Q1 A solution of sodium hydroxide contained 0.25 mol dm -3.

Using phenolphthalein
indicator, titration of 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 22.5 cm3 of a
hydrochloric acid solution for complete neutralisation.

(a) Write the equation for the titration reaction.

(b) What apparatus would you use to measure out (i) the sodium hydroxide
solution? (ii) the hydrochloric acid solution?

(c) What would you rinse your apparatus out with before doing the titration ?

(d) What is the indicator colour change at the end-point?

(e) Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide neutralised.

(f) Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid neutralised.

(g) Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in mol/dm 3 (molarity).

Q2 A solution made from pure barium hydroxide contained 2.74 g in exactly 100
cm3 of water. Using phenolphthalein indicator, titration of 20.0 cm 3 of this
solution required 18.7 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid solution for complete
neutralisation. [Atomic masses: Ba = 137, O = 16, H = 1)

(a) Write the equation for the titration reaction.

(b) Calculate the molarity of the barium hydroxide solution.

(c) Calculate the moles of barium hydroxide neutralised.

(d) Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid neutralised.

(e) Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid.

Q3 4.90g of pure sulphuric acid was dissolved in water, the resulting total volume
was 200 cm3. 20.7 cm3 of this solution was found on titration, to completely
neutralise 10.0 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution. [atomic masses: S = 32, O
= 16, H = 1)

(a) Write the equation for the titration reaction.

(b) Calculate the molarity of the sulphuric acid solution.

(c) Calculate the moles of sulphuric acid neutralised.

 (d) Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide neutralised.

(e) Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide in mol dm -3 (molarity).

Q4 100 cm3 of a magnesium hydroxide solution required 4.5 cm3 of sulphuric acid
(of concentration 0.1 mol dm-3) for complete neutralisation. [Atomic masses:
Mg = 24.3, O = 16, H = 1)

(a) Give the equation for the neutralisation reaction.

(b) Calculate the moles of sulphuric acid neutralised.

(c) Calculate the moles of magnesium hydroxide neutralised.

(d) Calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in mol dm -3

(molarity).

(e) Calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in g cm -3.

Q5 Magnesium oxide is not very soluble in water, and is difficult to titrate directly.
Its purity can be determined by use of a 'back titration' method. 4.06 g of impure
magnesium oxide was completely dissolved in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of
concentration 2.0 mol dm-3 (in excess). The excess acid required 19.7 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide (0.20 mol dm-3) for neutralisation. This 2nd titration is called a 'back-
titration', and is used to determine the unreacted acid. [atomic masses: Mg = 24.3, O
= 16)

(a) Write equations for the two neutralisation reactions.

(b) Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid added to the magnesium oxide.

(c) Calculate the moles of excess hydrochloric acid titrated.

(d) Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid reacting with the magnesium oxide.

(e) Calculate the moles and mass of magnesium oxide that reacted with the initial
hydrochloric acid.

(f) Hence the % purity of the magnesium oxide.

(g) What compounds could be present in the magnesium oxide that could lead to a
false value of its purity? Explain.
Q6 2 dm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid (10 M) was spilt onto a laboratory
floor. It can be neutralised with limestone powder. [atomic masses: Ca = 40, C = 12,
O = 16)

(a) Give the equation for the reaction between limestone and hydrochloric acid.

(b) How many moles of hydrochloric acid were spilt?

(c) How many moles of calcium carbonate will neutralise the acid?

(d) What minimum mass of limestone powder is needed to neutralise the acid?

(e) 1000 dm3 of sulphuric acid, of concentration 2 mol dm-3, leaked from a tank.

Calculate the minimum mass of magnesium oxide required to neutralise it.

Q7 A 50.0 cm3 sample of sulphuric acid was diluted to 1.00 dm3. A sample of the
diluted sulphuric acid was analysed by titrating with aqueous sodium hydroxide. In
the titration, 25.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide required 20.0
cm3 of the diluted sulphuric acid for neutralisation.

(a) Give the equation for the full neutralisation of sulphuric acid by sodium hydroxide.

(b) Calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide were used in the titration?

(c) Calculate the concentration of the diluted acid.

(d) Calculate the concentration of the original concentrated sulphuric acid solution.

Q8 A sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate was tested for purity using the

following method. 0.40g of the solid was dissolved in 100 cm 3 of water and titrated
with 0.20 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid using methyl orange indicator.

23.75 cm3 of acid was required for complete neutralisation. [Ar's: Na = 23, H = 1, C
= 12, O = 16]

(a) Write the equation for the titration reaction.

(b) Calculate the moles of acid used in the titration and the moles of sodium
hydrogencarbonate titrated.

(c) Calculate the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate titrated and hence the purity of
the sample.
Q10 25 cm3 of seawater was diluted to 250 cm3 in a graduated volumetric flask.
3
A 25 cm aliquot of the diluted seawater was pipetted into a conical flask and a few
drops of potassium chromate(VI) indicator solution was added.

On titration with 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution, 13.8 cm3 was required to
precipitate all the chloride ion. [Atomic masses: Na = 23, Cl = 35.5]

(a) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate and chloride ion.

(b) Calculate the moles of chloride ion in the titrated 25cm3 aliquot.

(c) Calculate the molarity of chloride ion in the diluted seawater.

(d) Calculate the molarity of chloride ion in the original seawater.

(e) Assuming that for every chloride ion there is a sodium ion, what is the theoretical
concentration of sodium chloride salt in g dm-3 in seawater?

Q11 0.12 g of rock salt was dissolved in water and titrated with 0.1 mol dm -3
silver nitrate until the first permanent brown precipitate of silver chromate is seen.

19.7 cm3 was required to titrate all the chloride ion. [Atomic masses: Na = 23, Cl =
35.5]

(a) How many moles of chloride ion was titrated?

(b) What mass of sodium chloride was titrated?

(b) What was the % purity of the rock salt in terms of sodium chloride?

Q12 5.0 g of a solid mixture of anhydrous calcium chloride(CaCl 2) and sodium

nitrate (NaNO3) was dissolved in 250 cm3 of deionised water in a graduated
volumetric flask. A 25 cm3 aliquot of the solution was pipetted into a conical flask and
a few drops of potassium chromate (VI) indicator solution were added.

On titration with 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution, 21.2 cm3 was required to
precipitate all the chloride ion. [Atomic masses: Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]

(a) Calculate the moles of chloride ion titrated.

(b) Calculate the equivalent moles of calcium chloride titrated.

(c) Calculate the equivalent mass of calcium chloride titrated.

(d) Calculate the total mass of calcium chloride in the original 5.0 g of the mixture.
(e) The % of calcium chloride and sodium nitrate in the original mixture.

Q13 A bulk solution of hydrochloric acid was standardised using pure anhydrous
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, a primary standard). 13.25 g of sodium carbonate was
dissolved in about 150 cm3 of deionised water in a beaker. The solution was then
transferred, with appropriate washings, into a graduated flask, and the volume of
water made up to 250 cm3, and thoroughly shaken (with stopper on!) to ensure
complete mixing.

25 cm3 of the sodium carbonate solution was pipetted into a conical flask and
screened methyl orange indicator added. The aliquot required 24.65 cm 3 of a
hydrochloric acid solution, of unknown molarity, to completely neutralise it. [atomic
masses: Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16]

(a) Calculate the molarity of the prepared sodium carbonate solution.

(b) Write out the equation between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid,
including state symbols.

(c) How many moles of sodium carbonate were titrated?

(d) How many moles of hydrochloric acid were used in the titration?

(e) What is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid?

14 For this question relevant formula mass and equation are in the answers to
Q13.

A 1.35g sample of impure sodium carbonate was titrated with standardised 1.0 mol
dm-3 hydrochloric acid with methyl orange indicator. If 25.30 cm 3 of acid was required
for complete neutralisation calculate the following:

(a) the moles of acid used in the titration,

(b) the moles of sodium carbonate titrated,

(c) the mass of sodium carbonate titrated and hence its % purity.

Q15 (a) Describe a procedure that can used to determine the molecular mass of
an organic acid by titration with standardised sodium hydroxide solution. Indicate any
points of the procedure that help obtain an accurate result and explain your choice of
indicator.

0.279g of an organic monobasic aromatic carboxylic acid, containing only the

elements C, H and O, was dissolved in aqueous ethanol. A few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator were added and the mixture titrated with 0.100 mol dm -3
sodium hydroxide solution. It took 20.50 cm3 of the alkali to obtain the first
permanent pink. [at. masses: C = 12, H = 1 and O = 16]

(b) How many moles of sodium hydroxide were used in the titration?

(c) How many moles of the organic acid were titrated? and explain your reasoning.

(d) Calculate the molecular mass of the acid.

(e) Suggest possible structures of the acid with your reasoning.

Q16 Using the method outlined in Q15(a), 0.103g of a dibasic/diprotic non-

aromatic carboxylic acid required 19.85 cm3 of a standardised sodium hydroxide
solution for complete neutralisation. If the concentration of the alkali was 0.0995 mol
dm-3. [at. masses: C = 12, H = 1 and O = 16] Calculate...

(a) Moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration,

(b) Moles of dibasic/diprotic acid titrated giving your reasoning,

(c) The molecular mass of the acid,

(d) a possible structure of the acid.

Q17 The % purity of an organic acid can be determined by the procedure outlined
in Q15(a).

0.236g of benzoic acid required 19.25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide for
complete neutralisation.

Calculate...

(a) moles of sodium hydroxide used in titration,

(b) moles and mass of benzoic acid titrated [at. masses: C = 12, H = 1 and O = 16]

(c) % purity of benzoic acid.

Q18 Using the method described in Q15(a), sodium hydroxide solution can be
standardised. 0.25g of very pure benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) was titrated with a
solution of sodium hydroxide of unknown molarity. If 22.50 cm 3 of the alkali was
required for neutralisation, calculate ...
(a) moles of acid titrated [at. masses: C = 12, H = 1 and O = 16],

(b) mol alkali used in titration,

(c) the molarity of the alkali.

Q19 The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water can be measured reasonably

accurately to 3sf by titrating the saturated solution with standard hydrochloric acid.

(a) If the standard hydrochloric acid is made by diluting '2M' bench acid, what volume
of the '2M' acid is required to make up 250-500 cm3 of approximately 0.1 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid and how might you do it?

(b) Why must the 2M acid be diluted and why must the diluted acid be standardised?

In the calculation below assume the morality of the standardised hydrochloric acid is
0.1005 mol dm-3. (for standardisation method see Q13

At 25oC, a few grams of solid calcium hydroxide was shaken with about 400 cm 3 of
deionised water, and then filtered. 50 cm3 samples of the 'limewater' gave an
average titration of 15.22 cm3 of 0.1005 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid using
phenolphthalein indicator.

(c) If the acid is in the burette, how would you measure out the calcium hydroxide
solution? and why is phenolphthalein indicator used?

(d) Give the equation for calcium hydroxide reacting with hydrochloric acid.

(e) What is the reacting mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 : HCl and hence calculate the moles of
them involved in the titration.

(f) Calculate the molarity of the solution in terms of mol Ca(OH)2 dm-3.

(g) What is the approximate solubility of calcium hydroxide in g Ca(OH) 2 per 100g
water?

ANSWERS

Q1 (a) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ==> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(b) (i) pipette (ii) burette

(c) everything with distilled water, then pipette with a little of the NaOH(aq) and the
burette with a little of the HCl(aq)
(d) pink to colourless, the first drop of excess acid removes the pink alkaline colour of
phenolphthalein

(e) moles sodium hydroxide neutralised: 0.25 x 25/1000 = 0.00625 mol NaOH

(remember: moles = molarity x volume in dm3 and its two rearrangements and 1 dm3
= 1000 cm3)

(f) moles HCl = moles NaOH (equation) = 0.00625 mol HCl (in 22.5 cm3)

(g) concentration hydrochloric acid = 0.0062 x 1000 ÷ 22.5 = 0.278 mol dm-3

(scaling up to 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 to get the molarity)

Q2 (a) Ba (OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ==> BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) Formula mass of Ba(OH)2 = 171, moles = 2.74 ÷ 171 = 0.016 mol in 100 cm3,

Therefore 0.16 mol in 1000 cm3, so molarity of Ba(OH)2 is 0.16 mol dm-3

(c) moles Ba(OH)2 used in titration = 0.16 x 20/1000 = 0.0032 mol

(d) moles HCl titrated = 2 x moles of Ba(OH)2 used (2 : 1 in equation)

= 0.0064 mol HCl in 18.7 cm3 of the acid solution, 18.7 cm3 = 0.0187 dm3

(e) Therefore molarity of HCl(aq) = 0.0064/0.0187 = 0.342 mol dm-3

Q3 (a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ==> Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) moles H2SO4 = 4.90 ÷ 98 = 0.05 mol in 200cm3

scaling up to get molarity of the sulphuric acid solution, 0.05 x 1000 ÷ 200 = 0.25
mol dm-3

(c) moles of sulphuric acid neutralised = 0.25 x 20.7/1000 = 0.005175 mol

(d) moles of sodium hydroxide neutralised = 2 x 0.005175 = 0.01035 mol (2 : 1 in

equation)

(e) concentration of the sodium hydroxide = 0.01035 x 1000 ÷ 10 = 1.035 mol dm-3
(molarity 1.04, 3sf)
Q4 (a) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ==> MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) moles of sulphuric acid neutralised = 0.1 x 4.5/1000 = 0.00045 mol

(c) moles of magnesium hydroxide neutralised also = 0.00045 (1:1 in equation) in

100 cm3

(d) concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in mol dm-3 = 0.00045 x 1000 ÷ 100
= 0.0045

(scaling up to 1000cm3=1dm3, to get molarity)

(e) molar mass of Mg(OH)2 = 58.3

so concentration of the magnesium hydroxide = 0.0045 x 58.3 = 0.26 g dm-3 (= g per

1000 cm3),

so concentration = 0.26 ÷ 1000 = 0.00026 g cm-3

Q5 (a) (i) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(a)(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ==> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(b) moles of hydrochloric acid added to the magnesium oxide = 2 x 100/1000 = 0.20
mol HCl

(c) moles of excess hydrochloric acid titrated = 19.7 ÷ 1000 x 0.2 = 0.00394 mol HCl

{mole ratio NaOH:HCl is 1:1 from equation (ii)}

(d) moles of hydrochloric acid reacting with the magnesium oxide = 0.20 - 0.00394 =
0.196 mol HCl

(e) mole MgO reacted = 0.196 ÷ 2 = 0.098 {1: 2 in equation (i)}

the formula mass of MgO = 40.3

therefore mass of MgO reacting with acid = 0.098 x 40.3 = 3.95 g

(f) % purity = 3.95 ÷ 4.06 x 100 = 97.3% MgO

(g) Mg(OH)2 from MgO + H2O, MgCO3 from the original mineral source, both of these
compounds react with acid and would lead to a false titration value.
Q6 (a) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(b) moles of hydrochloric acid was spilt = 2 x 10 = 20 mol HCl

(c) moles of calcium carbonate to neutralise the acid = 20 ÷ 2 = 10 mol CaCO3 (1:2
in equation)

(d) formula mass of CaCO3 = 100,

so mass of limestone powder needed to neutralise the acid = 100 x 10 = 1000g

CaCO3

(e) the neutralisation reaction is MgO + H2SO4 ==> MgSO4 + H2O,

moles H2SO4 = 1000 x 2 = 2000 mol acid, 2000 mol MgO needed (1:1 in equation),

mass MgO needed = 2000 x 40.3 = 80600 g or 80.6 kg

Q7 (a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ==> Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration = 25 x 1/1000 = 0.025 mol NaOH

(c) mol H2SO4 = mol NaOH ÷ 2 = 0.0125 mol in 20 cm3,

so scaling up to 1000 cm3 to get molarity of diluted acid = 0.0125 x 1000 ÷ 20 =

0.625 mol dm-3

(or molarity = 0.0125 mol/0.02 dm3 = 0.625 mol dm-3)

(d) scaling up from 50 to 1000 cm3, gives the concentration of the original
concentrated sulphuric acid solution,

= 0.625 x 1000 ÷ 50 = 12.5 mol dm-3

Q8 (a) NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) ==> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(b) mol = molarity x volume in dm3, mol acid = 0.2 x 23.75/1000 = 4.75 x 10-3 mol
HCl

from equation HCl:NaHCO3 is 1:1 by ratio

so mol HCl = mol NaHCO3 = 4.75 x 10-3

(c) mass = mol x formula mass, f. mass NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 84

mass NaHCO3 = 4.75 x 10-3 x 84 = 0.399 g

% purity of NaHCO3 = 0.399 x 100/0.40 = 99.75% (99.8%, 3sf)

Q9 (a)(i) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ==> 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

9a(ii) 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid contains 1.0 x 20/1000 = 0.02 mol HCl

From the equation, 0.02 mol HCl reacts with 0.01 mol Na2CO3, Mr(Na2CO3) = 106

therefore mass Na2CO3 titrated = 0.01 x 106 = 1.06 g per aliquot,

since 250 cm3 is 1/10th of the aliquot, 10 x 1.06 = 10.6 g of Na2CO3 would be used to
make up the solution.

Molarity of Na2CO3(aq) = (10.6 g/106 g mol-1)/0.25 dm3 = 0.40 mol dm-3

9(b)(i) CH3COOC6H4COOH + NaOH ==> CH3COOC6H4COO-Na+ + H2O

9b(ii) 23.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH contains 0.1 x 23/1000 = 0.0023 mol NaOH

From the equation, mol Aspirin = mol NaOH, Mr(CH3COOC6H4COOH) = 180

so need Aspirin mass of 0.0023 x 180 = 0.414 g

9b(iii) The last stage in the synthesis of 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid ('Aspirin') is

made by esterifying 2-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanoic anhydride.

Mr(HOC6H4COOH) = 138, is 42 units less than aspirin. In terms of this particular

impurity the % aspirin will be overestimated for the following reason. The 2-
hydroxybenzoic acid will also be titrated with the aspirin, and, with its smaller
molecular mass, it will need more alkali to neutralise than aspirin per equivalent
mass of material. This can result in >100% purity!!!!

9(c)(i) It is a ligand substitution/replacement reaction.

[Ca(H2O)6]2+(aq) + EDTA4-(aq) ==> [CaEDTA]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

more simply Ca2+(aq) + EDTA4-(aq) ==> [CaEDTA]2-(aq)

or [Ca(H2O)6]2+(aq) + H2EDTA2-(aq) ==> [CaEDTA]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

more simply Ca2+(aq) + H2EDTA2-(aq) ==> [CaEDTA]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq)

9(c)(ii) Mr(CaCO3) = 100, mol CaCO3 = mol Ca2+ in solution = 0.25/100 = 0.0025 mol

since 250 cm3 = 0.25 dm3, molarity Ca2+ = 0.0025/0.25 = 0.01 mol dm-3
9(c)(iii) mole CaCO3 = mol Ca2+ = mol EDTA used in titration.

Therefore from c(ii) mol Ca2+ = mol EDTA = 0.01 x 25/1000 = 0.00025 mol in 25.70
cm3 (0.0257 dm3) EDTA solution,

so molarity EDTA = 0.00025/0.0257 = 0.00973 mol dm-3 (3 sf)

9(c)(iv) Mr(apatite) = (5 x 40) + 3 x (31 + 4 x 16) + (16 + 1) = 502

% Ca in apatite = 200 x 100/502 = 39.8%

9(c)(v) In the titration mol Ca2+ = mol EDTA,

therefore mol Ca2+ = 22.5 x 0.02/1000 = 0.00045,

since 10
/250 of the original solution was used in the titration,

the total mol of calcium in the tooth solution = 0.00045 x 250/10 = 0.01125 mol Ca

total mass of Ca in tooth = 0.01125 x 40 = 0.45 g

% by mass Ca in the tooth = 0.45 x 100/1.40 = 32.1 %

Q10 (a) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ==> AgCl(s) (sodium ions and nitrate ions etc. are spectator
ions)

(b) from equation: moles silver nitrate (AgNO3) = moles chloride ion (Cl-)

moles = molarity AgNO3 x volume of AgNO3 in dm3

= 0.1 x 13.8/1000 = 1.38 x 10-3 mol Cl- (in 25 cm3 aliquot)

(c) moles in 1 dm3 of diluted seawater = 1.38 x 10-3 x 1000/25 = 0.0552 (scaling up
to 1000 cm3)

So molarity of chloride in diluted seawater is 0.0552 mol dm-3

(d) Now in the titration 25 cm3 of the 250 cm3 was used,

so the molarity of chloride ion in the original seawater must be scaled up accordingly.

molarity of chloride ion in seawater = 0.0552 x 250/25 = 0.552 mol dm-3

(e) Mr(NaCl) = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

concentration of NaCl in g dm-3 = molarity x formula mass = 0.552 x 58.5 = 32.3 g

dm-3
Q11 (a) moles = molarity AgNO3 x volume in dm3 = 0.1 x 19.7/1000 = 1.97 x 10-3
mol Cl- ion

[AgNO3:NaCl or Ag+:Cl- is 1:1, see Q10(a)/(b)] f. mass NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

(b) mass = mol x formula mass = 1.97 x 10-3 x 58.5 = 0.1152 g NaCl

(c) % purity = 0.1152 x 100/0.12 = 96.0 % in terms of NaCl

Q12 (a) mole Cl- = moles Ag+ [=AgNO3, see Q10(a)/(b)]

mole Cl- = molarity AgNO3 x vol AgNO3 = 0.1 x 21.2/1000 = 2.12 x 10-3 mol Cl-

(b) Since calcium chloride is CaCl2, mol CaCl2 = mole Cl-/2 = 2.12 x 10-3/2 = 1.06 x
10-3 mol CaCl2

(c) Mr(CaCl2) = 40 + (2 x 35.5) = 111

mass = mol x f. mass = 1.06 x 10-3 x 111 = 0.1177 g CaCl2

(d) Since 1/10th of original solution titrated, original mass of CaCl 2 in mixture = 10 x
0.1177 g = 1.177g CaCl2

(e) Therefore % = 1.177 x 100/5.0 = 23.5% CaCl2(3 sf)

and % NaNO3 = 100 - 23.5 = 76.5% (3 sf)

Q13 (a) moles = mass/f. mass, f. mass Na2CO3 = 106, mol Na2CO3 = 13.25/106 =
0.125

molarity = mol/vol. in dm3, 250 cm3 = 0.25 dm3,

molarity Na2CO3 = 0.125/0.25 = 0.50 mol dm-3

(b) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ==> 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(c) mol = molarity x volume

mol Na2CO3 titrated = 0.5 x 25/1000 = 0.0125 mol Na2CO3 (in the 25 cm3 aliquot
pipetted)

(d) from equation, mole ratio Na2CO3:HCl is 1:2,

so mol HCl = 2 x mol Na2CO3 = 2 x 0.0125 = 0.025 mol HCl (in the 24.65 cm3 titre)

(e) molarity = mol/vol. in dm3, dm3 = cm3/1000, 24.65/1000 = 0.02465 dm3

therefore molarity HCl = 0.025/0.02465 = 1.014 mol dm-3 (1.01 3sf)

Q14 (a) mol HCl = 1.0 x 25.30/1000 = 0.0253 mol

(b) reacting mole ratio, Na2CO3:HCl is 1:2

so mol Na2CO3 titrated = mol HCl/2 = 0.0253/2 = 0.01265 mol

(c) mass = mol x f. mass, so mass Na2CO3 = 0.01275 x 106 = 1.34 g

therefore % purity of Na2CO3 = 1.34 x 100/1.35 = 99.3% (3sf)

Q15 (a) An appropriate quantity of the acid is weighed out, preferably on a 4 sf

electronic balance. It can be weighed into a conical flask by difference i.e. weight
acid added to flask = (weight of boat + acid) - (weight of boat). The acid is dissolved
in water, or aqueous-ethanol if not very soluble in water. The solution is titrated with
standard sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein indicator until the first
permanent pink.

The burette should be rinsed with the sodium hydroxide solution first. The flask
should be rinsed around the inside to ensure all the acid and alkali react, and drop-
wise addition close to the end-point to get it to the nearest drop.

The pKind for phenolphthalein is 9.3, and its effective pH range is 8.3 to 10.0. The pH
of a solution of the sodium salt of the acid (from strong base + weak acid) is in this
region and so the equivalence point can be detected with this indicator. (page on
acid-base equilibria and theory of indicators is in production)

(b) moles = molarity x volume in dm3 (dm3 = cm3/1000)

mol NaOH = 0.10 x 20.5/1000 = 0.00205 mol

(c) mol NaOH = mol RCOOH = 0.00205

because 1:1 mole ratio for a monobasic acid: RCOOH + Na+OH- ==> RCOO-Na+ +
H2O

(d) moles = mass (g)/Mr, so Mr = mass/mol = 0.279/0.00205 = 136.1

(e) The simplest aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid C 6H5COOH, Mr = 122
136-122 = 14, which suggests an 'extra' CH2 (i.e. -CH3 attached to the benzene ring
instead of a H), so, since the COOH is attached to the ring, there are three possible
positional/chain isomers of CH3C6H4COOH (Mr = 136)

2-, 3- or 4-methylbenzoic acid.

Q16 (a) moles = molarity x volume in dm3 (dm3 = cm3/1000)

mol NaOH = 0.0995 x 19.85/1000 = 0.001975 mol

(b) The titration reaction for complete neutralisation is:

R(COOH)2 + 2Na+OH- ==> R(COO-Na+)2 + 2H2O

this 1:2 reaction mole ratio means that mol dibasic acid = mol NaOH/2 = 0.001975/2
= 0.0009875

(c) moles = mass (g)/Mr, so Mr = mass/mol = 0.103/0.0009875 = 104.3 (approx. 104)

(d) Since a dibasic acid, and 2 x COOH = 2 x 45 = 90 mass units, the remaining 14
units could be CH2,

and so the structure is likely to be HOOC-CH2-COOH,

propanedioic acid (malonic acid), Mr = 144

Q17 (a) mol NaOH = 0.1 x 19.25/1000 = 0.001925

(b) mol NaOH = mol acid = 0.001925, mol ratio 1:1, C6H5COOH + Na+OH- ==>
C6H5COO-Na+ + H2O

Mr (C6H5COOH) =122, mol = mass (g)/Mr or mass = mol x Mr

so mass acid = 0.001925 x 122 = 0.2349 g

(c) % purity = actual mass of acid titrated x 100 / mass of original sample

% purity = 0.2349 x 100/0.236 = 99.5% (3 sf)

Q18 (a) Mr (C6H5COOH) =122, mol acid = mass (g)/Mr = 0.25/122 = 0.002049 mol

(b) mol alkali = 0.002049 mol, since mol acid, 1:1 mole ratio in reaction (see Q17(b)).

(c) Since 0.002049 mol NaOH in 22.5 cm3, so scaling up

molarity NaOH = 0.002049 x 1000/22.5 = 0.0911 mol dm-3 (3 sf)

Q19 (a) The ratio of 2M/0.1M is 20, so need to do 20 fold dilution.

So 25 cm3 of 2M diluted to 500 cm3 gives an approximately 0.1 mol dm-3 solution. You
can do this with a measuring cylinder and beaker.

In practice you could make up 12.5 cm3 of the 2M acid up to 250 cm3. You could do
this with a burette and a 250 cm3 standard volumetric flask, but standardisation of
the acid is still required.

(b) The solubility of calcium hydroxide is low, so it would give a very inaccurate tiny
titration value with relatively concentrated acid. For any accurate work e.g. to 3sf,
standardisation of reagents is required.

(c) 1 x 50 cm3 pipette or 2 x 25 cm3 pipette would be the most convenient.

Phenolphthalein is used for strong base-strong acid titrations.

(d) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ==> CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(e) from equation, mole ratio Ca(OH)2 : HCl is 1:2

and since moles solute = molarity x volume in dm3

mol HCl used in titration = 0.1005 x 15.22/1000 = 0.001530 mol HCl

therefore mol Ca(OH)2 = 0.001558/2 = 0.000765 mol Ca(OH)2

(f) Scaling up from mol Ca(OH)2 in 50 cm3 to 1 dm3 (1000 cm3)

molarity Ca(OH)2 = 0.00765 x 1000/50 = 0.1558 = 0.153 mol dm-3 (to 3sf)

(g) Mr[Ca(OH)2] =74, so solubility in g dm-3 = 0.153 x 74 = 1.13 g dm-3 (3 sf)

Since density of water is 1.0 g cm-3, the solubility of Ca(OH)2 is about 0.113 g/100 cm3
H2O