PROBABILITY II PUC MATHEMATICS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3

1. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number 3 1 2 1
P (E) = = ,P ( F ) = =
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event 6 2 6 3
1
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that E  F = 3 ,P ( E  F ) =
6
E & F are independent events. (2014-J)
P ( E  F ) 1/6 1
Sol: Here sample space S = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6
P ( F|E ) = = =
P (E) 1/2 3
Given E: the number appearing is a multiple
2 1 5. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
of 3 i.e., E = 3,6 , P ( E ) = = E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5 . Find P ( E|G )
6 3
F: the number appearing is even Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6
3 1
i.e., F = 2, 4,6 , P ( F ) = = E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5
6 2
3 1 4 2
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
1 P (E) = = & P (G) = =
6 6 2 6 3
1
1 1 1
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P ( E  F ) E  G = 3,5 ,P ( E  G ) =
3 2 6 3
∴ E & F are independent events. P ( E  G ) 1/3 1
P ( E|G ) = = =
P (G) 2 /3 2
2. Probability of solving specific problem
independently by A & B are 1 2 & 1 3 6. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
respectively. If both try to solve the problem E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5 . Find P ( G|E ) .
independently, find the probability that the
problem is solved. (2019-M) Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6

1 1 E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5

Sol: Given P ( A ) = , P ( B) =
3 1 4 2
2 3 P (E) = = & P (G) = =
Here A & B are independent 6 2 6 3
1 1 1
 P ( A  B ) = P ( A) .P ( B ) = . =
1
E  G = 3,5 ,P ( E  G ) =
2 3 6 3
P ( the problem solved ) = P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A  B ) P ( G  E ) 1/3 2
1 1 1 3 + 2 −1 4 2 P ( G|E ) = = =
= + − = = = P (E) 1/2 3
2 3 6 6 6 3

3. A fair die is rolled. Consider events 7. Events A & B are such that P ( A ) = 1/ 2,
E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3 Find P ( E|F ) . P ( B ) = 7 /12 & P ( not A or not B ) = 1/ 4 .
Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6 State whether A and B are independent?
E = 1,3,5 ,F = 2,3 Sol: P ( A ) = 1/ 2,
3 1 2 1 P ( B ) = 7 /12 & P ( not A or not B ) = 1/ 4
P (E) = = ,P ( F ) = =
6 2 6 3
1 P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4,P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4
E  F = 3 ,P ( E  F ) =
6 1 − P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4
P ( E  F ) 1/6 1 P ( A  B ) = 3 / 4 − − − (1)
P ( E|F ) = = =
P (F ) 1/3 2 P ( A )  P ( B ) = (1/2 ) . ( 7 /12 ) = 7 /24 − − ( 2 )
from (1)& (2)P ( A  B )  P ( A ) .P ( B )
4. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
A & B are not independent events.
E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3 . Find P ( F|E )
Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6

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8. Given two independent events A and B such 11. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of
that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.6. Find (i) P (A and B) getting an odd number at least once.
(ii) P (A and not B) (iii) P (A or B)
Sol: Let A be the event of getting an odd number on a
(iv) P (neither A nor B).
single throw of die.
Sol: P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.6.
Given A & B independent events 3 1 1 1
 P (A) = = and P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − =
(i) P ( A and B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) = ( 0.3 )( 0.6 ) = 0.18 6 2 2 2
(ii) P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) − P ( A  B ) = 0.3 − 0.18 = 0.12 Let AAA denote the event of getting an odd
(iii) P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A  B ) number in each of the 3throws.
= 0.3 + 0.6 − −0.18 = 0.72  Required probability
(iv) P ( A  B ) = P ( A  B ) = 1 − P ( A  B ) = P ( atleast one odd number )
= 1 − 0.72 = 0.28 = 1 − P ( no odd number )
9. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number = 1 − P ( AAA ) = 1 − P ( A ) P ( A ) P ( A  )
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event
1 1 1 1 7
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that =1− . . =1− =
E & F are independent events. 2 2 2 8 8
12. An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the
Sol: Here sample space S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6
event A be ‘odd number on the first throw’ and
Given E: the number appearing is a multiple B the ‘odd number on the second throw’. Check
2 1 the independence of the events A and B.
of 3 i.e., E = 3,6 , P ( E ) = =
6 3
18 1 18 1
F: the number appearing is even Sol: P ( A ) = = & P (B) = =
3 1 36 2 36 2
i.e., F = 2, 4,6 , P ( F ) = =
6 2 Also, P ( A  B ) = P ( odd nor on both throws )
1
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
6 9 1
= =
1 1 1 36 4
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P ( E  F )
3 2 6
1 1 1
∴ E & F are independent events. Now, P ( A ) P ( B ) =  =
10. Probability of solving specific problem 2 2 4

independently by A & B are

1
&
1 Clearly, P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B )
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem Thus, A & B are independent events.
independently, find the probability that the
13. Prove that if E and F are independent events,
problem is solved.
then so are the events E & F  .
1 1
Sol: Given P ( A ) = ,P ( B ) = Sol: Given P ( E  F ) = P ( E ) .P ( F )
2 3
Here A & B are independent E  F & E  F  are mutually exclusive events &
E = ( E  F )  ( E  F)
1  1  1
P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) =     =
 2 3 6 P ( E ) = P ( E  F ) + P ( E  F)

P (the problem solved) also P ( E  F  ) = P ( E ) − P ( E  F )

= P ( A  B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B)
P ( E  F) = P ( E ) − P ( E ) P ( F )
1 1 1 3 + 2 −1 4 2
= + − = = = = P ( E ) (1 − P ( F ) ) = P ( E ) .P ( F  )
2 3 6 6 6 3

hence, E & F  are independent.

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14. If A and B are two independent events, then Required probability

the probability of occurrence of at least one of A
and B is given by 1 − P ( A ) P ( B ) . P ( B ) .P ( E|B )
P ( B|E ) =
P ( B ) .P ( E|B ) + P ( A ) P ( E|A )
Sol: We have, P(at least on of A and B) = P ( A  B )
1 5

2 11 57 35
= P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B) = = = .
1 5 1 3 5  7 + 3  11 68
 + 
= P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) P (B) 2 11 2 7
3. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) 1 − P ( A ) 
drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probabilities of an accident are
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A)
0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
= 1 − P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A ) insured persons meets with an accident. What
is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
= 1 − P ( A ) 1 − P ( B )  = 1 − P ( A  ) P ( B ) (2015-M, 2019-M, 2022-A)

Sol: Let E1: Insured person is a scooter driver

E2: Insured person is a car driver
E3: Insured person is a truck driver
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
2000 2 1
 P ( E1 ) = = = ;
1. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of 2000 + 4000 + 6000 12 6
getting an odd number at least once.
(2014-M, 2016-J)
4 1 6 1
P ( E2 ) = = and P ( E3 ) = =
Sol: Let A be the event of getting an odd number on a 12 3 12 2
single throw of die. Let E: a person meets with an accident.
3 1 1 1  P ( E|E1 ) = 0.01;P ( E|E2 ) = 0.03
 P (A) = = and P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − =
6 2 2 2 and P ( E|E3 ) = 0.15
Let AAA denote the event of getting an odd Required probability
number in each of the 3throws. P ( E1 ) .P ( E1 |E )
P ( E1 |E ) =
Required probability P ( E1 ) .P ( E|E1 ) + P ( E2 ) .P (E|E2 ) + P (E3 ) .P (E|E3 )
= P ( atleast one odd number ) 1
 0.01
6
= 1 − P ( no odd number ) =
1 1 1
 0.01 +  0.03 +  0.15
= 1 − P ( AAA ) = 1 − P ( A ) P ( A ) P ( A ) 6 3 2
0.01 0.01 1
1 1 1 1 7 = = = .
=1−   = 1− = 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.45 0.52 52
2 2 2 8 8 4. Box-I contains 2 gold coins, while another Box-
II contains 1 gold and 1 silver coin. A person
2. Bag-I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while
chooses a box at random and takes out a coin.
another Bag-II contains 5 red and 6 Black balls.
If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
One ball is drawn at random from one of the
that the other coin in the box is also of gold?
bags and it is found to be red. Find the
(2016-M)
probability that it was drawn from Bag-II.
(2014-J, 2015-J, 2019-J) Sol: Let A and B be the events of selecting I and
II boxes respectively.
Sol: Let A: Bag I; B: Bag II
 P ( A ) = P ( B ) = 1/ 2
1 1
 P ( A) = , P ( B ) = Let E: selected coin is gold coin
2 2 2 1
C1 2 C1 1
Let E: drawn ball is red  P ( E|A ) = 2
= = 1;P ( E|B ) = 2
=
3 5 C1 2 C1 2
 P ( E|A ) = ,P ( E|B ) =
7 11
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P ( A ) .P ( E|A ) 7. Given two independent events A and B such

P ( A|E ) = that P ( A ) = 0.3,P ( B ) = 0.6 Find
P ( A ) .P ( E|A ) + P ( B ) .P ( E|B )
1 ( i ) P ( A and B) ( ii ) P ( A and not B )
1
2 2 ( iii ) P ( A or B) ( iv ) P ( neither A nor B)
= =
1 1 1 3
1 + 
2 2 2 Sol: Given P ( A ) = 0.3,P ( B ) = 0.6 and A and B
5. A man is known to speak truth 4 out of 5 are independent events
times. He tossed a coin and reports that it is
i P A and B P A B
head. Find the probability that it is actually
head. (2018-J, MQP-2023) P A .P B 0.3 0.6 0.18

Sol: Let E1: coin shows a head ii P A and not B P A B'

E2: coin shows a tail P A A B 0.3 0.18 0.12
1
P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) = ( S = H, T ,E1 = H ,E2 = T ) iii P A or B P A B
2
Let E: A reports that a head appears. P A P B P A B
0.3 0.6 0.18 0.72
 P ( E|E1 ) = 4 /5, P ( E|E2 ) = 1 − ( 4 /5 ) = 1/5
iv P neither A nor B P A ' B'
 Re quired probability
P A B ' 1 P A B
P ( E|E1 ) .P ( E1 )
P ( E1 |E ) = 1 0.72 0.28
P ( E|E1 ) .P ( E1 ) + P ( E|E2 ) .P ( E 2 )
8. Two balls are drawn at random with
=
( 4 /5 )(1/2) = 4 /5
=
4
replacement from a box containing 10 black and
4 1 1 1 4 1 5
. + . + 8 red balls. Find the probability that (i) both
5 2 5 2 5 5 balls are red (ii) first ball is black and second is
6. A fair coin and an unbiassed die are tossed. red (iii) one of them is black and other is red.
Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ (MQP-2021)
and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether
A and B are independent events or not. (2022-A) Sol: Total no. of balls = 18, no. of red balls = 8
and no. of black balls = 10
Sol: If fair coin and an unbiassed die are tossed
(i) Probability of getting red ball in first draw
( H,1) , ( H,2) , ( H,3) , ( H,4 ) , ( H,5 ) , ( H,6 ) 8 4
Then S =   = =
( T,1) , ( T,2) , ( T,3) , ( T,4 ) , ( T,5 ) , ( T,6 )  18 9
Let A: head appears on the coin After replacement Probability of getting red
A = ( H,1) , ( H,2) , ( H,3 ) , ( H,4 ) , ( H,5 ) , ( H,6 ) 8 4
ball in second draw = =
6 1 18 9
 P (A) = =
12 2 4 4 16
Let B: 3 on the die Probability of getting both balls is red = . =
9 9 81
2 1
B = ( H,3 ) , ( T,3 )  P ( B ) = =
12 6 (ii) Probability of getting black ball in first draw
1 10 5
 A  B = ( H,3 )  P ( A  B ) = = =
12 18 9
1 1 1
P ( A ) .P ( B ) = . = = P ( A  B) After replacement Probability of getting red
2 6 12
8 4
ball in second draw = =
Therefore, A and B are independent events. 18 9
Probability that first ball is black and second
5 4 20
is red = . =
9 9 81
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(iii) Probability of getting red ball in first draw Sol: Here sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
8 4 Given E: the number appearing is a multiple
= =
2 1
18 9 of 3 i.e., E = {3,6}, P ( E ) = =
6 3
After replacement Probability of getting black
F: the number appearing is even
10 5
ball in second draw = = 3 1
18 9 i.e., F = {2,4,6}, P ( F ) = =
6 2
Probability that first ball is red and second is 1
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
5 4 20 6
black = . =
9 9 81 1 1 1
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P(E  F )
Probability that one of them is black and other 3 2 6
is red = Probability that first ball is black and ∴ E & F are independent events.
second is red + Probability that first ball is red
20 20 40
and second is black = + =
81 81 81
9. Probability of solving specific problem
1 1
independently by A & B are &
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem
independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved. (ii) exactly one of them
solves the problem. (MQP-2021)

1 1
Sol: Given P ( A ) = ,P ( B ) =
2 3
1 1
P ( A ') = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − = ,
2 2
1 2
P ( B') = 1 − P ( B ) = 1 − =
3 3
Here A & B are independent

1  1  1
P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) =     =
 2 3 6
P (the problem solved)
P ( A  B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B)

1 1 1 2
= + − =
2 3 6 3
P (exactly one of them solves the problem) =

P ( A ) .P ( B ') + P ( B ) .P ( A ')
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
= . + . = + =
2 3 2 3 3 6 2
10. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that
E & F are independent events.
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