Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

1. Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Galileo said that velocity is not necessarily zero if there is no force; it is acceleration which is
zero if there is no force. This idea was restated by Newton's first law of motion, sometimes
called the law of inertia.
Inertia is a property of a body that tends to preserve that body's state of rest when it is at rest or
to maintain a body's motion when it is in motion. The mass of the body is a measure of its
inertia.
Example: Consider a passenger standing on a bus that is running at a constant speed along a
straight highway. When the driver suddenly steps on the brakes, the passenger is thrown
forward. According to Newton's first law of motion, the passenger maintains his state of constant
speed unless acted upon by an external force. To avoid being thrown forward, the passenger
tries to grasp a part of the bus to hold him back.

Two Parts of Newton's First Law of Motion

Newton's first law applies to bodies at rest and bodies in motion. Let's look at each separately.

Body at Rest

Let us use an object lying on a table as our example. According to the first law of motion, this
object will remain at rest. This state of rest can only be changed by applying an external force on
the body, such that it is a net force. The body is acted upon by two forces as it lies on the table:
These are its weight and the upward reaction exerted by the table. But these two forces alone
have a zero resultant,
which means that there
is 0 net force on the
object. The law implies
that the smallest net
force on the object will
move it.
Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon
by an external force. John Ray Cuevas

In figure A above, the block of weight (W) is placed on a smooth surface, and it is acted upon by
two equal and opposite horizontal forces (F). The resultant of all thee forces on the block is zero,
hence there is no net force. According to the first law, the block will remain at rest.
In figure B above, the same block is placed on a rough surface. Its weight (W) is balanced by the
upward reaction (R) of the surface. A single force (F) is applied to the block, but the block does
not move. Because the surface is rough, there is a retarding force of friction which is directed to
the left and which balances the force F. Hence, all the forces form a system of forces in
equilibrium. There is no net force on the block, and it will remain at rest.

Body in Motion
As for the second part of Newton's first law of motion, consider a body in motion. This law says
that the body will remain in uniform motion along a straight line. This means that it will move at
a constant speed in a fixed direction unless it is acted upon by a net external force. The state of
uniform motion can change in one of the three ways listed below:

 The speed is changed, but the direction of the velocity remains constant.
 The direction of the velocity is changed, while the speed remains constant.
 Both the magnitude and the direction of the velocity are changed.
Newton's first law of motion states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled
to change its state by the action of an external force.

Figure A above shows a block moving to the right with an initial velocity vo. When the force F is
directed to the left of the block, the velocity is increased in magnitude, but the direction of
motion is not changed. This is true whenever the force is in the same direction as the velocity.
In Figure B, the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion. Only the direction of the
velocity is changed, and the magnitude remains.

In Figure C, the force is neither parallel to the direction of the velocity nor perpendicular to it.
Both the magnitude and the direction of the velocity are changed.

The Force of Friction

The force of friction is hard to remove in any object. Even an object like an airplane flying
through the air encounters air resistance. This is why objects don't move continuously if no
forces are acting on the body. After a body has been put into motion, it will eventually stop due
to the retarding force of friction. However, following the thinking of Galileo, friction can
sometimes be absent, in which case a body already moving will continue to move indefinitely at
a constant speed along a straight line.

2. Newton's Second Law of Motion (Law of Mass and Acceleration)

The second of Newton's three laws of motion is also known as the law of mass and acceleration.

The equation F = ma is probably the most-used equation in mechanics. It states that the net force
on a body is equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration. The equation is valid provided
proper units are used for the force, the mass, and the acceleration. Both sides of the equation
involve vector quantities. It is implied that they must have the same direction wherein the
acceleration is the same direction as the applied force. Since the acceleration is in the same
direction as the change in velocity, it follows that the change in velocity due to the applied force
is also in the same direction as the force.

The equation a = F/m says that the acceleration produced is proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass. It can also be written as m = F/a. This equation says that the
mass of a body is the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding acceleration. This is also the
definition of inertial mass in terms of the two quantities that can be measured.

3. Newton's Third Law of Motion

Newton's first two laws of motion refer to single bodies. These two laws are laws of motion.
Newton's third is not a law of motion but a law of forces.

Newton's third law of motion posits that for every force applied, there is always an equal and
opposite reaction. Or, if one body exerts a force on another, the second body exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first. It is not possible to exert a force on a body without a reaction, and the
reaction exerted by the body is exactly equal to the force being applied to the body, neither more
nor less.

APPLICATION OF MECHANICS

Applications of the equations of static equilibrium. Plane trusses. Space trusses and shear force
and bending moment diagrams. Cable support systems. Coulomb friction and belt friction.
Applied mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the motion of any substance that can
be experienced or perceived by humans without the help of instruments. In short, when
mechanics concepts surpass being theoretical and are applied and executed, general mechanics
becomes applied mechanics. It is this stark difference that makes applied mechanics an essential
understanding for practical everyday life. It has numerous applications in a wide variety of fields
and disciplines, including but not limited to structural engineering, astronomy, oceanography,
meteorology, hydraulics, mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, nanotechnology,
structural design, earthquake engineering, fluid dynamics, planetary sciences, and other life
sciences.
Mechanics may be divided into three branches: statics, which deals with forces acting on and in a
body at rest; kinematics, which describes the possible motions of a body or system of bodies; and
kinetics, which attempts to explain or predict the motion that will occur in a given situation.
Timoshenko is the father of applied mechanics.
TYPES OF FORCE SYSTEM
A force is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. There are a
variety of types of forces. A variety of force types were placed into two broad category headings on the
basis of whether the force resulted from the contact or non-contact of the two interacting objects.

Contact Forces Action-at-a-Distance Forces

Frictional Force Gravitational Force
Tension Force Electrical Force
Normal Force Magnetic Force
Air Resistance Force
Applied Force
Spring Force

Type of Force Description of Force

(and Symbol)

An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another

object. If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is an applied
Applied Force force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on the desk
by the person.

Fapp

The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other
massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By definition, this
Gravity Force is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth experience a force of gravity
that is directed "downward" towards the center of the earth. The force of
gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of the object as found by the
(also known as Weight)
equation:

W=m*g
where g = -9.8 m/s2 (on Earth)
and m = mass (in kg)

Normal Force The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact
with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface,
then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support
Fnorm the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally
between two objects that are in contact with each other. For instance, if a
 person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the person.

Friction Force The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it
or makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two types of friction
force - sliding and static friction. Thought it is not always the case, the friction
Ffrict force often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if a book slides
across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction force in the
opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two surfaces being
pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between
molecules of different surfaces. As such, friction depends upon the nature of
the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed together. The
maximum amount of friction force that a surface can exert upon an object can
be calculated using the formula below:

Ffrict = µ • normal

Air Resistance Force The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as
they travel through the air. The force of air resistance is often observed to
oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently be neglected due to
Fair its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is mathematically difficult
to predict its value). It is most noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds
(e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with large surface areas.

Tension Force The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable
or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The
Ftens tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the
objects on the opposite ends of the wire

Spring Force The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon
any object that is attached to it. An object that compresses or stretches a
spring is always acted upon by a force that restores the object to its rest or
 Fspring equilibrium position. For most springs (specifically, for those that are said to
obey "Hooke's Law"), the magnitude of the force is directly proportional to
the amount of stretch or compression of the spring.
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