Introduction to Wind Energy Conversion

System
Applications of the Wind Energy

Off Shore Electricity 1 ON Shore Electricity 2 Wind Mill-Pumping 3

Sailing of the Boat 4 Agriculture 5

Wind Energy Background
• The wind energy is the indirect form of the solar
energy which develops due to the uneven heating
of the earth surface.
• It is estimated that around 2% of the total solar
energy received by the earth gets converted to the
wind energy.
• Even if 1% of the wind energy is used effectively, it
can satisfy the global power demand.
• In US typically wind speed varies between 6 and 12 6
miles per hour.
• In India typical wind speed variation around 23
Kmph to 29 Kmph.
History of Wind Energy Utilization
• Wind Turbines Convert Kinetic Energy of
Wind to the Mechanical Energy
• Traditionally, the wind energy was harnessed
through wind mills to make grain flours and
to pump water in the farms.
• The wind turbines with few kilowatts of
power capacity are built specially to feed
power to the remote places.
• Nowadays, wind turbines of MW capacity are 7
seen everywhere feeding power to the grid.
Global Stand on Wind Electricity Production
Wind Power Installed Capacity (GW)
250

China, 221

200

150

100 USA, 96.4

Germany, 59.3

50
India, 35
Spain, 23 UK, 20.7
France, 15.3 Brazil, 14.5 Canada, 12.8 Italy, 10.1

0
China USA Germany India Spain UK France Brazil Canada Italy
Wind Power Installed Capacity (GW)
Data Source: Power-
Types of Wind Turbines

• Horizontal Axis: The axis of hub rotation is

parallel to the ground.
• Vertical Axis: The axis of hub rotation is
perpendicular to the ground.
• Most of the modern day wind turbines
belong to the horizontal axis type due to
its better power extracting capabilities.
8
• The vertical axis utilizes wind blowing in
Vertical Axis Horizontal Vertical Axis
3600 and is ideal for conditions where Axis
wind conditions are not consistent.
Schematic of WECS

Kinetic Energy AC
from Wind

Wind Generator
Gear Power Transformer Grid
Turbine Box Converters

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

 Mathematical Analysis
• The aerodynamic modelling equations of the wind turbine helps to assess the
performance of the wind turbine with respect to the varying wind speeds.

A
Pm C p ( ,  ) 3
Vwind
2
Where,
Cp is known as the power coefficient,
ρ is the air density in kg/m3,
A is the turbine swept area,
Vwind is the wind speed upstream in m/s and
ꞵ is the blade Pitch angle.
Mathematical Analysis
λ which is known as the tip speed ratio

R

Vwind
Where,
ω is the angular velocity of rotor in rad/s, R is the radius of turbine blades in m.

The performance coefficient (λ, β) depends on the tip speed ratio and blade
pitch angle.

The power coefficient determines the amount of wind energy that can be
captured from the wind turbine system.
 Mathematical Analysis
A non-linear model describes (λ, β)
C6
C2
C p ( ,  ) C1 C3  C4  x C5 e 
i
(λ, β) depends on the wind turbine rotor type

• The power coefficient is unique for each wind turbine.

• The power coefficient is often identified through empirical means.
• The typical coefficients values could be C1=0.5, C2=116, C3=0.4, C4=0, C5=5,
C6=21.
1 1 1 0.035
• The Parameter is,
i i  0.08  3 1
 Matlab Case Study 1
Turbine Power Characteristics
With Variation in Pitch Angle and Wind
Speeds
Parameters
Pitch Angle Zero
Pitch Angle One
Pitch Angle Two
Cut in Speed and Cut off Speed

9
Betz Limit-Efficiency
• Betz Limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a wind turbine.
• The theoretical maximum value is 59.3%.
• In practical it is not possible to reach the Betz Limit.
• The practical efficiency would fall in the range of 35-40%.
• To have 100% efficiency, all the wind energy should be captured from the wind
turbine.
• The air would not have passed to the back of the wind turbine in the case of
100% efficiency.
• This would block the further flow of wind energy to the wind turbine leading
to the stoppage of the wind rotation.
Components of Wind Plant
Sl No Details of Particular Purpose
1 Foundation To provide Mechanical Strength
2 Connection to Grid To feed Power to the Grid
3 Tower To Raise the height of the Plant
4 Access Ladder For Installation and Maintenance
5 Wind Orientation Control To capture maximum wind
6 Nacelle To house Generator, Gear Box
7 Generator To Generate Electricity
8 Anemometer To determine the wind speed
9 Brake To prevent motion of Turbine during maintenance
10 Gearbox To change the speed of rotation of turbine (90:1)
11 Rotor Blade To access the wind energy

12 Blade Pitch Control To obtain optimum amount of power

13 Rotor Hub Transfers Kinetic Energy from wind into drive train
10
 Angle of Attack
• The amount of surface area of the foil
exposed to the wind determines the
amount of force exerted on the blades.
• The angle by which the blade is adjusted
is termed as Angle of Attack.
• The angle is measured with respect to the
incoming air flow direction and the chord
line of the blade.
• The critical angle of attack means air is no 1
longer streams smoothly over the blade 1
surface.
Wind Turbine Speed Control
• The key goal of the wind turbine speed control is to either maximize the
power output or limit the power output.
• Maximize power output is recommended during normal conditions.
• Limiting the power output is recommended during extreme weather
conditions.
• This is achieved by
• Blade Angle Adjustment: Pitch Angle Control
• Rotating the entire wind turbine:Yaw Control
• Controlling the generator speed: Power Electronics Control
Pitch Control
• The objective of pitch control is to maintain best
possible blade angle to achieve expected power output.
• Pitch adjustment will control the power output by
either stalling or furling.
• By stalling the angle of attack is increased, this causes
more area of the blade getting exposed to the wind.
• By furling the angle of attack is decreased, this reduces
the blade exposure to the wind.
• Pitch angle is the most effective means of limiting the 1
power output of the wind turbine during higher wind 2
speed thereby avoids damage to the turbine.
 Yaw Control
• This control ensures that the turbine is constantly
exposed to the wind in order to maximize power.
• It refers to the rotation of the wind turbine in the
horizontal axis.
• It helps to adjust the turbine to the variation in the wind
and thereby reduce the power loss.
• It consists of
• Azimuth bearing: bearing are used to ensure long life
1
• Yaw drive: Hydraulic or Electrical
3
• Yaw brakes: Absorbs yawing moments
Generator Speed and Pitch Control
Fixed Speed-Fixed Pitch (FS-FP)
• The turbine generator is directly coupled with the grid.
• The rotational speed of the generator is fixed as the generator operates at
one particular frequency following the grid.
• Turbines are controlled using passive stall control during high wind speeds.
• Gearbox ratio selection becomes mandatory to ensure the rated power
output is not exceeded.
• It is most inefficient means of operating as the wind energy is
underutilized.
• The rated power is achieved at one particular wind speed only.
Generator Speed and Pitch Control
Fixed Speed-Variable Pitch (FS-VP)

• In this method, pitch angle is fixed below the rated wind speed and is
adjusted above the rated wind speed.
• Below the rated wind speed, FS-VP turbine has a near optimum efficiency.
• Exceeding the rated wind speed, the pitch angles are varies resulting in
very little or no loss in power.
• Both feather and stall pitch control methods are adopted to limit the
power.
Generator Speed and Pitch Control
Variable Speed-Fixed Pitch (VS-FP)
• Continuously adjusts the rotor speed relative to the speed of the wind.
• Power Electronics based control is considered.
• The generator rotor and drive train is free to rotate independent of the grid frequency.
• The maximum power output is obtained for the wind speed less than the rated speed.
• Poor regulation above the rated speed.
• Fixed pitch relies heavily on the blade design to limit the power through stalling.
Generator Speed and Pitch Control
Variable Speed-Variable Pitch (VS-VP)
• It takes the advantage of both the Fixed Speed-Variable Pitch and Variable
Speed-Fixed Pitch methods.
• This is the only method which theoretically achieves the ideal power curve
pattern.
• During the low wind speeds the variable speed fixed pitch strategy is
followed and maximum power extraction is possible.
• During the high wind speeds, the fixed speed and variable pitch strategy is
adopted to achieve rated power extraction.
• It is costlier yet more efficient compared to the other methods.
Types of Generators
• Fixed Speed Generators:
• Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG) is considered.
• No variation in the rotor speed.
• Reactive Power is consumed from the grid.
• Semi-Variable Speed Generators
• Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)/Wound Rotor Induction Generator
(WRIG) is considered.
• Partial variation in the rotor speed (±30%)
• The partial reactive power support is possible.
• Variable Speed Generators
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator/SCIG/WRSG is considered.
• 100% variation in the rotor speed is possible.
• Fully reactive power support is possible.
 Fixed Speed Generator

SCIG
1%
Type1
Semi Variable Speed Generator
Wind Turbine
Step-up Three-Phase
Gear box WRIG Bypass switch Transformer Grid

WRIG
10%
Type2 = Power Factor
variable Resistor Compensator

Wind Turbine
Step-up Three-Phase
Gear box DFIG Transformer Grid

DFIG
30%
Type3
Reduced Capacity(30%)
Power Converter
Variable Speed Generator
S C IG

W in d Tu rb in e

Fully S te p -u p
Tra n sfo rm e r
T h re e -P h a se
G rid
PM SG
Variable
Speed G e a r b ox
Type4 (O p tio n a l
w ith S G )
Fu ll C a p a city (1 0 0 % )
Po w e r C o nve rte r

W RSG

Direct Wind Turbine

Step-up
Grid Transformer Three-Phase
(Optional) Grid
Connect
Speed/Torque
ed Converter
Type5 Gear box

WRSG
Comparison Between SCIG, DFIG and PMSG
Parameter SCIG DFIG PMSG
Speed Variation of Nil Partial Complete
Rotor
Converter Size Zero 30% 100%
Reactive Power Absorption Partial Complete
Grid Codes Unable to Follow Partial Complete

Maximum Power Not Possible Partial Speed Complete Speed

Extraction Range Range
Cost Less Medium High
Schematic of DFIG
Modelling of DFIG
The instantaneous stator voltages expressions and the same are
presented as follows.
𝑑𝜓𝑎𝑠 (𝑡)
• 𝑉𝑎𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜓𝑏𝑠 (𝑡)
• 𝑉𝑏𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜓𝑐𝑠 (𝑡)
• 𝑉𝑐𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡

Where,
Vas(t),Vbs(t) and Vcs(t) are the three phase instantaneous voltages,
Rs is the stator side resistance.
ias(t), ibs(t) and ics(t) are the three phase instantaneous currents.
𝜓𝑎𝑠 (𝑡), 𝜓𝑏𝑠 (𝑡) and 𝜓𝑐𝑠 (𝑡) denotes the three phase stator flux
Modelling of DFIG
The instantaneous rotor voltages expressions and the same are
presented as follows.
dψar (t)
• Var t = R r iar t +
dt

dψbr (t)
• Vbr t = R r ibr t +
dt

dψcr (t)
• Vcr t = R r icr t +
dt

Where,
Var(t),Vbr(t) and Vcr(t) are the three phase instantaneous voltages,
Rr is the rotor side resistance.
iar(t), ibr(t) and icr(t) are the three phase instantaneous currents.
𝜓𝑎r (𝑡), 𝜓𝑏r (𝑡) and 𝜓𝑐r (𝑡) denotes the three phase rotor flux
dq Modelling of DFIG
• The stator and the rotor voltage equations of the DFIG in the vector form is
expressed as below:
𝑑𝜑𝑠𝑠
• 𝑣Ԧ𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖Ԧ𝑠𝑠+
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜑𝑟𝑟
• 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟
𝑅𝑟 𝑖Ԧ𝑟 +
𝑑𝑡
Where,
• 𝑣Ԧ𝑠𝑠 , 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑠 denotes the voltage space vector of the stator and rotor respectively, 𝑖Ԧ𝑠𝑠 , 𝑖Ԧ𝑟𝑠 and 𝜑𝑠𝑠 , 𝜑𝑟𝑟 denotes
the current and flux space vector of the stator and rotor respectively.

• The relationship between the stator and rotor fluxes with respect to the
currents can be expressed as below.

𝜑𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖Ԧ𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖Ԧ𝑟𝑠

𝜑𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝑚 𝑖Ԧ𝑠𝑟 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑖Ԧ𝑟𝑟
dq Modelling of DFIG
• 𝐿𝑚 is magnetizing inductance and is related to the self inductance (𝐿𝑠 , 𝐿𝑟 ) and leakage inductances (𝐿𝜎𝑠 , 𝐿𝜎𝑟 ) as per the below expressions.
𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝜎𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚

𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿𝜎𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚

The stator side and the rotor side electric powers are calculated as follows:
3 3
• 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑣Ԧ𝑠 . 𝑖Ԧ∗𝑠 = 𝑣𝛼𝑠 𝑖𝛼𝑠 + 𝑣𝛽𝑠 𝑖𝛽𝑠
2 2
3 3
• 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑣Ԧ𝑟 . 𝑖Ԧ∗𝑟 = 𝑣𝛼𝑟 𝑖𝛼𝑟 + 𝑣𝛽𝑟 𝑖𝛽𝑟
2 2
3 3
• 𝑄𝑠 = 2 𝐼𝑚 𝑣Ԧ𝑠 . 𝑖Ԧ∗𝑠 = 2 𝑣𝛽𝑠 𝑖𝛼𝑠 − 𝑣𝛼𝑠 𝑖𝛽𝑠
3 3
• 𝑄𝑟 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑣Ԧ𝑟 . 𝑖Ԧ∗𝑟 = 𝑣𝛽𝑟 𝑖𝛼𝑟 − 𝑣𝛼𝑟 𝑖𝛽𝑟
2 2
Vector Control Strategy for DFIG
Objectives of Rotor Side Converter
Control
Compulsory

• To Extract Maximum Power from the Machine

• To Operate machine at desired power factor

Optional

• To develop demagnetizing current during fault

• To protect the DC link capacitor damage
RSC Control Strategy
Objectives of Grid Side Converter
Control
Compulsory

• To Maintain the DC link voltage constant.

• To inject reactive power into the PCC.

Optional

• To exchange the power from the other RES.

• To develop demagnetizing current.
GSC Control Strategy
MPPT of WECS
 Research Areas Associated with DFIG
• Fault Ride Through or Low Voltage Ride Through (Balanced/Unbalanced)
• Inertia control
• Power Quality
• Voltage Control of the Network
• Cost-Effective Hybrid System Architecture
• Loss Minimization of the Network.
• Isolated Power Feeding to the DC grid.
• Addressing the Wake Effect.
• HVDC Power Transmission in offshore wind farms and fault analysis.
• Sensor less speed control.
• Maximum Power Point Tracking
LVRT-DFIG
• During Normal Conditions/Steady state the
voltage profile of the grid lies in the range of
±10%.
• During the fault, the voltage drops down
below 0.9 pu.
• As stator is directly connected to the grid,
the dip in voltage leads to sudden transition
in the flux.
• The rotor overvoltage shoots up causing
damage to the rotor converter.
• The DC link capacitor rises leading to its
damage.
• Increases Rotor Speed.
Mathematical Analysis DFIG LVRT
• The DFIG Stator Voltage before
s and after fault is as below:
Vs
s V pre e jst , t 0
V s
(1 p)V pre e jst , t 0

Here, VPre is the grid voltage magnitude before the fault took place and p is
the depth of the voltage sag, ωs is the frequency in rad/sec
• The pre and post fault expression of the stator flux issas below: s

V pre
e js t , t 0
js
 ss (1 p )V pre
e js t , t 0
js
 Mathematical Analysis DFIG LVRT
• Two components of the flux are decaying dc component and natural
component:
t
pV pre s (1 p)V pre
 s
e e js t
js js
s

• The emf induced by each of these components of the flux on the rotor is
given by:
t
LmV pre jm t
err s (1 p )e jr t (1 s ) pe e s
Ls
• The Emf Induced denoted as the first component is due to the force
component of flux and its magnitude and frequency is very less.
• The Emf Induced denoted as the second component is due to the natural
component of flux and its magnitude and frequency is large.
LVRT Grid Codes
E.ON Grid Code Compliance
Required additional reactive current
ΔIB/In Reactive current Droop:
K=(ΔIB/In) / (ΔU/Un) ≥ 2.0pu
Limitation of the
voltage by Rise time < 20ms
voltage control
Dead band (under excited Maintenance of the voltage
operation) support in accordance with
characteristics after return to
the voltage band over a
Dead band limit: further 500ms
Umax =1.10 Un
Umin =1.10 Un IB_max ≥ In

-50% -10% 10% 20% ΔU/Un

Support of the voltage Where
By voltage control In : Nominal current
(over excited
IB : Reactive Current
Operation)
IB0 : Prefault reactive current
Un : Nominal Voltage
Uo : Prefault Voltage
U : Instantaneous Voltage (During Fault)
-100%
ΔU=U-U0 & ΔIB =IB – IB0
Methods to Address LVRT of DFIG
Crowbar Protection
DC Chopper
Hardware
Methods Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Including Additional Capacitor/Supercapacitor
DSTATCOM
Fault Current Limiter
Dual Loop Control Strategy to Inject Compensation Flux

Flux Weakening
Software Methods
Flux linkage Tracking Control

System Parameter Variation

Resonant Controllers
Hardware Methods
to Improve LVRT
Crow Bar Protection
Gear box

DFIG

Rotor Side Converter Grid Side Converter

Turbine (Three Leg 2 Level (Three Leg 2 Level
Inverter) Inverter)

Filter

Crowbar
Features of Crow Bar Protection
Merits

• Simple in Construction and easy to operate.

• Safeguards the Rotor Side Converter
• Protects the DC link capacitor from overshoot.

Demerits

• Aggravates the problem of DFIG LVRT to meet grid codes.

• Grid condition worsens as machine draws the reactive power.
• Requires additional switches to operate.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer

Power Grid
DVR
Gear box

=
DFIG

= Filter =
Rotor Side Converter Grid Side Converter
Turbine (Three Leg 2 Level (Three Leg 2 Level
Inverter) Inverter)
Grid Inverter)
Features of Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Merits

• It would attack the root cause of the problem.

• Restores the voltage whenever fault happens.
• The RSC and the DC link capacitor is protected.

Demerits

• Need of additional Transformer and the Converter.

• Bulky and hence overall size is increased.
• Increase overall cost of the system.
LVRT Improvement-DSTATCOM

Power Grid
DVR
Gear box

=
DFIG

= Filter =
Rotor Side Converter Grid Side Converter
Turbine (Three Leg 2 Level (Three Leg 2 Level
Inverter) Inverter)
DSTATSCOM
Features of DSTATCOM
Merits
• It provides the reactive power support to the grid.
• Helps DFIG to follow the grid codes.
• During normal conditions the loss minimization and voltage control is
achieved.

Demerits

• Need of additional Converter and control mechanism.

• Bulky and hence extra size is required.
• Increases overall cost of the system.
Coordinated Voltage Control

Centralized Decentralized
Communication No Communication

Cyber Attack Exist No Cyber Threat

High Cost Low Cost

Multiple Objectives Met Single Objective

Better Information of Nodes Less Information of Nodes

LVRT Improvement Decentralized CVC
Scheme
Grid

CB Circuit Breaker

Point of Common 132/25 kV

Coupling (PCC) OLTC (16 steps)
SFCL AC Micro Grid

CB
CB CB CB CB CB CB
25/0.69 kV 25/0.69
kV Load Load 3 25/0.69 kV
Load11 Load
Load22 Load3
PL1= 4 MW
3 MW, 2.5 PL2= MW PL2=
3.5 3.2
3.5 MW, 7.53.7
4 MW, MW
QL1=2 MVArMVAr QL2=4.7
MVAr QL2=2.7
MVAr MVArMVAr

DSTATCOM DFIG (1.1 MW) P V ( 4.73 MW)

(0.8 MVA)
Features of Decentralized CVC
Schemes
• Various voltage regulating devices with different speed of response are
effectively utilized.
• To improve the steady state response by more utilizing sluggish responding
device.
• Improving the reactive power reserve of the fast acting device during steady
state.
• Improving the voltage profile of the overall distribution network during
normal conditions.
• The transient condition of the system is improved by curtailing post fault
voltage recovery time.
Fault Current Limiter
Fault Current Limiter Power Grid

Gear box

Fault

=
DFIG

= Filter

Rotor Side Converter Grid Side Converter

Turbine (Three Leg 2 Level (Three Leg 2 Level
Inverter) Inverter)
Features of FRT using FCL
• FCL is electrically absent during normal conditions and is present during the
fault by introducing finite resistance.
• The need of FCL is to reduce the overall short circuit level of the system.
• The protection system upgradation cost can be saved.
• FCL helps to limit the fault current at the PCC and hence reduces voltage
sag.
• The reduction in voltage sage helps to improve the FRT of the DFIG.
• The FCL is one of the cheapest means of improving the FRT of the DFIG.
• Though the presence of FCL during normal conditions introduce minute
finite resistance and incur loss, it can be ignored.
• FCL can improve stability of Synchronous Generator
Types of FCL
• It includes 4 diodes and a switch
• During Fault Switch is OFF and fault is resistance is
BFCL inserted.

• Normal condition is same as BFCL

• During Fault, capacitor and resistor is inserted
CBFCL
• During Normal Condition Resonance Occurs between
Inductor and Capacitor
• During Fault, resonance is broken and impedance is
RFCL inserted
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
• The SFCL is a device which offers zero or very less resistance during the
normal operating conditions due to its superconducting actions.
• It offers high resistance during the fault due to the raise in temperature
across the current carrying conductor.
• Resistance of SFCL varies as per the expression given below.

Rn
Parameter TF a1 a2 b1 b2
(Ω)
Value 2 0.01 -80 -160 2 1
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

• SFCL has three 2

phases, rising t1

phase, limiting

SFCL Resistance (Ω)

1.5

phase and the 1

restoring phase. 0.5

t2

• SFCL is very t0

expensive. 0
Fault Duration

• SFCL ON time -0.5

9.25 9.66 10.08 10.5
resistance is very Time (s)
1
less compared to 4
Source: Drawn
other FCL. by me
 Special Scenario-Fault Current Limiter
Fault Current Limiter Power Grid

Gear box

Fault

=
DFIG

= Filter

Rotor Side Converter Grid Side Converter

Turbine (Three Leg 2 Level (Three Leg 2 Level
Inverter) Inverter)
Features of FRT with fault before FCL
• Sometime FCL is placed far away from the DFIG for better relay
coordination.
• The fair distance between the FCL and the DFIG may cause fault to happen
before the FCL.
• Fault occurring after FCL with respect to the DFIG would improve FRT.
Whereas fault happening before FCL degrades FRT.
• Fault happening before FCL is worse than the case where no FCL is present.
• The FRT in this case can happen with special power electronics switching
arrangement.
• The switching would happen such a way that fault happening before FCL is
considered as fault happening after FCL.
Wind Farm
• The wind farm is the collection of the wind
turbines in group.
• Wind Turbines are arranged in a particular
fashion based on the site conditions.
• The maximum wind energy utilization is the
main objective.
• Large wind farm (Offshore and Onshore) are
connected to the transmission grid.
• The HVDC transmission is preferred for 1
offshore farms. 5
• The wind farm may participate in energy
market.
 Wake Effect in Wind Farm
• The wake effect is the net reduction in the
wind speed due to the creation of turbulence
by the first row of wind turbines.
• The overall power output of the wind farm is
reduced.
• Placement of wind turbines play a crucial role
in order to reduce the effect of wind turbines.
• Literature suggests there should be a good
distance between the rows (10D, 15D, 20D
etc). 1
6
 Matlab Case Study 2
Operation of DFIG wind system
MATLAB/SIMULINK Model
Matlab Results
Data Sheet of the DFIG Machine
Parameter S97 S111
Wind Class IEC IIIA IEC IIIA
Rated Power 2,100 kW 2,100 kW
Operating Data Cut-in wind speed 3.5 m/s 3 m/s
Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s 10 m/s
Cut-out wind speed 20 m/s 21 m/s
Rotor Diameter 97 m 111.8 m
Rotor
Swept Area 7.386 m2 9.817 m2
Frequency 50/60 Hz 50/60 Hz
Generator Type Asynchronous 3 Phase Induction Generator with Slip Rings Operated with
Rotor Circuit Inverter System (DFIG)
Hub Heights 90m2/120m2 *
Tower
Type Tubular Steel Tower/ Hybrid Lattice- Tubular tower

Blade Suzlon Make SB47 SB54

* Hybrid Tower is only available for 120m hub height

Wind Emulator-Laboratory Scale
DC Microgrid-Schematic
Utility
CB Circuit Breaker
Vm Measured Voltage

CB
Point of Common
Vm
Coupling (PCC)
Pm,Qm

DC Microgrid
AC
Bidirectional
Converter = Vdcgrid
DC bus
DC

DC DC DC
= = = = = =
DC DC DC

PV
DC Loads Battery Ultra Photo Voltaics
Capacitor
DCMG-Features
• Source, Storage and the Load operate in the same (DC) platform.
• No Synchronization issues.
• No Power Quality issues (THD).
• Skin Effect Does Not Exist.
• The size of cable required is less as compared with AC.
• No harmonics and hence less loss.
• Efficiency is high.
• No frequency coordination concept.
• Load sharing happens with PV droop control techniques.
• No reactive power management.
• No concept of power factor correction.
Hybrid Storage System
Property Supercapacitor Battery
Discharge Time 1-30s 0.3 to 3h
Charge Time 1-30s 1-5h
Cycle Life >5,00,000 500-2,000
Efficiency 90-95% 70-85%
Power Density 1,000-2,000 W/Kg 50-200 W/Kg
Energy Density 1-10 Wh/kg 20-100 Wh/Kg
Operating -40 to 700C 0 to 600C
Temperature
Hybrid Combination of WECS and
DCMG Gear box DFIG Wind System

Grid

=
DFIG
= Filter
Rotor Side Grid Side
Turbine
Converter Converter
(Three Leg 2 (Three Leg 2
Level Inverter) Level Inverter)

DC Microgrid
Hybrid Combination of WECS and
DCMG Features
• The DCMG is connected at the DC link of the DFIG wind system.
• The additional converter requirement to interface DCMG to the grid is
avoided.
• The GSC of the DFIG helps to exchange power from DCMG with the
grid.
• During isolated operation the DFIG power is fed into the DCMG.
• Whenever a temporary fault happens, the ultracapacitor helps to improve
the FRT of the DFIG.
• The system overall operating cost can be minimized with effective usage of
system components.
Optimum Sizing of GSC
Case Study 1: DCMG =DFIG Rating

Economical Analysis

Methods DFIG DCMG GSC RSC= DCMG Total

Rating rating 0.3*DFIG Converter Converter
Separately 1MW 1MW 0.3 MVA 0.3 MVA 1 MVA 1.6 MVA
connected
Option1 1MW 1MW 0.3 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 0.6 MVA
Option2 1MW 1MW 1 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 1.3 MVA
Option3 1MW 1MW 0.7 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 1.0 MVA
Case Study 1: DCMG =DFIG Rating

Technical Analysis

Power Transfer Power Transfer FRT

Methods (DCMG-Main Grid) (DFIG-DCMG)
(Grid Connected) (Isolated Mode)
Separately Fully No Power Limited (0.3MVA)
connected
Option1 0.4 MVA less (1-GSC-RSC) 0.7 MVA less (1-GSC) Limited (0.3mVA)
Option2 Fully Fully 1.0 MVA
Option3 Fully 0.3 MVA less (1-0.7) 0.7 MVA
Case Study 2: DCMG < DFIG Rating

Economical Analysis

Methods DFIG DCMG GSC RSC= DCMG Total

Rating rating 0.3*DFIG Converter Converter
Separately 1MW 0.5MW 0.3 MVA 0.3 MVA 0.5 MVA 1.1 MVA
connected
Option1 1MW 0.5MW 0.3 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 0.6 MVA
Option2 1MW 0.5MW 0.5 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 0.8 MVA
Option3 1MW 0.5MW 0.2 MVA 0.3 MVA 0 MVA 0.5 MVA
Case Study 2 : DCMG < DFIG Rating

Technical Analysis

Power Transfer Power Transfer FRT

Methods (DCMG-Main Grid) (DFIG-DCMG)
(Grid Connected) (Isolated Mode)
Separately Fully No Power Limited (0.3MVA)
connected
Option1 Fully 0.2 MVA less (0.5-0.3) Limited (0.3mVA)
Option2 Fully Fully 0.5 MVA
Option3 Fully 0.3 MVA less (0.5-0.2) 0.2 MVA
Case Study 3: DFIG < DCMG Rating

Economical Analysis

Methods DFIG DCMG GSC RSC= DCMG Total

Rating rating 0.3*DFIG Converter Converter
Separately 0.8MW 1MW 0.24 MVA 0.24 MVA 1 MVA 1.48 MVA
Connected
Option1 0.8MW 1MW 0.24 MVA 0.24 MVA 0 MVA 0.48 MVA
Option2 0.8MW 1MW 1 MVA 0.24 MVA 0 MVA 1.24 MVA
Option3 0.8MW 1MW 0.76 MVA 0.24 MVA 0 MVA 1.0 MVA
Option4 0.8MW 1MW 0.8 MVA 0.24 MVA 0 MVA 1.04 MVA
Case Study 3 : DFIG < DCMG Rating

Technical Analysis

Power Transfer Power Transfer FRT

Methods (DCMG-Main Grid) (DFIG-DCMG)
(Grid Connected) (Isolated Mode)
Separately Fully No Power Limited (0.24MVA)
Connected
Option1 0.52 MVA less (1-0.48) 0.56 MVA less (0.8-0.24) Limited (0.15MVA)
Option2 Fully Fully 1 MVA
Option3 Fully 0.04 MVA less (0.8-0.76) 0.76 MVA
Option4 Fully Fully 0.8 MVA
Software Method
Flux Weakening Control
• The software methods mainly targets towards reducing the effect of
magnetizing flux (decaying dc component of flux).
• The opposite or demagnetizing flux is injected from the RSC to nullify
the effect due the magnetizing flux.
• The rating of the converter is very crucial.
• The conventional DFIG wind system with 0.3pu rating can only
partially reduce the magnetizing flux.
• The magnetizing effect is even more severe in the case of unbalanced
faults.
• Literature also recommend to connect additional converter/GSC to
support RSC .
 Conclusion
• The operation of the WECS is discussed.
• Matlab case study on Power Vs Rotor speed with various wind speed and the
pitch angle is presented.
• The types of wind generators are explained.
• Schematic, Modelling, Control Strategies, MPPT of DFIG are shared.
• Various research challenges of DFIG wind system are explained.
• The wind farms and its research challenges are shared.
• Schematic of DCMG and its merits are discussed.
• The merits of hybrid combinations of WECS and the DCMG are discussed.
Thank you