Republic of the Philippines

Don Honorio Ventura State University

Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Construction Materials and Testing

(CMT 223)

A Narrative Report on Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Abrasion,

Density and Uniformity of Aggregates

Group 1 – BSCE 2C
Hernandez, Al Kristian G.
Paguio, Alyssa Ashley S.
Sadsad, Nathaniel S.
Santos, Dwayne Jorge P.

Rosemarie M. Luciano, RCE, MSN

Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

A. Course Code/Title : CMT 223 – Construction Materials and Testing

B. Chapter Number : Chapter 4 – Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Abrasion

Density and Uniformity of Aggregates

C. Description : This chapter discuss the significance of the mechanical

properties of aggregates in terms of specific gravity, water
absorption, abrasion, density and uniformity in design and
testing specifications, and construction.

D. Objectives : At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to

learn the following:
1. Importance of the Properties of Aggregates such as
Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Abrasion, Density,
and Uniformity.
2. Familiarization of the Laboratory Testing Procedure of
Aggregates in terms of Specific Gravity, Water
Absorption, Abrasion, Density, and Uniformity.

I. Importance of the Properties of Aggregates such as Specific Gravity, Water Absorption,

Abrasion Resistance, Density and Uniformity

1. Definition of Aggregates
Aggregates are inert materials derived from igneous, sedimentary; and metamorphic
rocks or manufactured clays, shales, slates and slags. The aggregates used in concreting are
sand, natural gravel, gravel crushed stone, cinder and crushed furnace slag. Natural sands and
gravels are generally available and therefore constitute the major source of aggregates. Crushed
stone is the next most widely used class of concrete aggregate.

Aggregates are often washed to remove impurities which may retard cement hydration or
prove otherwise deleterious, particularly for natural occurring sand and gravels. All aggregates
are screened to ensure proper gradation of sizes.

Aggregates are granular material particles that are widely used for highway bases,
subbasses and backfill.

Sources of aggregates are natural deposits of sand and gravel, pulverized concrete and
asphalt pavements, crushed stones and blast furnace slag.

Aggregates which are intended for either bituminous or Portland Cement Concrete
pavement should be of good quality and in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO for
Dense-Graded Bituminous Road and Plant-Mix Surface Coarse (Item - 703 of the DPWH) which
generally consists of hard durable particles of fragments of crushed stones, crushed lag; or
natural gravels.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

2. General Classification of Aggregates

a. Fine Aggregates
Fine Aggregates are commonly known as sands and are composes of particles smaller than
inch nominal. Sand or fine aggregate is generally the 16 products of natural disintegration of silica-
bearing or calcium bearing rock. Almost all the sand should pass through a No. 4 sieve and be
predominantly retained by a No. 200 (14-micron) sieve. These are sometimes manufactured from
larger pieces of aggregate by crushing, grinding and rolling.
b. Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates are composed of particles larger than the clear opening of a No. 4 sieve (0.
185 inches), comes from natural grave deposits and also known as natural gravel which are formed
by water, wind or glacial action. These are also manufactured by crushing rock, stone, boulders and
large cobblestones and also known as crushed gravel. Four common kinds of coarse aggregate
minerals are: (a) limestone or calcium bearing material, (b) basalt, granite and related igneous rock,
(c) sandstones and quartzite, and (d) rock, such as opal and chert, composed mainly of amorphous
silicon dioxide.

Aggregates, making up 75% of concrete, are bonded by Portland cement paste. Their
properties, including size, shape, and texture, affect water requirements, bonding, elasticity, and
shrinkage resistance. Some reactions between aggregates and cement can improve bonding, while
others, like those causing expansion and cracking, can be harmful.

3. Characteristics of Aggregates
a. Specific Gravity of Aggregates (SP)
Specific Gravity determines the weight and strength of aggregates. The specific gravity of good
coarse aggregates or stones should be between of 2.5 and 3.0. Heavier coarse aggregates or
stones are compact, less porous and are good for hydraulic structures.
b. Water Absorption of Aggregates (ω)
Water absorption of coarse aggregates or stones is directly proportional to the porosity. The
value of water absorption of a good quality coarse aggregates or stones shall be less than or equal
to 3%. Therefore, building stones should not be porous.
c. Abrasion Resistance of Aggregates
Abrasion resistance is one of the most important attributes of aggregates and factor to consider
in resisting wearing, crushing, degradation and disintegration using Los Angeles (LA) Abrasion Test.
d. Density of Aggregates (ρ)
Bulk density or unit weight of aggregates is the ratio of mass or weight of aggregates to a
specified unit volume. The density of aggregates is required to determine the weight and volume
relationships and the measurement of the space occupied by the aggregates on proportioning
mixture.
e. Uniformity, Gradation or Particle Size Distribution of Aggregates
The important characteristic of aggregates is their gradation. It plays an important part in terms
of workability, segregation and mobility of concrete. Well graded aggregates produce strong bonding
between the cement paste and aggregates.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

II. Familiarization of the Laboratory Testing Practice Procedures of Aggregates in terms of

Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Abrasion Resistance, Density and Uniformity

1. Test for Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates (ASTM Designation C 127-07)

Scope: Specific gravity test method covers the procedure to determine the specific gravity of coarse
aggregates. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight aggregates to a specified volume of
water. The specific gravity of good coarse aggregates or stones should be between 2.5 and 3.0 and
the quality of aggregates is measured by means of its specific gravity. The objective of the test is to
determine the specific gravity. The test is not intended for lightweight aggregates.

Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment:

Specific Gravity Wire Mesh Weighing Machine Metal Cylinder

Testing Machine Bucket

Scoop Tray Heavy Duty Oven Absorbent Cloth

Procedure:
a. Weigh the test sample of coarse aggregates, placed it in wire mesh bucket and wash it with water
to remove dirt and impurities.
b. Dry the test sample of coarse aggregates of constant weight in an oven with temperature of 105 °C
at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours.
c. After the sample of coarse aggregates cooled at temperature that is comfortable to handle,
immediately immerse the test sample in water at room within 24 hours.
d. The test sample with the wire mesh bucket are weighed while suspended in water at a room
temperature.
e. The test sample of coarse aggregates with wire mesh bucket are removed and dried with absorbent
cloth and weighed.
f. The test sample of aggregates is placed in a tray and dried in an oven with temperature of 110 ±
5°C at room temperature for 24 hours.
g. The dried and cooled test sample for coarse aggregates is placed in a metal cylinder and weigh.

Data Sheet:

Weight
Sample
Test Sample Description of Coarse Aggregates of
Number
Sample
1 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates and Bucket (W1)
2 Weight of the Wetted Bucket (W2)
3 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates in Air (W3)
4 Weight of Oven Dried Coarse Aggregates in Air (W4)
Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG)
Bulk Specific Gravity (BSG)
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Formula:

a. Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG):

W4
ASG =
W4 − (W1 − W2 )

b. Bulk Specific Gravity (BSG):

W4
BSG =
W3 − (W1 − W2 )

Video Presentation, Discussion & Computation:

➢ Video 1: Specific Gravity Test || ASTM C127 || Specific Gravity Calculation || Aggregate Specific
Gravity. Retrieved from https://youtube.com/watch?v=SLUnG_FyTl0&si=opouM8SJ-qcJJaO4

Based on the first video, the first to fourth procedure of the laboratory testing in the module was
skipped for the reason that it might be done yesterday before they document the laboratory testing as
it was stated in the video. Now, we are in the fourth procedure. After it was dried with absorbent cloth,
it was weighed as 507.96 grams (W3). Then the wire mesh bucket was placed into the water and
weighs 310.5 grams (W2). After that, the coarse aggregates were placed in the wire mesh bucket inside
of the water which was shaken to remove entrapped air in the aggregates and weighs 637.5 grams
(W1). Since the video did not proceed to sixth to seventh procedure, the weight/mass of the oven dried
coarse aggregates in air (W4) was not measured. To proceed to the calculations, let us assume the
value of the missing data to be 530 grams (W4). By assuming a value of W4, we can now calculate the
ASG and BSG of the coarse aggregates.

Givens:
W1 = 637.5 grams W3 = 507.96 grams
W2 = 310.5 grams W4 = 530 grams (assumed value)

Computations:

a. Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG):

W4
ASG =
W4 − (W1 − W2 )
530 g
ASG =
530g − (637.5 g − 310.5 g)
ASG = 2.61 (unitless)

b. Bulk Specific Gravity (BSG):

W4
BSG =
W3 − (W1 −W2 )
530 g
BSG =
507.96 g − (637.5 g − 310.5 g)
BSG = 2.93 (unitless)
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Results:
By assuming the value of W4 to be 530 grams and using the provided formulas, the resulting values
obtained were as follows: 2.61 for apparent specific gravity (ASG) and 2.93 for bulk specific gravity
(BSG). The calculated values of ASG and BSG are relatively high, which is generally good for
aggregates used in construction.

Conclusion:
This knowledge is not only instrumental in the formulation of concrete designs but also holds
significant relevance for guiding and informing future experiments and research initiatives.
Understanding the concept of testing for specific gravity of coarse aggregates is pivotal for advancing
our comprehension of aggregates and their behavior in various context.

2. Test for Water Absorption of Aggregates (ASTM Designation C 127-07)

Scope: Water Absorption test method covers the procedure to determine the moisture or water
absorbing capacity of coarse aggregates and to measure the strength or quality of coarse aggregates.
If the coarse aggregates used are porous, they are considered unsuitable. Coarse aggregates to be
used must be non-porous and compact with solidity. The objective of the test is to determine the
moisture or water content of coarse aggregates. The test is not intended for lightweight aggregates.

Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment:

Specific Gravity Wire Mesh Weighing Machine Metal Cylinder

Testing Machine Bucket

Scoop Tray Heavy Duty Oven Absorbent Cloth

Procedure:
a. Weigh the test sample of coarse aggregates, placed it in wire mesh bucket and wash it with water
to remove dirt and impurities.
b. Dry the test sample of coarse aggregates of constant weight in an oven with temperature of 105 °C
at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours.
c. After the sample of coarse aggregates cooled at temperature that is comfortable to handle,
immediately immerse the test sample in water at room within 24 hours.
d. The test sample with the wire mesh bucket are weighed while suspended in water at a room
temperature.
e. The test sample of coarse aggregates with wire mesh bucket are removed and dried with absorbent
cloth and weighed.
f. The test sample of aggregates is placed in a tray and dried in an oven with temperature of 110 ±
5°C at room temperature for 24 hours.
g. The dried and cooled test sample for coarse aggregates is placed in a metal cylinder and weigh.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Data Sheet:

Weight
Sample
Test Sample Description of Coarse Aggregates of
Number
Sample
1 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates in Air (W1)
2 Weight of Oven Dried Coarse Aggregates in Air (W2)
Moisture or Water Content (ω)

Formula:
W1 − W2
Moisture or Water Content (ω) = × 100%
W2
Video Presentation, Discussion & Computation:
➢ Video 1: Specific Gravity Test || ASTM C127 || Specific Gravity Calculation || Aggregate Specific
Gravity. Retrieved from https://youtube.com/watch?v=SLUnG_FyTl0&si=opouM8SJ-qcJJaO4

Since the values of the needed data were weigh in the video shown earlier and assuming that the
value of oven dried coarse aggregates in air (W1) to be 530 grams. Now, we can calculate for its
moisture or water content.

Givens:
W1 = 530 grams (assumed value)
W2 = 507.96 grams

Computations:
W1 − W2
Moisture or Water Content (ω) = × 100%
W2
530 g − 507.96 g
Moisture or Water Content (ω) = × 100%
507.96 g
Moisture or Water Content (ω) = 4.34%

Conclusion:
The moisture or water content of the tested coarse aggregate in Video 1 that was calculated to be
4.34% can be considered moderate to relatively high. In construction, it is suggested to use aggregates
with lower moisture content, typically 3%. High moisture means the aggregates are more-porous which
considered unsuitable for construction. To conclude, it is recommended to consult with a registered
engineer or construction expert to determine whether the aggregate is suitable and safe to use in
construction.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

3. Test for Abrasion Resistance of Aggregates (ASTM C 131-03)

Scope: The abrasion resistance test method covers the procedure for testing sizes of coarse
1
aggregates smaller than 37.5 mm or 12 inch for resistance to degradation using the Los Angeles (LA)
Abrasion Machine. This test is used as an indicator of the relative quality or competence of various
sources of aggregates with similar mineral compositions. The objective of the test is to determine the
measurement of the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation causes by impact, abrasion and
grinding.
Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment:

LA Abrasion Testing Set of Weighing Heavy Duty Oven

Machine Sieves Machine

Steel Charge Scoop Tray Container

(Steel Spheres)

Procedure:
a. Obtain a 5 kg of coarse aggregates sample, wash and reduce sample and oven dry at 110 ± 5°C.
b. Separate into individual size fractions by sieving.
c. Recombine the sieved sample corresponding to the range sizes or grading.
d. Record the mass or weight of the sample prior to the test nearest 1 gram.
e. Place the test sample and charge in the LA Abrasion Testing Machine and rotate the machine at a
speed of 30 to 33 revolution per minute for 500 revolutions.
f. Discharge the material from the machine and make a preliminary separation of the sample of a
sieve coarser than the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve.
g. Sieve the finer portion on a No. 12 Sieve in a manner conforming to ASTM C 136.
h. Wash the material coarser than 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve and dry it in an oven at 110 ± 5°C.
i. Weigh and record the mass or weight of the test sample to the nearest 1 gram.

Data Sheet:

Weight
Sample
Test Sample Description of Coarse Aggregates of
Number
Sample
1 Initial Weight of Coarse Aggregates (W1)
2 Final Weight of the Coarse Aggregates (W2)
Percentage of Wear (Loss)

Formula:
W1 − W2
Percentage of Wear (Loss) = × 100%
W1
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Where:

W1 = initial mass (weight) of the test sample placed in abrasion machine

W2 = final mass (weight) of the test sample after test

Note: Frequency of the charge (steel sphere) depending upon the grading of the test sample.

Table 1: Gradings of Test Samples

Sieve Size (Square Openings) Mass of Indicated Size (grams)
Passing Retained A B C D
37.5 mm 25.0 mm
1 1250 ± 25 - - -
(12 in.) (1 in.)
25.0 mm 19.0 mm
3 1250 ± 25 - - -
(1 in.) (4 in.)
19.0 mm 12.5 mm
3 1 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 - -
(4 in.) (2 in.)
12.5 mm 9.5 mm
1 3 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 - -
(2 in.) (8 in.)
9.5 mm 6.3 mm
3 1 - - 2500 ± 10 -
( in.) ( in.)
8 4
6.3 mm 4.75 mm
1 - - 2500 ± 10 5000 ± 10
( in.) (No.4)
4
4.75 mm 2.36 mm
- - - -
(No.4) (No.8)
Total 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10

Table 2: Frequency of the Charge based on the Gradings of the Test Sample
Grading Number of Spheres Mass of Charge (grams)
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

Video Presentation, Discussion & Computation:

➢ Video 2: Abrasion test of aggregate. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JX_2juLCihY

Based on the second video, the test was conducted using Grading B where it must require sieves
size of 20 millimeters (close to 19 millimeters sieve in the Table 1 shown above), 12.5 millimeters and
10 millimeters. Therefore, a total of 2500 grams of coarse aggregates passing through 20 millimeters
sieve and retained on 12.5 millimeters sieve is taken then another 2500 grams of coarse aggregates
passing through 12.5 millimeters sieve and retained on 10 millimeters sieve (close to 9.5 millimeters
sieve in the Table 1 shown above) is taken. After that, we can now proceed in the following procedure
in the video starting from separating individual size fractions by sieving. Next, the LA Abrasion Test
Machine was opened and the 2500 grams of coarse aggregates in 12.5 millimeters sieve, another 2500
grams of coarse aggregates in 10 millimeters sieve, and 11 steel spheres was put in the testing machine
for approximately 15 minutes. Afterwards, the remaining aggregates (finer portion) was sieve using
1.70 mm sieve then it was weighed 2982 grams (W2). Earlier, the total weight that was put in the LA
Abrasion Test Machine was 5000 grams (W1), we consider this as the initial weight of the coarse
aggregates. Since the data are complete, we can now proceed on calculations.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Givens:
W1 = 5000 grams
W2 = 2982 grams

Computations:
W1 − W2
Percentage of Wear (Loss) = × 100%
W1
5000 g − 2982 g
Percentage of Wear (Loss) = × 100%
5000 g
Percentage of Wear (Loss) = 40.36%

Conclusion:
The result shows that the percentage of wear (loss) was 40.36%. This shows that the test aggregate
sample is applicable for 5 out of 7 types of pavements, namely; water bound macadam sub-base
course, WBM base course with bituminous surfacing, bituminous bound macadam, WBM surfacing
course, and bituminous penetration macadam as per IRC Specifications.

Source:
Suitability of Aggregate for Different Road Construction as per IRC Specifications. Retrieved from:
https://theconstructor.org/building/determination-of-los-angeles-abrasion-value/1361/

4. Test for Density of Aggregates for Fine and Coarse Aggregates

4.1. For Fine Aggregates (ASTM Designation C 128-22)

Scope: This test method covers the determination of relative density (specific gravity) of fine
aggregates. The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quality, is expressed as oven-dry
(OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent relative density (specific gravity). The OD relative
density is determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD relative density and absorption are
determined after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration. This test method is not
intended to be used for light weight aggregates.

Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment for Fine Aggregates:

Conical Mold and Pycnometer Weighing Sieve

Tamper Bottle Machine

Scoop Tray Heavy Duty Graduated Beakers

Oven
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Procedure for Fine Aggregates:

a. Weigh the test sample, placed in a wire mesh bucket and wash it with water to remove dirt and
impurities.
b. Transfer the washed and saturated test sample after completely immersed in water for 24 hours
and placed in a tray.
c. Carefully drain the water from the test sample through the 75-micron sieve and removed the bubbles
of entrapped air by gentle agitation with a rod.
d. Expose the test sample to warm air and stir it at frequent intervals to evaporate surface moisture.
e. Place the test sample in the pycnometer and fill the pycnometer with water. Screw the cone and
remove the entrapped air by rotating it on side. Top up the pycnometer to flatten the whole surface
of the hole. Clean the outside surface of pycnometer bottle, wipe it with dry cloth and weigh.
f. Remove all the contents of the pycnometer bottle and place it in a tray. Refill the pycnometer bottle
with water same level with the previous step. Clean the outside surface of pycnometer bottle, wipe
it with dry cloth and weigh.
g. Dry the test sample removed from the pycnometer bottle in an oven with temperature of 110 ± 5°C
at a room temperature for 1 to 3 hours and weigh.
Data Sheet:

Weight
Sample
Test Sample Description of Coarse Aggregates of
Number
Sample
1 Weight of Saturated Surface-Dry Sample in Air (W1)
Weight of Pycnometer Bottle Containing Sample Filled with
2
Water (W2)
3 Weight of Pycnometer Bottle Filled with Water (W3)
4 Weight of Oven-Dried Sample in Air (W4)
Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD)
Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD)
Apparent Density Basis (AD)
Formula:

a. Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD):

W4
DOD = × γw
W1 − (W2 − W3 )

b. Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD):

W1
DSSD = × γ𝑤
W1 − (W2 − W3 )

c. Apparent Density Basis (AD):

W4
AD = × γw
W4 − (W2 − W3 )

Video Presentation, Discussion & Computation:

➢ Video 3: ASTM C128—Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TaHURJs2c8
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

Based on the third video, the preparation includes the first and second procedure of this module.
After 24 hours, the excess water was drained then it was spread in a metal tray and expose under the
sun and stir frequently to evaporate surface moisture. After that, the partially dried fine aggregate was
placed in the conical mold by filling it. To fully mold the fine aggregates in the molder, the tamper was
used until the molder was removed leaving the fine aggregates into molded shape due to its surface
moisture. Next, the empty beaker was weighed 175.13 grams and then it was filled with the tested
saturated surface-dry (SSD) sample fine aggregate which weigh 676.74 grams. For the weight of the
pycnometer filled with water, the mason jar (pycnometer bottle) which filled with water until calibration
mark together with its lid and weighs 1010.09 grams (W3). For the next value, the SSD sample fine
aggregate was put into the pycnometer bottle filled with water and it was roll, invert and agitate to
eliminate all air bubbles. After that, the pycnometer bottle was again filled with water to its calibrated
capacity and weighs 1310.39 grams (W2). The pycnometer bottle with fine aggregates filled with water
was then put into oven until it dries. After it dries, the oven-dried (OD) sample was put into the tray
weighing 459.92 grams and the total weight of that is 952.74 grams. Now, we can proceed on
calculations.

Givens:
WBEAKER = 175.13 grams WTRAY = 459.92 grams
WBEAKER + SSD SAMPLE = 676.74 grams WTRAY + OD SAMPLE = 952.74 grams
W3 = 1010.09 grams γw = 1.0 gram per cubic centimeter
W2 = 1310.39 grams

Computations:
W1 = WBEAKER + SSD SAMPLE - WBEAKER W4 = WTRAY + OD SAMPLE - WTRAY
W1 = 676.74 grams - 175.13 grams W4 = 952.74 grams - 459.92 grams
W1 = 501.61 grams W4 = 492.82 grams

a. Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD):

W4
DOD = × γw
W1 – (W2 − W3 )
492.82 g g
DOD = × 1.0
501.61 g – (1310.39 g − 1010.09 g) cm3

DOD = 2.45 grams per cubic centimeters

b. Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD):

W1
DSSD = × γ𝑤
W1 − (W2 − W3 )
501.61 g g
DSSD = × 1.0
501.61 g − (1310.39 g − 1010.09 g) cm3

DSSD = 2.49 grams per cubic centimeters

 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

d. Apparent Density Basis (AD):

W4
AD = × γw
W4 – (W2 – W3 )
492.82 g g
AD = × 1.0
492.82 g – (1310.39 g − 1010.09 g) cm3

AD = 2.56 grams per cubic centimeters

Conclusion:
Earlier, the calibration mark when the SSD sample was poured into the jar which filled with water.
There might be an error if the mark was viewed in different angle and the results would be affected.
Second, there might have a little amount of fine aggregate be blown away since the aggregate was
exposed at the outdoor to dry until it reached to SSD condition. The results shows that the DSSD
state is larger than the DOD state. Meanwhile, the AD was the largest among them all.

4.2. For Coarse Aggregates (ASTM Designation C 127-07)

Scope: Density test method covers the procedure to determine the average density of quantity of
coarse aggregates (not including the volume of the voids between the particles). Depending on the
procedure used and expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated surface-dry (SSD) or as apparent density
(AD). The oven-dry (OD) is determined after drying the aggregates and the saturated surface-dry (SSD)
is determined after soaking the aggregates in a water for a prescribed direction. The test is not intended
for lightweight aggregates

Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment:

Specific Gravity Wire Mesh Weighing Machine Metal Cylinder

Testing Machine Bucket

Scoop Tray Heavy Duty Oven Absorbent Cloth

Procedure:
a. Weigh the test sample of coarse aggregates, placed it in wire mesh bucket and wash it with water
to remove dirt and impurities.
b. Dry the test sample of coarse aggregates of constant weight in an oven with temperature of 105 °C
at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours.
c. After the sample of coarse aggregates cooled at temperature that is comfortable to handle,
immediately immerse the test sample in water at room within 24 hours.
d. The test sample with the wire mesh bucket are weighed while suspended in water at a room
temperature.
 Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Lubao Campus
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

e. The test sample of coarse aggregates with wire mesh bucket are removed and dried with absorbent
cloth and weighed.
f. The test sample of aggregates is placed in a tray and dried in an oven with temperature of 110 ±
5°C at room temperature for 24 hours.
g. The dried and cooled test sample for coarse aggregates is placed in a metal cylinder and weigh.

Data Sheet:

Weight
Sample
Test Sample Description of Coarse Aggregates of
Number
Sample
1 Weight of Oven Dry Test Sample (W1)
2 Weight of Saturated Surface-Dry Test Sample (W2)
3 Apparent Weight Saturated Test Sample in Water (W3)
Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD)
Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD)
Apparent Density Basis (AD)

Formula:

a. Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD):

W1
DOD = × γw
W2 − W 3

b. Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD):

W2
DSSD = × γ𝑤
W2 − W3

c. Apparent Density Basis (AD):

W3
AD = × γw
W2 − W 3

Video Presentation, Discussion & Computation:

➢ Video 4: LAB 7 - Specific Gravity and Absorption of Aggregates (ASTM C127/128). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35Vnb1KPrGw

This fourth video is all about specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregates but from the
tabulated data, we can also calculate the density on oven-dried basis (DOD), density on a saturated
surface-dry basis (DSSD) and the apparent density basis (AD) provided that the procedure of the video
is ASTM Designation 127-07. After watching the video, the tabulated data were as follows: the mass of
oven-dry test sample was 4758.54 grams (W1), the mass of saturated surface-dry sample was 4804.84
grams (W2), and the apparent mass of saturated test sample in water was 1770.62 grams (W3). Now,
we can proceed on calculations.
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Givens:
W1 = 4758.54 grams
W2 = 4804.84 grams
W3 = 1770.62 grams
γw = 1.0 gram per cubic centimeter

Computation:

a. Density on Oven-Dried Basis (DOD):

W1
DOD = × γw
W2 − W3
4758.54 g g
DOD = × 1.0
4804.84 g − 1770.62 g cm3

DOD = 1.57 grams per cubic centimeters

b. Density on a Saturated Surface-Dry Basis (DSSD):

W2
DSSD = × γ𝑤
W2 − W3
4804.84 g g
DSSD = × 1.0
4804.84 g − 1770.62 g cm3

DSSD = 1.58 grams per cubic centimeters

c. Apparent Density Basis (AD):

W3
AD = × γw
W2 − W3
1770.62 g g
AD = × 1.0
4804.84 g − 1770.62 g cm3

AD = 0.58 grams per cubic centimeters

Conclusion:
The results shows that the aggregate sample has a relative density of 1.57 grams per cubic
centimeters for oven-dried (OD), 1.58 grams per cubic centimeters for saturated surface-dry (SSD) and
0.58 grams per cubic centimeters for apparent density basis (AD). The calculated densities implies that
the coarse aggregate sample has a high porosity or has higher voids when used in construction. The
sample of aggregate in the video can significantly affect the mix of concrete and its properties. This can
reduce the strength of the concrete and increase the susceptibility of the reinforcements to corrosion.
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Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

5. Test for Uniformity, Gradation or Particle Size Distribution of Aggregates (ASTM

Designation C 136-01)

Scope: Particle size distribution test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of fine
and coarse aggregates by sieving. This method contains grading requirements including both coarse
and fine fractions. A suitable gradation in a concrete desirable mixture in order to secure the quality,
workability and economy of aggregates in cement. For asphalt concrete, suitable gradation only affects
the workability of the mixture and economy in the use of asphalt but also will affect significantly the
strength and the other important properties.

Apparatus/Instruments and Equipment:

Mechanical Set of Sieves Containers Weighing Sieve

Shaker With Pan & Cover Machine Brush

Procedure:
a. Obtain proper weights of dry aggregates.
Coarse Aggregates: 1000 grams use method of quartering or sample splitter.
Fine Aggregates: 1000 grams use method of quartering or sample splitter.
b. Assemble sieves in the following order:
Coarse Aggregates: 1”, ¾”, ½”, 3/8”, #4, #8 and pan.
Fine Aggregates: 3/8”, #4, #8, #10, #12, #16, #30, #50, #100, #200 and pan.
c. Place the weighted aggregates in the top of the sieve stack and cover with the lid or cover. Properly
secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and turn on the shaker for five (5) minutes. In case of
the absence of mechanical shaker, shake the stack with your hand continuously for the same time.
d. Weigh the materials that are retained on each of the sieves, including the weight retained on the
pan and record in the data sheet. If the sums of these weights are not within 100% of the original
sample weight, the procedure should be repeated. Otherwise, use the sum of the weight retained
to calculate the percentage on each sieve.
e. Compute the cumulative percent retained and the percent passing each sieve.
f. Plot the gradation curve for the coarse and fine aggregates from the experiment on the graph
provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates. Plot the combined
grading curve using 40% coarse aggregate and 60% fine aggregate.

Sieve Analysis Data Sheet

Coarse Aggregates

Initial Weight of Sample : ________________ grams

Final Weight of Sample : ________________ grams
Moisture Weight : ________________ %
Fineness Modulus : ________________ %
Percentage Error in Weights : ________________ %
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Cumulative Percentage Percentage

Sieve Size Weight Retained (g)
Retained Passing
1”
¾”
½”
3/8”
#4
#8
Pan

Fine Aggregates

Initial Weight of Sample : ________________ grams

Final Weight of Sample : ________________ grams
Moisture Weight : ________________ %
Fineness Modulus : ________________ %
Percentage Error in Weights : ________________ %

Cumulative Percentage Percentage

Sieve Size Weight Retained (g)
Retained Passing
3/8”
#4
#8
#10
#12
#16
#30
#40
#50
#100
#200
Pan

Sieve Analysis Data Sheet

Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates

%
%
P
P
A
A
S
S
S
S
I
I
N
N
G
G

SIEVE NUMBER SIEVE NUMBER

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Civil Engineering Program

Formulas:

a. Cumulative Percentage Retained:

Weight Retained Sieve No. 1
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2)
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2 + ⋯ . . +No. N)
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. N = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2 + ⋯ . . +Pan)
Cumulative % Retained Pan = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample

b. Percentage Passing:

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 1 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 2 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2

Percentage Passing Sieve No. N = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. N

Percentage Passing Pan = 0

c. Moisture Content:
Initial Weight of Sample − Final Weight of Sample
Moisture Content = × 100%
Final Weight of Sample

d. Fineness Modulus:
∑(Cumulative Percentage Retained Sieve No. 1 to Sieve No. N)
Fineness Modulus =
100%

e. Percentage Error in Weights:

Total Weight Retained of Sample
Percentage of Error = 100% − ( × 100%)
Final Weight of Sample

Video Presentation, Discussion:

➢ Video 5.1: Standard Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates (ASTM C136).
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xqq1cxhD-s

This video will be presented for the learners to fully understand the proper procedures on Testing
for Uniformity, Gradation or Particle Size Distribution of Aggregates by following the standard procedure
of ASTM Designation C 136-01. Since the first video doesn’t have a proper tabulated data. Therefore,
another two (2) videos will be presented for the learners to get tabulated data.
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Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
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➢ Video 5.2. Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate.

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuhpE0Sk4EI

The average tabulated data from this video will be used to calculate for the sieve analysis of coarse
aggregates. However, the sieve sizes that were used in this video were as follows: 20 mm (3/4”), 16
mm, 12.5 mm (1/2”), 10 mm (3/8”), 4.75 (#4) and Pan. Comparing this to the sieve sizes, the 25 mm
(1”) and 2.36 mm (#8) were not included and the 16 mm sieve in the video was used. Let as assume
that the 25 mm (1”) has zero weight retained and replace the #8 sieve size to the 16 mm sieve size in
the video. Now, we can calculate for the remaining data and plot the gradation curves for the coarse
aggregates.

Data for Coarse Aggregates:

Average Weight Retained

Sieve No. Sieve Sizes
(grams)
1 25 mm (1") 0
2 20 mm (3/4") 0
3 16 mm 47.3
4 12.5 mm (1/2") 494
5 10 mm (3/8") 374.7
6 4.75 mm (#4) 76
7 Pan 8

Computations:

Total Weight Retained on Sample = 0 + 0 + 47.3 + 494 + 374.7 + 76 + 8 = 1000 grams

a. Cumulative Percentage Retained:

Weight Retained Sieve No. 1
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
0
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏 = 𝟎%

Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2)

Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
0+0
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐 = 𝟎%

Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2 + No. 3)

Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
0 + 0 + 47.3 grams
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟑%

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Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga
Civil Engineering Program

By following the given formula, the calculated data were as follows:

Average Weight Retained Cumulative Percentage

Sieve No. Sieve Sizes
(grams) Retained (%)
1 25 mm (1") 0 0
2 20 mm (3/4") 0 0
3 16 mm 47.3 4.73
4 12.5 mm (1/2") 494 54.13
5 10 mm (3/8") 374.7 91.6
6 4.75 mm (#4) 76 99.2
7 Pan 8 100

b. Percentage Passing:

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 1 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 1 = 100% − 0%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 2 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 2 = 100% − 0%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 3 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 3 = 100% − 4.73%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟑 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟐𝟕%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 4 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 4

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 4 = 100% − 54.13%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟕%

By following the given formula, the calculated data were as follows:

Cumulative Percentage
Average Weight Retained
Sieve No. Sieve Sizes (IS) Percentage Passing
(grams)
Retained (%) (%)
1 25 mm (1") 0 0 100
2 20 mm (3/4") 0 0 100
3 16 mm 47.3 4.73 95.27
4 12.5 mm (1/2") 494 54.13 45.87
5 10 mm (3/8") 374.7 91.6 8.4
6 4.75 mm (#4) 76 99.2 0.8
7 Pan 8 100 0
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Civil Engineering Program

c. Moisture Content:
Initial Weight of Sample − Final Weight of Sample
Moisture Content = × 100%
Final Weight of Sample
1000 grams − 1000 grams
Moisture Content = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐌𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝟎%

d. Fineness Modulus:
∑(Cumulative Percentage Retained Sieve No. 1 to Sieve No. N)
Fineness Modulus =
100%

0% + 0% + 4.73% + 54.13% + 91.6% + 99.2% + 100%

Fineness Modulus =
100%
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟔

e. Percentage Error in Weights:

Total Weight Retained of Sample
Percentage of Error = 100% − ( × 100%)
Final Weight of Sample
1000 grams
Percentage of Error = 100% − ( × 100%)
1000 grams

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = 𝟎%

The Gradation Curve of the Coarse Aggregate:

SIEVE ANALYSIS GRADATION CURVE

120%

100%
PERCENTAGE PASSING

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SIEVE NUMBER
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Conclusion for Coarse Aggregate:

The results show the demonstration of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates, the procedure involve
in making calculations for finding the percentage passing of different sieves and the gradation curve
showing the percentage passing value. Since the grading of the aggregate greatly influences the
cohesive measurement of the concrete mix. Therefore, it is important that the standard experimental
procedure ASTM Designation C 136-01 should be followed.

➢ Video 5.3. Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate.

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuhpE0Sk4EI

The sieve in the module were 12 sizes including the pan. In the video, nine (9) out of twelve (12)
sieve sizes including the pan are present expect for #10, #12 and #16. Since our goal is to demonstrate
the calculations for finding the percentage passing of different sieves. Therefore, the average tabulated
data from this video will be used to calculate for the sieve analysis of coarse aggregates. With this data,
we can show the demonstration of the sieve analysis of fine aggregates with the same calculations of
the previous one.

Data for Coarse Aggregates:

Average Weight Retained

Sieve No. Sieve Sizes
(grams)
1 10 mm (3/8”) 2
2 4.75 mm (#4) 12
3 2.36 mm (#8 30
4 1.18 mm (#30) 322
5 0.600 mm (#40) 208
6 0.300 mm (#50) 276
7 0.150 mm (#100) 107
8 0.075 mm (#200) 21
9 Pan 22

Computations:

Total Weight Retained on Sample = 2 + 12 + 30 + 322 + 208 + 276 + 107 + 21 + 22 = 1000 grams
a. Cumulative Percentage Retained:
Weight Retained Sieve No. 1
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
2
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐%

Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2)

Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
2 + 12
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒%

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Weight Retained Sieve (No. 1 + No. 2 + No. 3)

Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3 = × 100%
Total Weight Retained on Sample
2 + 12 + 30 grams
Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3 = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐂𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟒%

By following the given formula, the calculated data were as follows:

Average Weight Retained Cumulative Percentage

Sieve No. Sieve Sizes
(grams) Retained (%)
1 10 mm (3/8”) 2 0.2
2 4.75 mm (#4) 12 1.4
3 2.36 mm (#8 30 4.4
4 1.18 mm (#30) 322 36.6
5 0.600 mm (#40) 208 57.4
6 0.300 mm (#50) 276 85
7 0.150 mm (#100) 107 95.7
8 0.075 mm (#200) 21 97.8
9 Pan 22 100

b. Percentage Passing:

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 1 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 1

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 1 = 100% − 0.2%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 2 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 2

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 2 = 100% − 1.4%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 3 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 3

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 3 = 100% − 4.4%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟑 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟔%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 4 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 4

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 4 = 100% − 36.6%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟒 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟒%

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 5 = 100% − Cumulative % Retained Sieve No. 4

Percentage Passing Sieve No. 5 = 100% − 57.4%

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟔%

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By following the given formula, the calculated data were as follows:

Cumulative Percentage
Average Weight
Sieve No. Sieve Sizes Percentage Passing
Retained (grams)
Retained (%) (%)
1 10 mm (3/8”) 2 0.2 99.8%
2 4.75 mm (#4) 12 1.4 98.6%
3 2.36 mm (#8 30 4.4 95.6%
4 1.18 mm (#30) 322 36.6 63.4%
5 0.600 mm (#40) 208 57.4 42.6%
6 0.300 mm (#50) 276 85 15%
7 0.150 mm (#100) 107 95.7 4.3%
8 0.075 mm (#200) 21 97.8 2.2%
9 Pan 22 100 0%

c. Moisture Content:
Initial Weight of Sample − Final Weight of Sample
Moisture Content = × 100%
Final Weight of Sample
1000 grams − 1000 grams
Moisture Content = × 100%
1000 grams

𝐌𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝟎%

d. Fineness Modulus:
∑(Cumulative Percentage Retained Sieve No. 1 to Sieve No. N)
Fineness Modulus =
100%

0.2% + 1.4% + 4.4% + 36.6% + 57.4% + 85% + 95.7% + 97.8% + 100%

Fineness Modulus =
100%
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟓

e. Percentage Error in Weights:

Total Weight Retained of Sample
Percentage of Error = 100% − ( × 100%)
Final Weight of Sample
1000 grams
Percentage of Error = 100% − ( × 100%)
1000 grams

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = 𝟎%
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The Gradation Curve of the Fine Aggregate:

SIEVE ANALYSIS GRADATION CURVE

120.00%

100.00%
PERCENTAGE PASSING

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SIEVE NUMBER

Conclusion for Fine Aggregate:

The result shows the demonstration of sieve analysis of fine aggregates, the procedure involves in
making calculations for finding the percentage passing of different sieves and the gradation curve
showing the percentage passing value. Since the grading curve of fine aggregate has greatly affect the
quality of the concrete mix. Therefore, it is important that the standard experimental procedure ASTM
Designation C 136-01 should be followed.