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The document discusses the importance of understanding engineering systems and the role of mathematical models in problem-solving. It highlights Newton's 2nd law of motion as a fundamental example of a mathematical model that describes physical phenomena. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of conservation laws in engineering and provides examples of fluid flow balance in steady-state conditions.

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5 views13 pages

Numericchapter1 Accessible

The document discusses the importance of understanding engineering systems and the role of mathematical models in problem-solving. It highlights Newton's 2nd law of motion as a fundamental example of a mathematical model that describes physical phenomena. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of conservation laws in engineering and provides examples of fluid flow balance in steady-state conditions.

Uploaded by

cez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Because learning changes everything.

Chapter 1

© 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.
Computing and Engineering Problem
solving
Requires understanding of engineering systems.
• By observation and experiment.
• Theoretical analysis and generalization.

Computers are great tools, however, without fundamental


understanding of engineering problems, they will be
useless.

© McGraw Hill 2
The Engineering Problem-Solving Process

Figure 1.1
Access the text alternative for slide images

© McGraw Hill 3
Mathematical Models
• A mathematical model is represented as a functional relationship
of the form.

Dependent  independent forcing 


= f parameters, 
Variable  variables , func t ions 
• Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state
of the system.
• Independent variables: Dimensions such as time ans space along
which the systems behavior is being determined.
• Parameters: reflect the system’s properties or composition.
• Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system.

© McGraw Hill 4
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion 1

• States that “the time rate change of momentum of a


body is equal to the resulting force acting on it.”
• The model is formulated as,

F=ma (1.2)

F = net force acting on the body (N)


m = mass of the object (kg)
a = its acceleration ( m/s 2 )

© McGraw Hill 5
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion 2

Formulation of Newton’s 2nd law has several


characteristics that are typical of mathematical models of
the physical world:
• It describes a natural process or system in mathematical
terms.
• It represents an idealization and simplification of reality.
• Finally, it yields reproducible results, consequently, can be
used for predictive purposes.

© McGraw Hill 6
Complex Models Usually Require
More Advanced Mathematics
Some mathematical models of physical phenomena may
be much more complex.
Complex models may not be solved exactly or require
more sophisticated mathematical techniques than simple
algebra for their solution.
• Example, modeling of a falling parachutist:

© McGraw Hill 7
Modeling the Velocity of a Freefalling
Parachutist 1

dv F
=
dt m

F = FD + FU
FD = mg
FU = −cv

dv mg − cv
=
dt m
Free-body diagram

Figure 1.2
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© McGraw Hill 8
Modeling the Velocity of a Freefalling
Parachutist 2

dv c
=g− v
dt m

• This is a differential equation and is written in terms of the


differential rate of change dv / dt of the variable that we are
interested in predicting.
• If the parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0 at t = 0), using calculus.

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© McGraw Hill 9
Conservation Laws and Engineering
• Conservation laws are the most important and
fundamental laws that are used in engineering.

Change = increases – decreases (1.13)

• Change implies changes with time (transient). If the change


is nonexistent (steady-state), Equation 1.13 becomes,

Increases = Decreases

© McGraw Hill 10
Steady-state flow balance for fluid flow at
the junction of pipes.

Figure 1.6
• For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes:
Flow in = Flow out
or
100 + 80 = 120 + Flow4
Flow4 = 60
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© McGraw Hill 11
Devices and types of balances commonly
used in four major areas of engineering.
Table 1.1

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© McGraw Hill 12
Because learning changes everything. ®

www.mheducation.com

© 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.

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