resistors 100Ω 1 No
MOSFET IRF840 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :-

PROCEDURE :

Follow the below mentioned steps to obtain the Drain Characteristics

1. Set up the connections as indicated in the figure.
2. Keep both VGG and VDD at zero position.
3. By varying VGG set VGS to some value (slightly greater than the Threshold voltage
determined from the transfer characteristics) Say 3.0V
4. Increase VDS by varying VDD gradually and note down the corresponding meter readings
as shown in the table.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for VGS=3.2V and VGS = 3.4V
6. Plot the graph of ID Vs VDS

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64
 Follow the below mentioned steps to obtain the Transfer Characteristics
1. Set up the connections as indicated in the figure.
2. Keep both VGG and VDD at zero position.
3. Vary the VDD and set VDS = 5V.
4. Increase VGS by varying VGG gradually and note down the corresponding meter readings
as shown in the table.
5. Note down the minimum value of VGS for which drain current starts flowing and record
VTH =
6. Repeat for VDS = 10V and 15V.
7. Plot the graph of ID Vs VGS

TABULAR FORM:

Drain Characteristics
VGS = V2 = 3.0 (3.2V, 3.4V)

VDS=V1,V 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 12 15 18 20
ID,mA

Transfer Characteristics :
VDS = V1 = 5V (10V, 15V)

VGS=V2,V 1.0 2.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5
ID,mA

MODEL GRAPH :

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65
From the graphs determine

∆𝑰
𝒈𝒎 = (∆𝑽 𝑫 ) 𝒂𝒕 𝑽𝑫𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑮𝑺

∆𝑰𝑫
𝒓𝒅 = ( ) 𝒂𝒕 𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
∆𝑽𝑫𝑺

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made with proper polarity.
2.Avoid loose and wrong connections.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between MOSFET and BJT
BJT is a Bipolar Junction Transistor, while MOSFET is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field-Effect Transistor. 2. A BJT has an emitter, collector and base, while a MOSFET
has a gate, source and drain. ... BJTs are preferred for low current applications, while
MOSFETs are for high power functions.
2. What are the types of MOSFET?
The MOSFET is classified into two types such as;
Depletion mode MOSFET.
Enhancement mode MOSFET.
3. What is the difference between depletion mode and enhancement mode MOSFET’s?
Enhancement MOSFET does not conduct at 0 volt, as there is no channel in this type to
conduct. Depletion MOSFET conducts at 0 volt.
4. How MOSFET’s are suitable for low power high frequency applications?
MOSFET technology is ideal for use in many power applications, where the low switch
on resistance enables high levels of efficiency to be attained. ... This enables high current
switching with high efficiency within a relatively small die area. It also enables the
device to support high current and voltage switching.
5. What is pinch off voltage?
Pinch off voltage is the drain to source voltage after which the drain to source current
becomes almost constant and JFET enters into saturation region and is defined only when
gate to source voltage is zero.
6. In which region the MOSFET is used as a switch?
In order to operate a MOSFET as a switch, it must be operated in cut-off and linear (or
triode) region

RESULT: Plotted the transfer and drain characteristics of n-channel MOSFET and calculated
its parameters drain resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factor

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 17. APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

AIM : To realize Summing Amplifier, Subtracting Amplifier, Integrator

and Differentiator by using 741 Op-Amp.

APPARATUS:
1. Op-Amp LM 741
2. Resistors – 1KΩ (4), 100KΩ (1), 10KΩ (1) and 15KΩ(1)
3. Capacitors – 0.001 µf, 0.01µf, 0.022µf
4. Function Generator
5. TRPS
6. CRO & CRO Probes
7. Bread Board
8. Connecting Wires.

THE IDEAL OP AMP:

An ideal op amp would exhibit the following electrical characteristics.

1. Infinite voltage gain A.
2. Infinite input resistance Ri so that almost any signal source can drive it and there is no
loading of the preceding stage.
3. Zero output resistance R0 so that output can drive an infinite number of other devices.
4. Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero.
5. Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be amplified without
attenuation.
6. Infinite common mode rejection ratio so that output common – mode noise voltage is zero.
7. Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously with input voltage
changes.

APPLICATIONS OF OP AMP:

1. Summing Amplifier:

Op amp may be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. Such a
circuit is called a summing amplifier or a summer. If V1, V2 are two input signals given to the
inverting terminal, then

Vo = - RF (V1 + V2)
R

2. Subtracting Amplifier:

The function of a subtractor is to provide an output, which is equal to the difference of two input
signals (or) proportional to the difference of two input signals. If V1 and V2 are the input voltages
at inverting and non – inverting terminals, then

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 Vo = -RF (V1 - V2)
R

3. Integrator:

A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform is
the integrator or the integration amplifier. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting
amplifier configuration with the feedback resistor RF replaced by a capacitor CF. The output
voltage is
given by
Vo = - 1 ∫ V1 dt
RC
Integrator is used in signal wave shaping circuits and in analog computers. If the input is a sine
wave, the output is a cosine wave. If the input is a square wave, the output will be a triangular
wave. In the practical integrator, RF is connected across feedback capacitors CF. This RF limits
the low frequency gain and minimizes the variation in the output voltage. The input signal will
be integrated properly if the time constant
T = R1 CF is larger than the time period T of the input signal

4. Differentiator:

The function of a differentiator is to give an output voltage, which is proportional

to the rate of change of input voltage. The differentiator may be constructed from a basic
inverting amplifier if an input resistor is replaced by capacitor C1. The output voltage is given
by

Vo = - RC dVi / dt

The condition for differentiator is << T where = C1RF for sine wave and
square wave inputs, the resulting differentiated outputs are cosine wave and spike outputs
respectively. Differentiator is used to detect high frequency components in an input signal.

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68
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Summer
R1

Vcc = +15 V
4
R2
2 - 7
LM 741
R3 6
3 + 4

Vo
-Vee = -15 V

V1 V2

R1=R2=R3=1KΩ
Subtractor
R1

Vcc = +15 V
4
R2
2 - 7
LM 741
R3 6
3 + 4

Vo
R4 -VEE = -15 V

V1 V2

R1=R2=R3=R4=1KΩ

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Practical Differentiator C2

R2

Vcc = +15 V
C1 4
R1
2 - 7
LM 741
6
3 + 4

4V Vo
-Vee = -15 V

1KHz

R1=10KΩ, R2=15KΩ C1=330pf, C2=0.001µf

Practical Integrator
C2

R2

Vcc = +15 V
4
R1
2 - 7
LM 741
6
3 + 4

4V Vo
Vin -Vee = -15 V

10KHz

R1=10KΩ, R2=100KΩ, C2=0.01µf

PROCEDURE:
I. Summing Amplifier:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input voltages V1 and V2 are given and the corresponding output voltage Vo is measured
from CRO.
3. Output varies as Vo = - (V1 + V2), since RF = R.

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70
II. Subtracting Amplifier:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input voltage V1 and V2 are given to the inverting and non – inverting terminals
respectively and corresponding output voltage is measured from CRO.
3. Output varies as Vo = V2 – V1.

III Differentiator:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A square wave input of 4V (p-p) and frequency of 1KHZ is applied from function
generator.
3. Output waveform is observed. Corresponding amplitude and time period is observed and
frequency is calculated.
4. With the above data plot the output graphs with time on X-axis and voltage on Y-axis.

IV. Integrator:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By using a function generator, a square wave input 4Vp-p is given.
3. The frequency applied is 10 KHz.
4. A perfect triangular wave is obtained. The peak-to-peak voltage and the time period of
input and output waves are measured from CRO.
5. The waveforms are plotted.

MODEL GRAPHS:

INTEGRATOR:

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DIFFERENTIATOR:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose and wrong connections are to be avoided.
2. Waveforms should be obtained without any distortion.

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72
Viva questions

1. What do you mean by CMRR?

ratio of the common-mode gain to differential-mode gain
2. Define slew rate.
slew rate is defined as the change of voltage or current, or any other electrical quantity,
per unit of time.
3. What are the applications of differentiator?
Differentiators also find application as wave shaping circuits, to detect high frequency
components in the input signal.
4. What are the applications of integrator?
calculus operations in analog computers, ramp generators, wave shaping circuits, and
A/D converters

RESULT: Observed the output values for summer and subtrator amplifier and output
waveforms of integrator and differentiator.

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73