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Lecture 3

The document discusses advanced foundation engineering with a focus on pile foundations, particularly batter piles. It covers the principles of statically determinate and indeterminate systems, detailing methods for calculating forces and stiffness in batter piles. Various methods, including Culmann’s graphical method and the Noekkentved and Schiel methods, are presented for analyzing the behavior of batter piles under different loading conditions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views15 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses advanced foundation engineering with a focus on pile foundations, particularly batter piles. It covers the principles of statically determinate and indeterminate systems, detailing methods for calculating forces and stiffness in batter piles. Various methods, including Culmann’s graphical method and the Noekkentved and Schiel methods, are presented for analyzing the behavior of batter piles under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

Birhanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADVANCED FOUNDATION

ENGINEERING
CENG 7201

Dr.-Ing. Henok Fikre


2009 EC
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
CONTENTS – PILE FOUNDATIONS

 Introduction
 Single Pile capacity

 Pile Groups

 Batter Piles

 Laterally Loaded Piles

 Piled Raft Foundations


ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES

 General
 Batter piles are used to resist inclined / horizontal loads
Braking and
acceleration
loads
Wind
Chimney
Bridge pier

Alternating
tension and
compression compression

tension Sheet-piling

 Common slopes for batter piles - 1:12 to 5:12


ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES

 Statically determinate system


 They contain up to three non parallel pile directions with
load in any direction
 Pile forces are independent of the stiffness the system
 Forces can be determined by applying Simple equilibrium
equations
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES

 Statically determinate system


 Culmann’s graphical method can also be used to
determined the forces

a) Extend the line of action of the


resultant to the direction of one
of the piles (I)
b) Intersection of the other two
piles (II)
c) Connect I and II (Culmann’s
construction line, C)
d) Draw force diagram (with the
help of C)
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system-Noekkentved Method
 Assumptions
 Elastic piles supported at the sides (Hooke’s law
applies)
 Rigid pile cap

 Foundation under pile tips – rigid

 Piles connected to raft and ground with hinges


ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system-Noekkentved Method
 Procedure
 Calculate the resultant force and its components due to a
vertical deformation of 1 unit.
 Calculate the resultant force and its components due to a
horizontal deformation of 1 unit.
 Calculate the resultant force and its direction due to an
angular rotation of 1 unit.
 These orientations will be used to determine influence
values Cv, CH and CM corresponding to a unit vertical
force V, horizontal force H and moment M applied at
system zero point respectively.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system-Noekkentved Method
 Procedure (Refer Alemayehu T.)
 The vertical component of the force can be calculated as:
 Fv = Fcos α= VCv+HCH+MCM

Vn tan  ''  tan  n


Cv  ( )
Vn tan   tan 
'' '

Vn tan  n  tan  '


CH  ( )
 (Vn tan  n ) tan   tan 
'' '

Vn ( xn  y0 tan  n )
CM 

 Vn ( xn  y0 tan  n ) 2
)
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 applicable for piles in space (general case)
 Linear elastic behavior of piles assumed
(E determined from lab results (Resistance
deformation curves)
 Not applicable for all cases
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 The pile forces will be transformed into a global
coordinate system
 By defining the pile axis in space using a unit vector:
 _ 
 AB  p xi ; p yi ; p zi 
 i
 The components of the force p can be expressed in the
direction of the unit vector (direction cosine):
pxi  cos  i ; p yi  sin  i cos i ; pzi  sin  i sin i
 Similarly for the moments:
rotp  pai ; pbi ; pci 
pai  yi pzi  zi p yi ; pbi  zi pxi  xi pzi ; pci  xi p yi  yi pxi
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 Force vector:
pi  pxi ; p yi ; pzi ; pai ; pbi ; pci 
 For the whole pile matrix:
P  P1; P2 ;...; Pi ;...; Pn 
 The external forces will be expressed in the same manner
with 6 components:
F T  Fx ; Fy ; Fz ; Fa ; Fb ; Fc 
 E p Ap 
 The stiffness of the i pile can be calculated as: c p ,i  
th

 L i
 If a pile has different cross sections, the average stiffness
with a unit axial deviation will be cp 
1
1
c
j p, j
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 The stiffness of the whole system of piles will be determined
through transformation of the summation of the stiffness of
individual piles.
 The matrix for the stiffness of the system of piles is a 6X6
matrix determined from the sum of the stiffnesses:
S kl  Slk   ci pki pil
i

(k , l  x, y, z, a, b, c)
 The first index, k, describes the direction of the stiffness of a
loading in the direction of the second index, l.
 In matrix form S   P· D
· P
T

D : Diagonal matrix


ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 p x1 ... p xi ... p xn 
p  c p ,1 ... 0 ... 0   p x1 p y1 p z1 pa1 pb1 pc1 
p yn  
...   ... ... 
 y1 ... p yi ...
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
 p z1 ... p zi ... p zn 
S    · 0 ... c p ,i ... 0 · p xi p yi p zi pai pbi pci 
 pa1 ... pai ... pan    
... ... ... ... ...   ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 pb1 ... pbi ... pbn  
   0 ... 0 ... c p ,n   p xn p yn p zn pan pbn pcxn 
 pc1 ... pci ... pcn 
 S xx S xy S xz S xa S xb S xc 
S S yy S yz S ya S yb S yc 
 yx
 S zx S zy S zz S za S zb S zc 
 
 S ax S ay S az S aa S ab S ac  S kl  Slk symmetry
 Sbx Sby Sbz Sba Sbb Sbc 
 
 S cx S cy S cz S ca S cb S cc 
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 The movement of the rigid superstructure relative to the
soil will have six components (3 translation + 3 rotation)
vT  vx ; v y ; vz ; va ; vb ; vc 
 By considering the internal work of a unit force with pile
head movement vi, and the cap deformation v due to
external works and using 6 equilibrium equations,
v  S 1·F 
 For individual piles, i, transformation to local axis gives:
vi  p ·v
T

Ri  ci , p ·vi
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BATTER PILES
 Statically indeterminate system - Method of Schiel
 The method is so complex that there is limited application
in practice – better used in special cases like by simplified
geometries.

 Exercise
 Use the method of Schiel to
analyze the symmetric
problem on the right

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