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 GOLDEN SCIENCE-IX
2

temperature, i.e., cooling is caused when evaporation

17. Evaporation results in lowering of
takes place.

QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

1.1. PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

Q. 1. What is matter?
use in day to day life is called
Ans. A substance occurring in nature or coming in paper, chalk, coke, food etc. A
plants to
matter. Examples are naturally occurring minerals,colour and odour. Matter is thus anything
matter may be available in varieties of shape, size,
that has mass and occupies space.
all matter is composed of a
Q. 2. What made Early Scientists to believe that
few building blocks?
building blocks was made on
Ans. The conclusion that all matter is composed ofa few
the basis of following man's experience.
unlimited number of sentences.
() A few alphabet produce many words and
give a variety of shades.
(ü) A few basic colours mix in different proportions
(üi) A few basic notes produce a rich variety of music.
variety of structures.
(iv) A few kind of building material helps to build a large classified
appearance. Why are these
Q. 3. Sodium salt and sugar have similar
as different substances?
appearance. These are classified by
Ans. The substances are not classified only by their capacity
their properties such as density, boiling point or melting point, conductivity, thermal chemical
have different physical and
and other chemical properties. Sugar and sodium chloride
properties and so are different substances.
around us are alike?
Q. 4. In what ways all substances
are called matter.
Ans. All substances have mass and occupy space and
Q. 5. In what ways air can be
considered as matter?
Ans. Air is amatter because it has mass and occupies space.
around us which is not a matter?
Q. 6. Can you think of any object
which has a weight and occupies
Ans. By definition matter is any object around us
space. Thus, if we can feel any object around us, it means it has a weight and ccupies space.
it is not possible to think of any object around us which cannot be termed as matter.
Thus,
matter?
Q. 7. Which of the following is not termed as
()air, it)sky, (iü)fire, (iv) security, (v) work.
Ans. Security, work are not matter.
is comnposed of particles.
Q. 8. Describe an experiment to show that matter Add some salt to it and stir with a
Ans. Take a 100 mL beaker half flled with water.
rod. It will be observed that salt disappears without changing the volume of water. This
particles of water. This shows
means that the particles of salt get into the spaces between particles of salt have spread
that both salt and water are made up of lots of particles and
throughout the particles of water.
Q. 9. Show that matter is composed of tiny particles.
of
Ans, Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve these in 100 mLmL
water. The water becomes dark purple. Take 10 mL of this solution and dilute to 100
 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS 3

with water. Again take 10 mL of this diluted solution and dilute to 100 mL with water.
Repeat this dilution process several times. It will be seen that on repeated dilution the water
remains coloured though intensity of colour decreases. Thus it is concluded that a few
crystals of potassium permangamate contains millions of tiny particles.
1.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER
Q1. How will you show that particles of matter have space between them?
Ans. Take a beaker half flled with water. Mark the level of water. Now add some
matter like sugar, salt or dettol in it. It will be observed that the added matter disappears
and there is hardly any change in level of water. This is because particles of one matter, i.e.,
salt, sugar or dettol get into the spaces between the particles of the other matter, iLe., water.
Thus we can say that there is enough space between particles of matter.
Q. 2. What happens when a crystal of potassium permanganate is dropped in
a glass tumbler containing water? What conclusion can you draw?
Ans. Whena rystal of potassium permanganate is dropped in a glass tumbler containing
water, then the colour of potassium permanganate spreads throughout the water in the
glass. This shows that the particles of matter are continuously moving.
Q.3. Describe an activity to show that particles of matter are very very small.
Ans. If you drop a crystal of potassium permanganate in 1000 litre of water, you will
find that the colour of the water becomes pink. This shows that even a small crystal of
potassium permanganate contains such large number of particles that these are spread in
such a large volume of water. This is possible when the size of particles is very very small.
Q. 4. What do you mean by diffusion? Explain giving an example.
Ans. Particles of matter are always in a state of motion. They move to interact with
other particles and distribute themselves equally in all available space. This
particles of two substances on their own is called diffusion. Particles of a gasintermixing
of
than particles of a liquid. diffuse faster
Example: Light an agarbatti in one corner of the room, and stand in the other corner.
Very soon, you will feel smell of agarbatti. The particles of perfume in the agarbatti stick mix
with particles of air and spread out eventually and reach to us even at a
due to diffusion of agarbatti particles into particles of air. distance. This is
Q. 5. Do solids diffuse? What happens on heating?
Ans, Solids do diffuse but at a very slow speed. On heating diffusion
example, when agarbatti stick is not heated, you take it close to your nose toincreases.
have smell
a
For
of stick. On lighting the stick, we get smell of stick
even at a distance.
Q. 6. If you open a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, it
throughout the room. State and explain the property involved. immediately spreads
Ans. The property involved is diffusion. In a gas the particles are free to
chaotic motion at a great speed throughout its containing vessel. move in a
Thus when you
bottle of perfume in one corner, the particles of the perfume move at randomn motionopen a
directions and mix with other gas particless in the air, thus reaching in all
our nose. instantaneously to
Q. 7. Which property of gases help us in detecting the leakage of LPG gas?
Ans. Diffusion.
Q. 8. Give an example of (i) a liquid diffusing into a solid, (ii) solid
into a liquid and (iii) Solid diffusion into a solid. diffusing
Ans. () Liquid diffusing into solid. If we put a drop of ink on the centre of a clean
 GOLDEN SCIENCE-X

we ind the liquid spreads out by diffusing into the blotting paper which is
blotting paper,
a solid. permanganate in
(ü)Solid diffusing into liquid. When we put a crystal of potassium water.
permanganate spreads throughout
water, slowly the colour of potassium of solids into solids is very very slow
(m) Difusion of a solid into a solid. Diffusion
and very small. When we write on ablack
So diffusion of a solid into other solids is rare
is left uncleaned for a few days, it becomes
board with a chalk, we can easily clean it. But if itthere
difficult to clean the blackboard. This is because is a slight diffusion of chalk particles
Le., solid into the blackboard solid.
Q.9. If youdrop a crystal of potassium into a beaker containing hot water and
another one containing cold water. Do not disturb the arrangement. What will you
observe and what is the concBusion drawn?
Ans. It will be observed that pink colour of potassium permanganate spreads faster in
hot water than in coid water. This is the phenomenon of diffusion of particles of potassium
permanganate into water. Thus we conclude that diffusion increases with temperature.
Q. 10. If you hammer an iron nail, a chalk piece and water in a tub, what will
you observe? Suggest the conclusion drawn.
Ans. On hammering an iron nail, it flattens and is not broken. A chalk piece on
hammering breaks into pieces. On the other hand, if you just put hammer in water tub it
easily finds space and again water occupies the space when hammer is removed. This suggests
that there is an attractive force between the particles of matter and that this force varies
from matter to matter. In iron nail, attraction force between particles is quite high and in
water it is low.

NCERT INTEXT QÜESTIONS (Page 3)

L Which of the foliowing are matter?
Chair, ai, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
Ans. Matter are: Chair, air, almonds, cold drink, smell of perfume.
2. Gue reasons for the following observation:
The smel of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell
from cold food you hae to go close.
Ans. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us several metres away because food
particies diffuse faster in air when hot and we smell it in no time whereas cold food
particles wouid take a very long time to diffuse and we have to go close to have a smell
of it.
3.A diver is able tocut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?
Ans. Particies of water attract each other but the attraction is not strong enough to
prevent the diver to cut through water.
4. What ere the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Ans. Characteristics of particles of matter are:
) Particles of matter have space between them.
ü) Particles of matter are continuously moving and thus possess kinetic energy.
(i)Particies of mnatter can diffuse into one another.
(w) Particles of matter attract each other. The force of attraction varies from
one kind of matter to another.
 5
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

1.3. STATES OF MATTER

Q. 1. Name the three states of matter. Give examples of each state.
Ans. Matter exists in three different states:
() Solid. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume, e.g., copper, iron, ice.
it will depend
(ii) Liquid. A ligquid has a definite volume but its shape is not definite, petrol,
5 ml each of water, alcohol
on the shape of the container in which it is contained, e.g., of each of
kept in different types of containers will have different shapes but the volume
these liquids remains the same, i.e., 5 ml.
(iiü) Gas. A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume, e.g., hydrogen, air.
nitrogen taken in different containers have the shape and volume of the containing vessel.
Q. 2. Give one similarity between a liquid and a gas and one dissimilarity.
Ans. Similarity. Both liquids and gases are fluids and assumes the shape of the containe.
Dissimilarity. A gas can be compressed easily whereas a liquid cannot. A small quantity
of a gas can fill an entire given container. Also large quantity of a gas can be contained in
a small space. A given amount of the liquid has a fixed volume at a given temperature.
Q. 3. How do you differentiate between solids, liquids and gases on the basis
of their melting points and boiling points?
Ans. Solids have melting and boiling points above room temperature.
Liquidshave melting points below room temperature and boiling point above room
temperature.
Gases have both melting and boiling points below room temperature.
Q. 4. What property of the gas is utilized when natural gas is supplied for
vehicles?
Ans. Agas is highly compressible and a large quantity of it can be compressed to a
small manageable volume. Therefore, natural gas is compressed and is supplied for use by
vehicles in the name of CNG (compressed natural gas).
Q. 5. What are intermolecular forces'? How are these related to the three
states of matter?
Ans. The orce operating between the particles of a matter is called intermolecular
force. In solids, intermolecular forces are strong and this keeps the constituent particles
quite close to each other and thus make the substance rigid (high density) and incompressible.
This also results in highly ordered arrangement of the particles (called lattice) giving regular
geometric shapes to solids.
Solid Liquid Gas

Solid

Liquid

-Vibrating Container
particle
Gas

(a) (b)

Fig. 1,1. Gases, liquids and solids (a Bulk appearance of the three states of matter
(b) The molecular pcture
 GOLDEN SCIENCE X
6
forces are comparatively weak to give a definite shape but
In liquids, intermolecular
enough to keep the liquid in a bulk. weak and almost negligible so that the
strong forces are quite
In gases, intermolecularto move and occupy the available space.
constituent particles are free
are gases compressible and not liquids?
Q. 6. Why quite far apart and there is a lot of empty space between
particles are each other
Ans. In gases,
compressible whereas in liquids, particles are quite close to
them. So the gases are except only under very high pressure.
and can be brought further closer
developed in a container full of a gas?
Q. 7. How is pressure speed
are free to move. "These move at high
Ans.In the container, the gaseous particlescontainer. The bombardment of the particles
walls of the
and collide with other particles or force that depends on the temperature. This
on the walls of the container produces a steady
gas.
force per unit area is called as pressure of the
are compressible and liquids are
Q. 8. Give an illustration to show that gases
not.
piston and put nozzle of the
Ans. Exercise 1. Take a 100 ml syringe. Take out the
syringe closed from the nozzle side. Soon the
empty syringe in a rubber cork. This makes the
some vaseline on the piston and try
entire space in the syringe is filled with air. Apply
though some pressure needs to be
carefully to insert it in the syringe. It will be found that
shows that the air in the syringe
applied but the piston slowly moves into the syringe. This
can be compressed.
the emnpty syringe into
Exercise 2. Take a 100 ml syringe. Take out the piston and fix
is closed from the nozzle side. Now fill the
a cork from the nozzle side. Again the syringe
piston and carefully try to insert the piston
syringe with water. Apply a little vaseline on the
possible at all to insert the piston into the
into the syringe. It will be found that it is not
syringe. It shows that the liquid, water, is not compressible.

Piston

Syringe
Gas

Rubber oork

Fig. 1.2. Demonstrating compressibility of a gasliquid

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

three states of
Q. 9. Differentiate between properties or characteristics of
matter.
Ans.

Solids Liquids Gases

They are not rigid and can be They are not rigid at all
1. They are rigid and cannot and can be easily
be compressed. compressed to a little extent.
2. They have definite volume They have definite volume but take compressed.
the shape of the containing vessel. They have neither definite
and definite shape.
shape nor definite
volume.
3. Fluidity is nil i.e., they can They are slippery and flow from higher They flow in all
not flow. level to lower level. directions.
4. They can be stored without They can be stored in a vessel only. They can be stored in a
vessel. Open vessel may also work. closed vessel only.
5. Intermolecular force is Intermolecular force is lesser than in Intermolecular force is
maximum. solids but greater than gases. minimum.
6. Intermolecular space is Intermolecular space is greater than Intermolecular space is
least. solids but lesser than gases. maximum.

Q. 10. Divide the following substances into two groups:

(a) With high intermolecular forces (b) With low intermolecular forces.
Ice, sulphur vapour, nitrogen, sugar, copper, air, salt, plastic.
Ans. High intermolecular forces ice, sugar, copper, salt, plastic.
Low intermolecular forces
sulphur vapour, nitrogen, air.
" 11. Classify your body contents in three states.
Ans. Bones and teeth solids
Blood and water liquids
Air gas
Q. 12. Why are the particles in liquid held together less firmly, compared to
solids?
Ans. The intermolecular forces between particles in a liquid are weaker than in solids.
So the distance between the particles, i.e., intermolecular spaces in iquids is greater than
in solids. In other words particles in liquids are held less firmly compared to sohds.
Q. 13. Why do solids and liquids have open surface while gases do not?
Ans. We know that particles of matter are constantly moving. In solids, the constituent
particles are able to vibrate only due to high intermolecular forces of attraction. In liquids,
the particles are able to move but the forces of attraction are strong enough to keep these
stick together. Thus in solids and liquids, the particles stay together and form a surface. In
gases, the intermolecular forces of attraction are very weak and hence the particles move
without any restriction in random motion. These thus occupy any available space and move
away if there is an open space. That is why gases do not have open surface.
Q. 14. Why are liquids and gases called fluids?
Ans. Liquids and gases have a tendency to flow. Liquids can flow from higher level to
lower level. The gases flow in all available directions. Due to this tendency of flowing, both
of them are called fluids.
 GOLDEN SCIENCE-1X
does a gas fill a vessel completely?
Q 15. Why intermolecular attraction, the gas particles are free to
Due to least
Ans
direction So a gas fills a vessel completely.
characteristic of matter
movein any
one important
Q. 16. StateExplain. which makes it
a
liquid or a gas?
Ans Intermolecular force of attraction between particles of a solid,
intermolecular- force of attraction results in matter makes it a
a
High
a iquid or a gas.
which makes a solhd Weaker intermolecular force of
attraction closely
means packed
particles sol id,
compactly packed which makes a liquid.
giving a
Almost
gas.
no intermolecular force of attractionpart
are ic l e
lesS
allows s
move
the particles to randomly
Q. 17. Explain the following:
Solds hae fired shape. Rubber band is a solid but it can
Salids are incompressible. Sponge is a solid but it can be change its shape.
Solids are rigid. Aheap of rubber material is a solid but it
shape
compressed.
can be drawn
Mud is a solid but when mixed with water, it can be into any
Ans. (i Solids have fixed shape. But its shape can obtained in
different
band changes its shape when force is applied. It regains its shapeunder force. Thus shapes.
change
(z Solids are incompressible. Some solids have vacant spaces in when force is removed. rubber
which has minute holes in which air is trapped. Thus
when them. Sponge is a
so we are abie to compress it. When pressure is removed, we press it, air is solid
holes. air is again
trapped expelled and
into minutes
(ui Rubber is a solid but it has
into different shapes and remains as elastic property. On applying external force it
such till force is applied.
( Mud contains small solid changes
9. 18. Two materials A and B
particles which have fixed shape.
The shape of both the materials are taken separately in a jug, a bottle and a jar.
changes
the volume of A remains the same and when taken into different containers but
the volume of B changes with the size of
container. Explain which of these is a solid, liquid or a gas?
the
Ans. Neither A or B is a solid because its
shape changes when taken into different
containers. A is a liquid because its volurne does not
gases occupy all the available space, so B is a gas. depend the size of the container. As
on
Q. 19. How does the rate of diffusion change with (i)
ii density of liquid and
temperature? Give examples.
Ans. (i) Rate of diffusion decreases with density of a liquid. Honey is denser than ink.
If you add a drop of ink and honey in two separate jars filled with water, it will be observed
that honey takes longer time to reach the bottorm of the jar as compared to that taken by ink.
(u Diffusion increases with rise of termperature. For example, liquid mix faster at
higher ternperatures.
Q. 20. Giving reasons separate the following intodifferent states of matter.
Chair, gluss, xygen, water, petroleum, heat, worh, hydrogen.
Ans. Chair, glans are nolids These are not compressible and have a definite shape.
Water, petroleum are liquids These have fixed volume but no definite shape and are
not easily compressible.
Oxygen and hydrogen-are gaes. Them are canily compressible and have no fixe
volurne The volume of a gas is the volume of the container.
 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

characteristics of any state

Heat and work are not part of matter. They do not show
of matter.
Q. 21. Classify the following materials according to the state in which they
exist around us.
Steel, blood, air, oil, rubber, honey, carbon doxide, herosene, LPG, CNG, nitrogen,
0xygen, glass.
Ans. Solid- Steel, rubber, glass.
Liquid- -Blood, oil, honey, kerosene, LPG.
Gas-Air, carbon dioxide, CNG, nitrogen, oxygen.
Q. 22. Arrange the following substances in decreasing order of intermolecular
forces
Hydrogen, saltl, petroleum.
Ans. Salt > petroleum > hydrogen.
Q. 23. You can easily move a glass rod through water in a beaker. We cannot
move the rod through a stone. Explain.
Ans. Water is a fluid and is not rigid. On the other hand stone is hard and rigid.
Q. 24. What is pressure? What is its unit? On what factor does the pressure of
a gas depend?
Ans. The pressure exerted by a gas is the force exerted by gas particles per unit area
on the walls of the container. It is expressed in pascal (Pa). 1atmosphere = 1.01 x 10 Pa.
The pressure depends on the average kinetic energy of the colliding particles which depends
on temperature of the gas.
Q. 25. 5 g each of nitrogen gas is contained in three vessels A, B, C with volume
1litre, 1.5 litre and 2.0 litre at the same temperature. How will you measure the
volume of the gas in each vessel? Explain.
Ans. The volume of 5 g of nitrogen would be 1, 1.5, 2 litres respectively in the vessels
A, B and C. The volume of any amount of the gas would be the volume of the containing
vessel.
Q. 26. It is not proper to regard the gaseous state of ammonia a vapours.
Explain.
Ans. The gaseou8 state ofa substance can be regarded as vapours only in case it is a
liquid at room temperature. Since ammonia is a gas at room
cannot be regarded as vapours. temperature, ita gaseous state

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 6)

1.The mass per unit volume ofa substance is called density (density = mass I
Arrange the following in order of inereasing density-aur, exhaust from volume).
water, chalk, cotton and iron. chimneys, honey,
Ans. Air <exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk <
2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the iron.
(b) Commnent upon the following:
characteristics of states of matter.
rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape,
and density. kinetie energy
Ans. (a) Please se answer of Q. 9 on page 7.
12
GOLDEN SCIENCE-IX
of water particles. This is in conformity with the fact that alcohol boils at lower temperature
water which is 100°C.
of 78°C as compared to boiling point of Kelvin scale.
Q.9. Change the following temperatures to
() -273°C ) -100°C iii) -40°C (ir) + 30°C (KVS 2005)
Ans. () -273°C+ 273 = 0 K
(ü) -100°C + 273 = 173 K
(m)40°C + 273 = 233 K
(u) +30°C + 273 = 303 K
Q. 10. Why is ice at 273 K is less energetic than water at the same temperature?
Ans. Water at 273 K is formed from ice at 273 K by absorbing latent heat of fusion
Therefore energy content of water at 273 K is always higher than ice at 273 K.
Q. 11. What is sublimation? Give an example with illustration.
Or
What is sublimation? Write the name of two substances that sublime.
(NCT 2007)
Ans Generally matter changes its state on heating from solid to liquid and from liquid
to gas. However, there are some substances that change directly from solid state to gaseous
state and vice versa. This change of state from solid to gas without changing into liquid state
or vice versa is called sublimation. For example, camphor on heating changes directly into
vapours.
llustration. Take some ammonium chloride. Powder it and put in a china dish. Put
an inverted funnel over the china dish. Put some cotton plug on the stem of the funnel. Now
heat the china dish (Fig. 1.3). You will notice fine crystal particles depositing on the inner
walls of the funnel.Thus, on heating ammonium chloride is directly converted into ammonium
chloride vapours which condense on the inner walls of the china dish.

-Cotton plug
Inverted
funnel
Ammonium
chioride Ammonium
vapours
chloride
solidified

China dish

Burner

Fig. 13. Sublimation of ammonium chloride

 13
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGs

9. 12. Give reasons:

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear willtime without leaving any solid.
(MST 2008)
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
Ans. (a) Naphthalene has the property of sublimation. So even at room temperatures
it evaporates like liquids to vapours.
(6) The molecules of a gas are continuously moving at random either striking among
themselves or with the balls of the container. The pressure on the walls container is the force
per unit area with which the moving gas particles strike per unit area of the containing
vessel.
Q. 13. Select the substances which follow the process of sublimation:
lce, ammonium chloride, salt, naphthalene, ghee, coconut oil, camphor.
Ans. Ammonium chloride, naphthalene and camphor.
Q. 14. Ghee freezes at room temperature and mustard oil does not (in winter).
Which of these has a higher melting point and lower intermolecular forces?
Ans. Since ghee freezes at room temperature and mustard oil does not, it shows that
intermolecular forces between particles of ghee are stronger compared to those of mustard
oil. Higher the intermolecular forces, higher is the melting point. Therefore. ghee has a
higher melting point than that of mustard oil.
Q. 15. Which of the following shows phenomenon of sublimation?
Solid water, solid carbon dioxide, solid alcohol, solid oxygen.
Ans. Solid carbon dioxide.
Q. 16. What is the effect of temperature and pressure on a gas?
Ans. At a given pressure, reduction of temperature liquefies a gas at some point.
At a given temperature, increase of pressure also results in liquifying a gas. But here
the essential condition is that the temperature has to be below a certain value called critical
temperature.
Q. 17. How do you differentiate between a gas and a vapour?
Ans. The word vapour is used to describe those gases that usually exist as liquid at
room temperature. Water particles in gaseous state are called vapours. Oxygen at room
temperature exists as gas particles.
Q. 18. What is the difference between latent heat of fusion and latent of
solidification?
Ans. Latent heat of fusion and solidification are equal in amount but opposite in sign.
Latent heat of fusion is the amount of energy required when 1 kg of ice converts into water
at 0°C. Whereas latent heat of solidification is the amount of energy given out when 1 kg of
water freezes at 0°C.
Q. 19. How are particles of matter affected with increasing or reducing pressure
on the matter at a given temperature?
Ans. On increasing pressure, particles of a matter come closer and these move apart
on reducing pressure at a given temperature. Thus if pressure is increasingly applied on a
gas, particles of the gas come closer and closer and eventually the gas may change into liquid
and then into solid form. Fig. 1.4. shows three cylinders in which a matter is present as gas,
liquid and solid.
50
GOLDEN SCIENCEY
QUESTIONS (Page 24)
NCERT INTEXT
aschemical
or pBysical changes:
the flloring
1. CassiCuttive of tres,
mtinE o butte in a pan,
" ustine efalmirah
steam,
h~ing awnter toform water and the
.
mesing of electric current through water breaking down
hdragen and orygen gases,
common salt in
water. into
e dixsaving and
fruits,
salad with raw
emakingafrut wood.
burning of paperand
change
Ans.
Cutting of trees physical physical change
melting ofbutter in a pan
almirah-chemical change
rusting of steam-physical change
boiling of water to form
" passing of electric current through water and the water breaking downninto
chemical change
hydrogen and oxygen gases change
dissolving common salt in water-physical
change
making afruit salad with raw fruits physical
chemical change
" burning of paper and wood substances or mixtures
2.Iry segregating the things around you as pure
sugar, salt, ice, ete.
Ans. Pure substances copper wire, water,
Mituresfruits, furniture, paper, clothes, food, butter, shoes, vegetables
juice, ete.
milk, LPG, bread, air, ink, curd, soda water, lemon
SUBSTANCES?
2.5. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PURE
support of you
Q 1Define the term-Element. Give an illustration in
definition.
of the same kine
Ans. Element. An element is a substance which contains atoms all
mercur
t cannot be converted into anything visibly simpler than itself. For example, element 0h
s COmposed of oniy one kind of atoms (with atomic no. 80). Gold, copper, hydrogen are
examples of elemente Afer the discovery of isotopes, the definition of an element is modin
I more orreet o say that element is a substance made up of atoms, all having the Sa
aomic numher

LLUSTRATION
test
Take about 5.0 gof mercuric ) oxide (red oxide of mercury) in a hard glass fl
fited with cork and a delivery tube as shown in Fig. 2.10. Heat the tube over a bunsen
first slowly nd then strongly. Afer gas comingouto
observe a
capillary tube If you bring agiowing sometime you would
the tube, thestick
matchstick near the mouth of supporter of combu
burning with a flame That is due w evolved oxygen which is
 SWho

51

1S MATTER AROUND US PUAE

Mercuric (1) Oxide

Mercury

Fig. 2.10
Continue heating the glass tube. After sometime, no more gas is evolved and a sh1n1ng liquid
is left at the bottom of the glass tube. That is mercury.
Mercuric () Oxide ’ Mereury + Oxygen
(Elements)
Conclusion. Red mercuric oxide on heating breaks up into two simpler substances,
mercury and oxygen which are not further broken. Thus mercury and oxygen are elements
Q. 2. Name a substance that cannot be decomposed under ordinary
circumstances either by a physical process or a chemical process.
Ans, A substance that cannot be decomposed by a physical or a chemical process is
known as an element. For example, oxygen.
Q. 3. Define the term compound.
Ans. A compound is a substance which is formed by the combination of two or more
elements in a fixed proportion by weight. The properties of a compound are entirely different
from its constituents. A compound can be decomposed into two or more
me For example, water is a compound formed by combination of 89% simpler substances.
by weight irrespective of its source. Its properties namely, oxygen and 11% hydrogen
ete. are quite different from the properties of hydrogen and density, physical state, reactivity
oxygen.
decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide is made of carbonWater can be easily
made of sodium and chlorine and sugar is made of carbon, and oxygen, salt is
oxygen and hydrogen
constituent elements in fixed proportions. Carbon dioxide, salt and sugar are having their
compounds.
tarti
stie
 GOLDEN SCIENCEIX
78

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 35)

1. Define the atomic mass unit.
th of the mass
which is equal to
Ans. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit (u) 12

of an atom of carbon-12.
atom with naked eyes?
2. Why is itnot possible to see an
small. Further atoms of most elements do
Ans. The size of an atom is very very m
of an atom is of the order of 10-10
not exist independently. The radius

3.3. WHAT IS A MOLECULE? constituent

an account of the arrangement of the
Q. 1. What are mnolecules? Give
atoms in the molecules.
smallest particle of an element or of a compound which is stahl,
Ans. A molecule is the the properties of that elemer
freely and shows all
under ordinary conditions and can exist
or compound.
A molecule may be made up
of one, two or more atoms.
one atom are called monoatomic, e.g., helium, argon, neon.
Molecules with only
have similar or different atoms. ee
These may
Molecules with two atoms are diatomic.
acid gas (HCI).
chlorine (Cl,), oxygen (0,), hydrochloric three atoms (H,0, CO,), four atoms (P, NH)
Similarly, there are molecules containing
and so on.
Arrangement of atoms in molecules:
molecule are chemically bonded in a definite pattern. This arrangement
The atoms in a compound. For example, structural formna
by the structural formula of the
of atoms is given simple illustration for the structure of water. In fact
water
water is H-0-H. This is a
for arrangements depending on the nature of
and all other molecules exhibit definite spatial
chemical bonding between atoms.
ammonia and sulphur.
Fig. 3.3 shows molecular model for water,

H H S
H H

H,0 NH, S
Water Ammonia Sulphur

Fig. 3.3. Shapes of some simple molecules

Q. 2. Can you make a distinction between a molecule and a compound:
diferen
Ans. A molecule is usually formed when at least two atoms of the same or refere
kinds combine. If two or three atoms of the same kind of element combine, then it is
to as molecule of an element or simply molecule. For example, molecule of oxygen
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
79

Caemed by the combination of two oxygen atoms. Molecule formed by the union of two
or
more atoms of different elements is called a molecule of a compound or simply compound.
For example, a molecule or a compound of carbon dioxide is formed by the union of one
carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. However, the noble gases consists of molecules of single
atoms only. For example, helium exists as He.
Q. 3. Comment on the statement. "A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance
(element or compOund) which has the properties of the substance and is stable."
Ans. Yes, it is true that a molecule is the smallest particie of a substance which has
the properties of that substance and is stable. In case of gases like oxygen, a molecule (0,)
is stable and gives properties of oxygen gas, whereas atom °' is not stable and does not
represent oxygen gas. In case of noble gases such as helium, a molecule is of monoatomic
belium atom (He) and represents helium gas and is also stable. In case of a compound, e.g..,
carbon dioxide, properties of carbon dioxide molecule are the properties of carbon dioxide gas.
A molecule of carbon dioxide is stable.
Q. 4. Here are molecules of different substances. Differentiate between these.
(i)Chlorine molecule, (iü) Argon molecule, (çi) Hydrogen chloride molecule, iv) Nitrogen
molecule, (u) Neon molecule, (vi) Sulphur dioxide molecule, (viü) Hydrogen molecule.
Ans. (iü) Argon molecule and (v) Neon molecule are monoatomic molecules. Here molecule
is formed of only single atom.
()Chlorine molecule, (iv) Nitrogen molecule and (vii) Hydrogen molecule are diatomic
molecules. These are formed by the union of two atoms of the samne element.
(ii) Hydrogen chloride and (vi) Sulphur dioxide are molecular compounds and are
formed by the union of different kinds of atoms.
Q.5. Define atomicity of anelement and give one example each of mono, di and
triatomic molecules.
Ans. The number of atoms combined together to form a stable molecule of an element
is called its atomicity.
Example -Monoatomic molecule-helium (He), neon (Ne)
Diatomic molecule hydrogen (H,), oxygen (0,)
Triatomic molecule-ozone (0,), carbon dioxide (CO,)
Tetraatomic molecule - P 4

Polyatomic molecule - S,
Q. 6. What is the basic unit of all material substances?
Ans. All matters are composed of tiny particles called atoms or molecules.
Q: 7. Name some molecules containing more than four atoms. What are these
called?
Ans. Molecules containing more than four atoms are called polyatomic molerules.
Examples are: sulphur (S), ethyl alcohol (C,H,OH), sugar (C,H,,0,,), a form of carbon
called buckminsterfullerene (Cso).
Q. 8. What is the ultimate particle on which the properties of a material
substance depends?
Ans. The properties of matter depend to a large extent on the properties of ioms or
molecules of which they are composed.
Q. 9.Which of the following statements is more correct? Explain.
water.
(i)Tuo atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to give one molecule
 80
GOLDEN SCIENCE-IX
molecules
() Tuo molecules of hydrogen combine with one molecule of oxygen to gue two
of water.
with one molecule ot
Ans. The statement that two molecules of hydrogen combine
and hydrogen exist as
oxygen to give two molecules of water is correct because oxygen
molecules and not as atoms.
Q. 10. Explain the difference between 2C1 and Cl,. molecule of chlorine.
Ans. 2Cl indicates 2 atoms of chlorine and Cl, indicates one
two atoms, three atoms and
Q. 11. Name two molecules each having one atom,
four atoms.
monoatomic molecules.
Ans. Helium (He) and Neon (Ne) are
diatomic molecules,
Chiorine (Cl)and Oxygen (0,) are are triatomic molecules.
(CO,)
Water (H0) and carbon dioxide
are tetra-atomic molecules.
Ammonia (NH) and hydrogen peroxide (H,0,) and compounds.
existence of various elements
Q. 12. Give an account of form molecules. Generally, metals a,
as atomic crystals and do not
Ans. Metals exist consict
elements like carbon and silicon do not have single molecular structure but with ei
other form of carbon bonded
a very large indefinite number of atoms bonded together. A
buckminsterfullerence.
atoms is called
atoms. For example, argon existe
Non-metals exist as molecules containing one or more
as Ar and nitrogen as N, of
Compounds containing non-metals only exist as molecules. For example, compound
carhon
Compound of carbon and oxygen is a
nitrogen and hydrogen is a ammonia molecule.
dioxide molecule.
For example, compound of
Compounds containing metal and non-metal exist as ions. negatively charged chloride
sodium and chlorine consists of positively charged sodium ions and
1Ons.
whether A and B are
Q. 13. If AandBare two kinds of atoms, then state
compounds or materials:
metals or non-metals in the following representative
A

ia) A,

c B, (d) AB,
(e A*B, () AB,
gAB (h) B
Ans. (a) A is a non-metal.
(b) Ais a metal or non-metal like carbon or silicon.
(c) B is a non-metal.
(d) Aand B, both are non-metals.
(e) A is a metal and B is a non-metal.
(f A and Bare non-metals.
(g) A is a metal and B is a
h) B is a non-metal.
non-metal.
Q. 14. Define
Ans. atomicity.
Number of atos in asingle molecule of an element is as atomicity.
known
LATOMS AND MOLECULES
81

o. 15. How does an atom differ from a molecule?

Ans. An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have
kndenendent existence. On the other hand, 'molecule' is the smallest particle of the element
r compound which is capable of independent existence. For example, helium (He) is an atom
and can exist as such, whereas hydrogen atom (H) cannot exist as such but exists as a
molecule, i.e., H,. A molecule may be made up of similar atoms (homo atomic molecule) or
dissimilar atoms (hetero atomic molecule such as HC).
9. 16. How many kinds of atoms are present in a molecule of copper carbonate
(CuC0,)?
Ans. Copper carbonate is a hetero atomic molecule. It contains three types of atoms,
Le.. one atom of copper, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen.
9. 17. Separate the following stable elements into atoms and molecules:
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon, Sodium, Neon, Chlorine
Ans. Atoms: Argon, Sodium, Neon.
Molecules: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine.
Q. 18. The atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen and sulphur
are 1 u, 12 u, 14 u, 16 u, 32 u respectively. Show that the atoms of the foiowing
compounds combine in simple mnass to atomic mass ratio:
H,0, CO,, NH,, CS,, SO,.
Ans.

Compound Combining Ratio by Mass Ratiol

Elements Mass
Simple Ratio
Atomic Mass

H,0 H, 0 1: 8 H= , =1
1
2: 1

8 1
16 2

CO, C, O 3: 8 C=
3
12
1
1: 2
8
16 2

NH, N, H 14: 3 N=
14
= 1
14 1: 3
3
H = = 3
1

CS, C, S 3: 16 C=
3 1
12 4 1: 2
16 1
S =
32 2

SO, S,0 1: 1 S =
1
32 1: 2
1
0 =
16
 GOLDEN SCIENCE-X
82
atoms are obtained when one
moler.a
hydrogen and oxygen
Q. 19. How many
of water decomposes.
2H,0 ’ 2H, + 0,
of hydroge
molecules of hydrogen, i.e., 4 atoms of
Ans.Since 2 molecules of water gives 2 molecule water
one
molecule of oxygen, i.e., two atoms of oxygen. Hence,
and one and one atom of oxygen.
decomposition gives 2 atoms of hydrogen
between:
Q. 20. What is the difference
molecule of hydrogen?
() an atom of hydrogen and a water?
molecule of
(ü) amolecule of orygen and a
hydrogen is the smallest particle of hydrogen element which does
Ans. (i) An atom of of hydrogen has two hydrogen atoms bonded
existence. A molecule
not have independent particle of hydrogen element which has independent existence
together and is the smallest element
of oxygen has two atoms and is the smallest particle of oxygenhydrogen
(ü) Amolecule of water is a compound obtained from
two
independently. A molecule
which can exist
atoms and one oxygen atom.
the symbols of the following:
Q. 21. What is an ion? Write anion, polyatomic cation.
(NCT 2007)
Sodium ion, oxide ion, polyatomic
negatively
ion is a charged particle. It can be either positively charged or is called
Ans. An an anion and a positively charged
ion
negatively charged ion is called have a net charge
charged. A charged atom or a group of atoms that
consist a single
a cation. lons may carrying a net charge is known as a polyatomic ion. For
on them. Such a group of atoms atom and is known as sodium cation. Cl is a single charged
example, Na is a single charged is a group of atoms carrying net negative
charge
chloride anion. NO,
atom and is known as
and is known polyatomic anion.
Symbois Na, 0, (X, (Xy*.
where X is a polyatomic ion.
Q. 22. What are ionie compounds? compounds. Such
Ans. Compounds containing charged species are known as ionic example, sodium
metals with non-metals. For
compounds are formed from combination of particles are positively charged sodium ions
chloride is an ionic compound. Its constituent
(Na)and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl ).
Q. 23. Name the ions in the following compounds:
sulphide.
Sodium fluoride, potassium bromide, calcium oxide, silver
Ans. Sodium fluoride Sodium cation and fluoride anion
Potassium bromide Potassium ion and bromide ion
(cation) (anion)
Calciumn oxide Calcium ion and oxide ion
(cation) (anion)
Silver sulphide Silver ion and sulphide ion
(cation) (anion)
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES 83

Q. 24. What is an ion? Write the symbol of calcium ion, aluminium ion.
(NCT 209)
Ans. An ion is a charged particle. A negatively charged ion is called anion and a
positively charged ion is called cation.
Calcium ion: Ca'*
Aluminium ion: Al3

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE

Q. 1. What do you understand by formula of amolecule?
Ans. A group of atomic symbols, representing one molecule of a chemicai substance is
known as formula.
Q. 2. What is valency? What is its use?
Ans. Valency is the combining capacity of an element. It can be used to find out how
many atoms of an element will combine with the other element to form a chemical formula.
For example, hydrogen has a valency of +1 and chlor..o has a valency of -1, so one atom
of hydrogen combines with one atom of chlorine to form hydrochloric acid. Further oxygen
has a valency of -2, so one atom of oxygen combines with 2atoms of hydrogen to form water
molecule, H,0.
Q. 3. Give symbols and valencies for th common ions as given below:
Potassium, Barium, Aluminium, Calcium, Cobalt, Copper, Pluorine, Lead, Zinc.
lodine, Sulphide.
Ans. Name of ion Symbol Valency
Potassium K +1
Barium Ba +2
Aluminium AlP +3
Calcium Ca +2
Cobalt Co² +2
Copper Cu, Cu + 1, +2
Fluoride F -1
Lead Pb, Pb² + 1, + 2
Zinc Zn* +2
Iodide I -1
Sulphide -2
Q. 4. Do all elements have a charged valeney? Explain.
Ans. All elements do not form ions so their valencies do not have a charge. For
example, carbon and silicon have a valency of 4 and nitrogen has a valeney of 3. Further
molecules containing only non-metals are formed without a eharged valencey. For example,
in carbon tetrachloride (CCl), carbon has a valency of 4 and chlorine has a valency of 1.
Q. 5. Give the symbol and valeney of the following polyatomic ions:
Ammonium, Hydroxide. Nitrate, Carbonate, Sulphate, Sulphite, Bicarbonate,
Phosphate.
Ans. Polyatomie ion Symbol Valeney
Ammonium (NH) +l
Hydroxide (OH) -1
Nitrate (NO,) -1
84

Carbonate
(C0,P 2GOLDEN SCIENCE
(S0, 2
Sulphate (SO,P 2
Sulphite (HCO,) -1
Bicarbonate
(PO, -3
Phosphate
molecular formula of a compound written?
Q. 6. How is a formula of a compound
write comprised of cations
Ans. In
valency
order to
ion must
theanion
valenciesx of and be known. Let us
Bwith
consider a annd anions, ta
compound may be followed
valency y. Then the following stepscomnposed of

a molecular formula.
cation Awit
consists of a metal and a non-metal, the
(i) When a compound
written first and symbol of non-metal
on its right.
B
symbol of metal
A
as
() Write their valencies at top corners
A B
(üi) Interchange between the ions their valencies and these are placed on the lower sià
of each radical or used as subscripts.
A, B,
(iv) If a radical is multi-atomic, use a small bracket around it.
(w) Eliminate the common factor, if any, from the numbers used in subscripts. T
valencies and charges on the ion must balänce.
Thus calcium phosphate, compound of calcium ion (valency 2) and phosphate in
(valency 3 is written as Ca,PO),
The same method is used to write formula even for non-ionic substances.
Q.7. Write 'step-wise' the formulae for the following:
(a) Zinc sulphate (b)Ammonium carbonate
(c) Methane (d) Potassium sulphate
(e) Cupric chloride n Hydrogen sulphide.
Ans. (a) Zine sulphate (6) Ammonium carbonate
sO, () NH, Co,
(Co,
(so,) (ü) (NH,)"

i) ZnySo,h (üi) (NH,),C0,

(w) ZnSO,
(e) Methane (d) Potassium sulphate
)C H
(i) K SO,
H () Kl (so;)
(ui) CH,
(ui) K,SO,
 85
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
( Hydrogen sulphide
(e) Cupric chloride
C1 (i) H
() Cu
(ü) Cu* (ü) H'"

(m) CuCL, (üw) H,S.

Q. 8. Calcium pyrophosphate is represented by the formula
Ca,P,0, Write the formula
of ferric pyrophosphate.
carries a total of
Ans. Calcium has a valency of +2. There are two Ca atoms. Thus Ca
has a valency of
+4 charges. Therefore, pyrophosphate has a valency of -4. Since ferric ion
+3, the formula of ferric pyrophosphate is Fe,(P,0,:
Q. 9. Valency of few ions are provided below:
Na =1, NO, = 1, So - 2, Ar* = 3
Write the chemical formula of aluminium nitrate and sodium sulphate.
Ans. Aluminium nitrate -Al(NO),
[:: one ion of Al (+3charge) combines with 3 nitrate ions (-1 charge))
Sodium sulphate-Na,S0, Two ions of Na (+1 charge) combines with one SO, ion
(-2 charge))
Q. 10. Valency of few ions are provided below:
Na = 1, CI = 1, So - 2, AI =3
Write the formula of alumiFium chloride, aluminium sulphate, sodium
chloride and sodium sulphate.
Ans. Aluminium chloride = AlC1,
Aluminium sulphate = Al,(S0,),
Sodium chloride = NaCI
Sodium sulphate = Na,SO,
Q. 11. Valencies or charges of some ions are given below:
lons
Aluminium ion
Valencyleharge
3*
Nitride ion 3
Magnesium ion 2*
Sulphate ion 2
Fluoride ion 1
Potassium ion
Using the above information, write down the
i) Alumninium nitride chemical formulae of the following:
(u) Magnesium nitride
(iü) Aluminium sulphate
(iv) Potassium fluoride
(o) Magnesium fluoride
(vi) Potassium nitride.
Ans. Name of compound Cation Anion
() Aluminium nitride
AI* Chemical formula
(ü) Magnesium nitride AIN
Mg
Mg,N,
 86
lm)Aluminiumsulphate
A
K
so GOLDEN SCIENC
(w) Potassiumfluoride
2+
Mg F
(e) Magnesiumfluoride KR
(u) Potassium nitride K
Q.12.Ifthe calcium salt of a hypothetical anion Zhas thhe molecular
and what would
be
molecular formula of KN
What isthe valency of Z
fheormula
salt of Z:
Ans. Valency of Z =
Valency ofAl = +3
-3 alumin,
= AlZ.
Formula of aluminium salt of Z
9. 13. Theformula of sulphuric acid is H,SO, and the formula of
MCI, Write the formula of metal
sulphate. metal
Ans. Valency of S0, is,-2 and that of metal is +3 Isince it
combines with
chloris.
3
ions (-1).
Metal sulphate =M,(SOa
chlon,
0. L4. Write down the formulae of the following compounds:
(a) Aluminium chloride (b) Magnesium hydroxide (c) sodium
sulphide
Ans. (a) AlCL, (6) Mg(OH), (c) Na,S. (KVS 206;
Q. 15. Give the chemical name, chemical formulae for the
Baking soda, Washing soda, Blue vitriol, Green vitriol, following
Gypsum, Oilcompounds
of vitril n
white vtriol., Soda ash, Marble chips, Lime water.
Ans, Common name
Chemical name Chemical formula
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate
Washing soda Sodium carbonate
NaHCO,
Blue vitriol Na,C0,. 10H,0
Copper sulphate CuSo,.5H,0
Green vitriol
Ferrous sulphate FeSO,.7H,0
Gypsum Calcium sulphate
Oil of vitriol CaS0,. 2H,0
Soda ash Sulphuric acid H,SO,
Sodium carbonate
Marble chips Calcium carbonate
Na,C0,
Lime water CaCO,
Q. 16. What is Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH),
be derived
from a molecular formula? Explain with example what
informationcat
Ans. Molecular molecularof formula?
It gives the number formula a substance is
and the representation of its
molecule
H,0. HS0, kind of
atoms symbolhc
representof saone molecule of chemically. For example,
united water is given
by

SiTognisignify
ficancethe formula sulphuric acid.
has formula as information derived dioxidewhich
CO,. It from a
formula
elements ipresent
ndicates:
(i)The let us consider carbon
in
 87
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

is given by CO,:
(iü) One molecule of carbon dioxide one atom of carbon and two atoms
of oxygen
molecule of carbon dioxide has
(iüi) One
dioxide, carbon and oxygen are in a weight ratio of 12 : 32.
(iv) In carbon
weight or molecular weight) of carbon dioxide is
(relative
(u) Mass of one molecule from carbon atom and 32 u, from the two oxygen atoms.
44 u, 12 ucontributed is 4
the valency of oxygen here is 2 and that of carbon
(vi) It shows that
and is not an ion.
(viü) Molecule of CO, is not charged is CaO and not Ca,., Comment.
calcium oxide
9. 17. The chemical formula for oxide is CaO because writing
formula of a
formula of calcium aluminium
Ans. The chemical common factor. Similarly formula for
divided by highest
compound, valencies are
nitrate is AIN and not AI,N4.
formulae of
Q. 18. Write down the
(i) Aluminium phosphate
(iü) Calcium carbonate
(içi) Barium sulphate.
Al,(PO}3 ’ AIPO,
Ans. (i) Aluminium phosphate
(ü) Calcium carbonate Ca,(CO) CaCO,
(üi) Barium sulphate Ba,{S0}h ’ BaSO:
chloride,
() aluminium oxide, (ii) aluminium
Q. 19. Write down the formulae of ammonium sulphate, (vi) calcium bicarbonate,
(u)
(iüi) hydrogen sulphide, (iv) calcium hydroxide,
nitrate.
(MSE 2c I6)
(vii) ammonium phosphate, (viii)silver
Ans. () Aluminium oxide Al,0,
(ü) Aluminium chloride AIC,
(ü) Hydrogen sulphide HS
(w) Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH),
(u) Ammonium sulphate (NH)S0,
(vi) Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO,2
(viü) Ammonium phosphate (NH)PO,
(vüi) Silver nitrate AgNO,
compounds.
Q. 20. Give the formulae of the following
() Magnesium hydroxide
(i) Aluminium sulphate
(iii) Potassium nitrate
(KVS 2008)
(iv) Sodium carbonate
Ans. i) Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH),
(ü) Aluminium sulphate Al, (S0),
(iü) Potassium nitrate KNO,
(iv) Sodium carbonate Na,C0,