01) Eddy current loss will depends on

Frequency
Flux density
Thickness
All of the above
So eddy current loss will depend upon frequency, flux density and the area of the eddy
current loop.

02) Hysteresis loss will depends on

f
f²
f³
f1.6
So, hysteresis loss will depends on frequency.

03) Thin laminations are used in a machine in order to reduce

Eddy current losses
Hysteresis losses
Both 1 and 2
Copper losses
Thin laminations are used in order to reduce the eddy current losses only. Due to laminations
the area of the eddy currents loops are minimized and the losses due to eddy current losses
are minimized.

04) Hysteresis loop represents the area of

Copper loss
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Total iron losses
Hysteresis loop will represents only hysteresis losses. It is found out by area of B-H loop
curve of a magnetic material.

05) Total core loss is also called as -------------?

Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Magnetic loss
Copper loss
As iron loss is proportional to flux density or flux, these are also called as magnetic loss. The
total core loss or magnetic loss consists of eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.
06) Which of the following are variable losses?
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Shunt field copper loss
Armature copper loss
Armature copper loss is directly proportional to square of armature current. Therefore as the
load varies these will also vary.

07) Maximum efficiency will occur, when copper loss is_______to iron loss?
Greater than
Less than
Equals to
Any of the above
Condition for maximum efficiency is, copper loss = iron loss or variable losses is equals to
fixed losses.

08) The noise resulting from vibrations of lamination set by magnetic forces, is termed as
Magnetostriction.
Boo.
Hum.
Zoom.
The hum is generated by the magnetic field that happens due to the continuous reversing of
the frequency of the supply or it is due to magnetostriction. The magnetic field in the AC
machine or transformers has coils which are still able to move slightly due to the vibration.
The laminations of the armature are treated in a similar way but also vibrate at the line
frequency and it is almost impossible to stop. We can only reduce it by good design.

09) Autotransformer makes effective saving on copper and copper losses, when its
transformation ratio is equal to
Very low
Less than one.
Greater than one.
Approx to one.
To quantify the saving the total quantity of copper used in an auto transformer is expressed
as a fraction of that used in a two winding transformer as, This means that an auto
transformer requires the use of lesser quantity of copper given by the ratio of turns. Hence, if
the transformation ratio is approximately equal to one, then the copper saving is good and
the copper loss is less.

10) Which of the following statements is/are correct?

High frequency power supplies are light weight
 Transformer size get reduced at high frequency
Both 1 and 2
None of the above
From the induced emf equation of transformer E ∝ φf For same emf, φf = constant φ1f1 =
φ2f2 B1A1f1 = B2A2f2For constant flux density B1 = B2 A1f1 = A2f2 For high frequency f2 >
f1 A2 < A1 Therefore at high frequencies transformer size get reduced and also light weight.

01) The basic function of a transformer is to change

The power level
The power factor
The level of the voltage
The frequency
A transformer can be used for either step up or step down the voltages. Its basic application
in power system is to transform the voltage from one level to another level without changing
its frequency and power.

02) The frequency of a voltage at the secondary is

Greater than the primary
Equal to primary
Less than primary
Any of the above
The basic function of a transformer is step up or step down voltages without changing its
supply frequency. Therefore the frequency of voltage at the secondary is equal to the primary
side.

03) Transformer action requires a

Constant magnetic flux
Increasing magnetic flux
Alternating magnetic lux
Alternating electric flux
A basic transformer contains two magnetically coupled coils on a common core, if an
alternating voltage is given to one winding is known as primary due to electromagnetic and
action mutual induction, there is a voltage induced in the secondary winding where load can
be connected known as secondary. The energy transfer from one winding to another is
entirely through magnetic medium it is known as transformer action based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction proposed by faraday. Therefore, transformer action requires an
alternating or time varying magnetic flux to transfer power from primary side to secondary
side. Since induced emf in the winding is due to flux linkage.

04) For an ideal transformer the winding should have

Maximum resistance on primary side and least resistance on secondary side
 Minimum resistance on primary side and maximum resistance on secondary side
Equal resistance on primary and secondary side
No ohmic resistance on either side
For an ideal transformer the losses should be zero on both sides. Therefore the ohmic
resistance on either side of the transformer should be equal to zero.

05) Which of the following statements is/are correct statements?

EMF per turn in HV winding is more than EMF per turn in LV winding
EMF per turn in HV winding is less than EMF per turn in LV winding
EMF per turn in both the windings are equal
All of the above
In a transformer primary volt-ampere is equal to secondary volt-ampere and primary ampere
ampere turns are also equal. So, EMF per turn in both the winding are equal. Total induced
emf on both sides depends on the number of turns, flux and frequency. If number of turns on
secondary more than primary, then emf induced in the secondary will more than primary side
and vice versa, but the emf per turn in both the winding are equal.

06) The core flux in transformer depends mainly on

Supply voltage
Supply voltage and frequency
Supply voltage, frequency and load
Supply voltage and load
Therefore core flux in transformer depends mainly on supply voltage and frequency.

07) If the applied voltage of a certain transformer is increased by 50% and the frequency is
reduced by 50%, the maximum flux density will (assuming that the magnetic circuit remains
unsaturated)
Changes to three times the original value
Changes to 1.5 times the original value
Changes to 0.5 times the original value
Remain the same as the original

08) The low voltage winding of a 400/230 V single phase 50 Hz transformer is to be

connected to keep the magnetization current at the same level in both the cases the voltage at
25 Hz should be
230 V
460 V
115 V
65 V
To maintain the magnetization current at the same level, flux φ should be same i.e. V/f ratio
should be same.

09) A single phase transformer has specifications as 250 KVA, 11000 V/415 V, 50 Hz. What
are the values of primary and secondary currents?
Primary = 22.7 A, secondary = 602.4 A
Primary = 602 A, secondary = 22.7 A
Primary = 301 A, secondary = 22.7 A
Primary = 11.4 A, secondary = 301 A

10) R1 is the resistance of the primary winding of the transformer. The turn ratio in terms of
primary to secondary is K. Then the equivalent resistance of the primary referred to
secondary is
R1 /K
K²R1
R1 /K²
K×R1
By changing of primary parameters to secondary or vice versa it does not change the
performance of circuit. So that we are taking power rating are equal in before and after
referring. Therefore, the equivalent resistance of the primary referred to secondary = R 1 /K²

01) A 5 KVA transformer has a turns ratio of N 1/N2 = 10. The impedance of primary winding
is 3+j5 ohms while that of secondary winding is 0.5+j0.8 ohms. The impedance of
transformer when referred to primary will be
3.5+j5.8 ohms
8+j13 ohms
53+j85 ohms
3.05+j5.08 ohms

02) Voltage regulation of transformer is given by

(E2 - V2) / V2
(E2 - V2) / E2
(V2 - E2) / V2
(V2 - E2) / E2
Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage when the rated load at a
given power factor is disconnected across the terminals expressed in terms of rated
secondary voltage.

03) In a transformer zero voltage regulation is achieved at a load power factor which is
Zero
Unity
 Lagging
Leading
At leading power factor the voltage regulation can be negative or zero. This can be found
from this equation % regulation = εxcosθ - εrsinθ

04) A transformer has resistance and reactance in per unit as 0.01 and 0.04 respectively. Its
voltage regulation for 0.8 power factor lagging and leading will be
6% and -4%
3.2% and -1.6%
4.8% and -3.2%
None of the above
Voltage regulation for lagging power factor = (R cosθ + X sinθ) ×100 Voltage regulation for
0.8 lagging power factor = (0.01×0.8+0.04×0.6) ×100 = 3.2% Voltage regulation for
leading power factor = (R cosθ - X sinθ) ×100 Voltage regulation for 0.8 leading power
factor = (0.01×0.8 - 0.04×0.6) ×100 = -1.6%

05) The constant losses in transformer is/are

Copper loss
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Both 2 and 3
Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss are almost independent of load significantly depends on
supply voltage and frequency. As the flux density or flux is constant for a given voltage and
frequency, these remains constant at any load. Therefore, these losses are called as constant
losses. Copper loss varies the square of load current and called as variable loss.

06) In a transformer, hysteresis and eddy current losses depend upon

Load current
Maximum flux density
Supply frequency
Both 2 and 3
Therefore, in a transformer, hysteresis and eddy current losses depend upon both maximum
flux density and supply frequency.

07) In a transformer operating at constant voltage if the input frequency increases, the core
loss
Increase
Decrease
Remains constant

None of the above

08) If the frequency of input voltage of a transformer is increased keeping the magnitude of
voltage unchanged, then
Both hysteresis loss (Ph) and eddy current loss (Pe) will increase
Ph will increase but Pe will decrease
Pe will increase but Ph will decrease
Ph will decrease but Pe will remain same
Therefore, hysteresis loss will decrease but eddy current loss will remain same.

09) 1 KVA, 230 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has an eddy current loss of 30 watts. The
eddy current loss when the transformer is excited by a dc source of same voltage will be
30 W
More than 30 W
Less than 30 W
Zero watt
Eddy current loss is directly proportional to supply frequency. Therefore, for dc source,
frequency is zero and eddy current loss is also zero.

10) A transformer has hysteresis loss of 30 W, at 240 V, 60 Hz. The hysteresis loss at 200 V,
50 Hz will be
28 W
25 W
30 W
36 W

01) A single phase transformer when supplied from 220 V, 50 Hz has eddy current loss of 50
W. If the transformer is connected voltage of 330 V, 75 Hz, the eddy current loss will be
50 W
75 W
112.5 W
168.75 W

02) The full load copper loss and iron loss of transformer are 6400W and 5000W
respectively. The copper loss and iron loss at half load will be respectively?
3200 W and 2500 W
3200 W and 5200 W
1600 W and 1250 W
1600 W and 5000 W
Iron losses do not depend on the load, iron losses remain constant for any load. Therefore
iron losses are considered as constant losses. Copper losses varies as square of load current,
these are considered as variable losses.
03) Open circuit test on transformer gives
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Copper loss
Both 1and 2
The no load current drawn by the primary is around 2 % to 6 % of rated current. Therefore
copper loss of primary is very low and can be neglected. As the copper loss is negligible, the
watt-meter reading is considered as iron loss or constant loss i.e. eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss.

04) Open circuit in a transformer is preferred with

Rated transformer voltage
Rated transformer current
Direct current
High frequency supply
As the name implies, high voltage side is left open and the low voltage need to be applied
rated voltage to get the constant loss, because constant loss depends on the supply voltage.
Therefore rated voltage applied at the low voltage side for no-load test.

05) In a transformer
Both OC and SC tests are conducted on LV side
OC test is conducted on LV side and SC test is conducted on HV side
OC test is conducted on HV side and SC test is conducted on LV side
Both Oc and SC tests are conducted on HV side
In open circuit test HV is left open on no load and the LV need to be applied rated voltage to
get the constant losses. Rated voltage on LV side is lesser than the HV side. For convenience
and better readings, OC test is always preferred to be conducted on LV side and leaving HV
side open. In SC test, as name implies LT winding is short circuited and rated current should
be ensure in the primary winding. As rated currents are low on HV side, SC test is preferred
on HV side and short circuiting LV side.

06) In a single phase transformer the magnitude of leakage reactance is twice that of
resistance of both primary and secondary. With secondary short circuited, the input power
factor is
1/√2
1/√5
2/√5
1/3

07) For a transformer to be tested at full load conditions but consuming only losses from the
main, we do
 Load test
OC and SC tests
Back to back test
None of the above
In OC test there will be only iron losses in the transformer, in SC test there will be only
copper loss but under practical conditions both losses occur simultaneously and the
temperature rise is due to both losses. To determine iron loss, copper loss and temperature
rise for a designated period back to back test or sumpner's test is conducted.

08) If Pi and Pc represent core and full load copper loss respectively, the maximum KVA
delivered to load corresponding to maximum efficiency is equal to rated KVA is
Pi/Pc
(Pi/Pc)2
√ (Pi/Pc)
Pc/Pi
Condition for maximum efficiency is, Copper loss Pc = Iron loss Pi I2 R = Pi A transformer
can be operated at any load but maximum efficiency occurs at a particular load condition
only. Let x be that load factor corresponds to maximum efficiency.

09) A transformer has maximum efficiency at 3/4 load. The ratio of iron loos and full load
copper loss is
4/3
3/4
9/16
16/9
Condition for maximum efficiency is, Copper loss Pc = Iron loss Pi I² R = Pi A transformer
can be operated at any load but maximum efficiency occurs at a particular load condition
only. Let x be that load factor corresponds to maximum efficiency. According to maximum
efficiency condition x = Condition for maximum efficiency, Given that, maximum efficiency
will occurs at 3/4 load.

10) When a short circuit test on a transformer is performed at 25 V, 50 Hz, the drawn current
is I1. If the test is performed by 25 V and 25 Hz and power drawn current is I 2, then
I1 > I2
I1 < I2
I1 = I2
None of the above
As frequency decreases, reactance will decrease and the current drawn I 2 will be more than
I1 .

01) A 2 KVA transformer has iron loss of 150 W and full load copper loss of 250 W. The
maximum efficiency of the transformer would occur when the total loss is
 500 W
400W
250 W
300 W
The condition for maximum efficiency is, Full load copper loss Pc = Iron loss, Pi and copper
to be reduced to the value of iron loss, Total loss P = Pc + Pi = 150 + 150 = 300 W

02) Silicon content in steel lamination is kept within 5% as it

Increases hysteresis loss
Increases cost
Makes the material brittle
All of the above
Steel is considered to be having good permeability and mechanical properties. But it has high
conductivity. To reduce conductivity by not destroying magnetic properties, alloying with
silicon by 3.5 % to 4 %. More silicon percentage will destroy the mechanical properties, this
will makes the material brittle.

03) The use of higher flux density in the transformer design

Reduces the weigh per KVA
Increases the weigh per KVA
Has no relation with the weight of transformer
None of the above
As flux density is inversely proportional to area, weight will reduces for higher flux density.

04) Transformer core is laminated to reduce

Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss
Both 1 and 2
Copper loss
Transformer core is laminated to reduce eddy current loss. Each lamination will acts as
individual core to form a single core. This will increase the eddy resistance and reduces the
eddy current. The size and volume of eddy current loops become smaller. Therefore, eddy
current losses will reduce when core is laminated.

05) Transformer oil is used as

An insulator
A coolant
Both A and B
Inert medium
Small transformers less than 25 KVA are naturally air cooled and insulation type. But large
transformers, transformer oil is used. It has two functions. 1. Cooling and 2. Insulating it
should contain high dielectric strength.

06) Conservator tank is used

To take up the expansion of oil due to temperature rise
To act as an oil storage
For better cooling of transformer
None of the above
The main tank is completely filled with oil ensuring no air gap, because air has less dielectric
strength than oil and sensitive to flash over, which in turn produce sludging. It again destroy
dielectric strength of oil and effect the performance by setting down on the core winding, tank
etc and transformer operates at varying load conditions to adjust pressure variation, tank is
extended around 10% of its volume as a conservator tank located on the top which is
connected through vent pipe and breather.

07) Stepped cores are used in transformers in order to reduce

Volume of iron
Volume of copper
Iron loss
Reluctance of core
As the rating are increased stepped or multistepped cores are preferred, which improves
mechanical stability, reduce the length of mean turn and results savings in copper besides
increasing efficiency and improves regulation.

08) Which is the arrangement of windings in a core type single phase transformer?
Half lv inside and half hv outside on each core limb
Lv on one core limb and hv on the other
Sandwiched lv and hv discs on each core limb
Half hv inside and half lv outside on each core limb
In core type the winding is concentric and sectionalized. The lv and hv windings are divided
into two parts generally and placed on the same limb. Lv is placed first to reduce insulation
requirement and hv winding is placed over the lv winding. This design is also suitable for
tappings. Due to adjacent lv and hv section any leakage flux links with other and participate
in energy transfer and it is no more called as leakage flux.

09) A shell type transformer has

High eddy current loss
Reduced magnetic leakage
Negligible hysteresis loss
None of the above
The core surrounds major portion of windings. A 1-phase shell type core is a 3 legged core.
Both lv and hv windings are placed in the central limb known as sandwich winding or
interleaved winding. This design offer very less leakage flux. Lv winding is placed near to the
yoke to reduce the insulation requirement.

10) A 100 KVA transformer is operating at 60 Hz, 240 V supply. The same transformer is
operating at 50 Hz, 200 V supply. The new rating is
100 KVA
50 KVA
83.33 KVA
123.3 KVA

01) A transformer core is made up of a silicon steel laminations which has maximum flux
density 1 Tesla. If it was cold rolled grain oriented its flux density increases to 1.6 Tesla.
What is the saving in core size or area due to cold rolled grain oriented process?
60%
40%
68%
38%

In transformer flux density Bm ∝ 1/A

02) Which of the following statements is/are correct statements?

For ideal transformer efficiency is 100%
For ideal transformer voltage regulation is 100%
Both 1 and 2
None of the above
For any ideal device efficiency should be 100% and its voltage regulation should be zero
means there should not be any internal losses are there and no change in secondary voltage
due to load. Therefore only statement 1 is correct.

03) Scott connections are used for

Single phase to three phase transformation
Three phase to single phase transformation
Three phase to two phase transformation
Any of the above
Scott connections are used to convert three phase to two phase conversion, particularly to
start two phase motors and two phase furnaces. It requires two single phase transformers
with adjustable tappings, one transformer is known as main transformer which is centre
tapped through teaser transformer primary with a suitable number of turns to get a balanced
two phase supply.
04) In which transformer, the tertiary winding is used?
Star - delta
Star - star
Delta - delta
Delta - star
When tertiary winding is used in a transformer, then that is called as three winding
transformer. It is exclusively used in high voltage transformer winding which are connected
in star. If both primary and secondary windings are in star, there will be third harmonic
induced voltages, particularly if the magnetic circuits are separated. In order to eliminate
them a third winding which is in delta connected is placed on the same core known as
tertiary winding.

05) For successful parallel operation of two single phase transformers, the most essential
condition is that their
Percentage impedances are equal
Polarities are properly connected
Turn- ratios are exactly equal
KVA ratings are equal
The polarities should be exactly matched otherwise it is equivalent to a dead short circuit
where huge current flows and damage the transformer. This is the essential condition. The
other desirable conditions are 1. The voltage ratio should be same 2. X/R ratio should be
same 3. The phase sequence should be same 4. Per unit impedance should be same.

06) A delta/star transformer is connected in parallel to a star/delta transformer. The turn ratio
former is x times latter, the x is
3
1/3
√3
1/√3

07) Two transformers operating in parallel will share the load depending on their
Ratings
Leakage reactance
Efficiency
Per unit impedance
In order to have perfect load sharing proportional to their KVA ratings the leakage
impedance should be inversely proportional to the KVA ratings or the per unit impedance of
the transformers in parallel should be same. If the per unit impedance are not same then the
transformer which have smaller pu will share greater amount of load irrespective of their
KVA ratings.
08) A 100/10, 50 VA double winding transformer is converted to 100/110 V auto
transformer. The rating of auto transformer is
550 VA
500 VA
110 VA
100 VA

09) Tappings of a transformer are provided

At the phase end of lv side
At the phase end of hv side
At the neutral side end of hv side
At the middle of hv side
Tappings are provided in order to maintain the terminal voltage across the loads within the
permissible specified limits with respect to load variations. Generally tappings are preferred
on HV side, because the HV side is low current side, tap changer involves low current
interruption and large variations or small steps are possible due to more no of turns.
Tappings can be provided at phase end or neutral end. But to maintain magnetic symmetry
tappings are preferred in the middle of the winding only.

10) In an auto-transformer, power is transferred through

Conduction process only
Induction process only
Both A and B
None of the above
In two winding transformer there is no electrical connection between primary and secondary.
So the power only transferred through induction or magnetically. But in auto-transformer
there is a common electrical path between primary and secondary. So power is transferred
through both conduction and induction process.

01) It is an advisable to use auto transformer if the transformation ratio is

Greater than 1
Near to 1
0.25
0.5
Auto transformer is mainly used for copper saving. Copper saving is maximum when the
transformation is near to unity.

02) In auto transformer if the turn ratio is K, What is the power transferred inductively
K × input power
(1-K) × input power
 Both A and B
None of the above
In auto transformer the power is transferred by both conductively and inductively. The power
transferred inductively = (1-K) × input power The power transferred conductively = K ×
input power If turn ratio K is near to 1, maximum power is transferred through conductively
and losses are less, efficiency is more.

03) A 10KVA auto transformer, turn ratio is 0.4. Find the power transferred inductively?
4 KVA
6 KVA
10 KVA
0 KVA
Power transferred inductively = (1-K) × input power = 0.6×10×103 = 6 KVA

04) A 20KVA auto transformer, turn ratio is 0.8. Find the power transferred conductively?
16KVA
4KVA
20KVA
0KVA
Power transferred conductively = K × input power = 0.8× 20 KVA = 16 KVA

05) In an auto transformer, for what value of turn ratio, power transferred by inductively and
conductively are same?
1
0
0.5
Any of the above
Power transferred inductively = (1-K) × input power Power transferred conductively = K×
input power Therefore, when turn ratio is 0.5 (K=1-K), the power transferred by inductively
and conductively are same.

06) The total core loss of a 400 V, 50 Hz transformer is 2400W, when it is supplied by 200
V, 25 Hz loss is 800W. Calculate eddy current loss and hysteresis loss?
1000W, 1400W
1600W, 800W
800W, 1600W
1400W, 1000W
Eddy current loss Pe ∝ KeBm²f² Hysteresis loss Ph ∝ KhBm1.6f For given problem Bm is
constant. When Bm is constant, Hysteresis loss is proportional to frequency and eddy current
loss is proportional to square of the frequency. Power loss P = Pe+Ph Bm= 400/50 = 200/25
= 8 from given data, 2400 = Ke×50²+ Kh×50 800 = Ke×25²+Kh×25 from the above
equations, Ke = 0.64, Kh = 16 Eddy current loss Pe = 0.64×50² = 1600W Hysteresis loss
Ph = 16×50 = 800 W

07) In a transformer which of the following losses are zero?

Iron loss
Copper loss
Rotational loss
All of the above
Transformer is a static device and there is no moving parts. Therefore rotational losses are
zero in transformer.

08) When maximum flux density is constant, the eddy current losses are proportional to
f
f2
V
V2
Eddy current loss Pe ∝ Ke Bm2f2 When maximum flux density is constant, Eddy current loss,
Pe ∝ f2

09) When flux density is constant in a transformer, hysteresis loss varies as

f
f²
V
V²

10) In a transformer maximum flux density is not constant, the eddy current loss varies as
f
f²
V
V²

01) The working principle of transformer depends on

Coulombs law.
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
Amperes law.
Newtons law.
The transformer is working under the mutual inductance principle. This principle is derived
from the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Hence, it depends on that principle.

02) Addition of 0.3 % to 4.5 % silicon to iron

 Increases the electrical resistivity of iron.
Reduces the saturation magnetization.
Increases the hysteresis loss.
None of the above.
Addition of 0.3 % to 4.5 % silicon to iron increases the electrical resistivity of iron.

03) Hysteresis loss is proportional to

f.
f1.5.
f2.
f3.
The formula for hysteresis loss is given by,
Hence, the hysteresis loss is proportional to f.

04) A laminated iron core has reduced eddy current losses because
More wire can be used with less dc resistance in coil.
The lamination are insulated from each other.
The magnetic flux is concentrated i
The lamination are stacked vertically.
The lamination on the core are actually insulated from each other. This means that there is
no circuit to make the current flow. This is how the eddy current loss is reduced by the
lamination of cores is insulated from each other.

05) The two windings of a transformer have an inductor of 2 H each. If

mutual inductor between them is also 2 H, then
Turns ratio of the transformer is also two.
Transformer is an ideal transformer.
It is a perfect transformer.
None of these.

06) Lamination of core are generally made of

Case iron.
Carbon.
Silicon steel.
Stainless steel.

07) A single-phase transformer has its maximum efficiency at 60 percent of full load. At full
load copper loss will be
Equal to core loss.
 Less than core loss.
More than core loss.
Zero.
Whenever if the efficiency of the transformer is maximum, then the copper loss is equal to the
core loss. So, still if we increase the load, then the current taken by the transformer is more.
So, the copper loss due to the I2R loss is getting increased. In transformer, after achieving
the maximum efficiency the core loss is increased but not that much. So, according to this
problem, at full rated load the copper is more than the core loss. This to be gone to
transformer section.

08) In a core type transformer

HV winding is placed nearer to the core limb.
LV winding is placed nearer to the core limb.
Any of the LV or HV can be placed nearer to the core limb.
HV and LV windings are placed in different core limbs.
LV winding is wound on the limb first. Then HV winding is placed on it and there is
insulation between LV and HV winding. In thin manner less amount of insulation needed.
Also insulation between the core and the inner winding is stressed to low voltage.

09) The primary and secondary windings of a transformer are

Conductively linked.
Inductively linked.
Electrically linked.
Mechanically linked.
Whenever alternating voltage is applied to the primary of a electrical transformer, there will
be a alternating flux through the core of transformer. As this flux will link with secondary
winding there will be an induced emf in the secondary winding. The phenomenon of
inducing voltage by changing flux is called electrical induction, hence it can be concluded
that the windings of a transformer are linked inductively.

10) At what power factor, the voltage regulation of a transformer can be zero?
Leading power factor.
Lagging power factor.
Unity power factor.
Zero power factor.

01) In a three phase star - delta transformer, what is the angle difference between primary and
secondary phase voltages?
Delta side lags by -30°.
Star side lags by -30°.
Star side leads by 30°.
 Delta side leads by 30°.
This is a vector group and has + 30° displacement. Therefore, delta side leads by + 30°.

02) What will be the eddy current loss if the supply frequency of a transformer becomes
double?
Eight times.
Four times.
Doubled.
Remains same.
Eddy Current loss in transformer is denoted as, Where, Ke = eddy current constant, Kf =
form factor. Hence apparently, the eddy current loss Pe ∝� f2, but for any given voltage, if f
decreases, Bm increases correspondingly and if f increases Bm decreases correspondingly.
Hence the eddy current loss Pe at any given voltage is independent of frequency.

03) The efficiency of a transformer is mainly dependent on

core losses.
copper losses.
stray losses.
dielectric losses.
Iron loss is caused by the alternating flux in the core and consists of hysteresis and eddy
current losses. These losses occur in the core and yoke due to alternating flux. Copper losses
occur in the primary and secondary windings due to their resistances when the transformer is
loaded. Iron losses (core losses) are independent of load, and therefore are called constant
losses. Generally at maximum efficiency the core loss of transformer is equal to copper loss.
Again the transformers are so designed that maximum efficiency of transformer reaches at
full load current. So for all other load copper loss is less than core loss hence core loss dose
have maximum value among all other losses in a power transformer and that is why the
efficiency of a transformer mainly depends upon core losses.

04) If supply frequency of a transformer decreases,

both eddy current and hysteresis losses will increase.
eddy current loss will increase but hysteresis loss
eddy current loss remains same and hysteresis losses will increase.

eddy current loss will decrease but hysteresis loss

05) Transformers operating in parallel will share the load depending upon their
leakage reactance.
rating.
efficiency.
 percentage impedance.
The load sharing by the transformers must be proportionate with their MVA rating.

06) No load primary current in a transformer

lags behind applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã
lags behind applied voltage by exactly 90Â&am
leads the applied voltage by exactly 90Â&
leads the applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã&
As the winding of the transformer is inductive the magnetizing current in it lags behind the
primary applied voltage by exactly 90° but there is a core loss component which will be in
phase with applied voltage. The no load current is the vector sum of these two currents hence
this must lag behind applied voltage somewhat less than 90°.

07) Which of the following is minimized by laminating the core of a transformer?

Hysteresis loss.
Eddy current loss.
Copper loss.
Stray loss.
By laminating the core of transformer we make the eddy current circulating path narrow,
means increasing the resistance of eddy current and proportionately reducing the eddy
current. Although the resistance of eddy current path Re increases, but as the eddy current
Ie reduces, the overall eddy current loss Ie2Re is reduced.

08) Breather is provided in a transformer to

absorb moisture of air during breathing.
provide cold air in transformer.
absorb moisture from air entering in transformer.
filter the transformer oil.
Whenever transformer oil becomes hot it expands in volume, the air on the top of the oil in
conservator tank will come out through the breather and when oil becomes cold the
atmospheric air enters in the transformer through this breather. This is called breathing of
transformer. Silica gel is provided in the breather pot which absorbs moisture hence air
becomes dry during passing through the breather. So breather is provided in a transformer to
absorb moisture from air entering in transformer as well as provide breathing to the
transformer.

09) Iron loss in a transformer mainly occurs in

iron made tank of transformer.
steel core in transformer.
winding of transformer.
transformer insulating oil.
Iron loss is also called core loss in transformer which consists of hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss. Both of these losses associated with transformer core.

10) Short circuit test is performed on a transformer with a certain impressed voltage at rated
frequency. If the short circuit test is now performed with the same magnitude of impressed
voltage, but at frequency higher than the rated frequency then
The magnitude of circuit as well as the power factor will decrease.
The magnitude of current will increase, but power factor will decrease.
The magnitude of current will decrease but the power factor will increase.
The magnitude will both increase.
Since frequency has been increased, the leakage reactance and hence impedance will
increase. Thus current will be less and power factor will be poorer.

01) In a transformer the magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary winding can
be increased by
increasing the number of turns.
using soft material for winding.
using the magnetic core of low reluctance.
using transformer oil of better quality.
Magnetic coupling between two windings depends upon flux linkage between them. Flux
linkage can be maximized between two coils by placing magnetic core of low reluctance in
between them.

02) The short circuit test on a transformer is conducted to obtain

copper losses.
core loses only.
eddy current loss.
hysteresis loss.
The watt meter reading in short circuit test of a transformer, gives the copper losses and
negligible amount of core losses of the transformer. Since, the core losses depend upon
applied voltage and voltage applied in short circuit test, is very small compared to
rated voltage of transformer. Therefore, from the watt-meter reading in short circuit test, we
get mainly copper losses of transformer.

03) An auto transformer having a transformation ratio of 0.8 supplies a load pf 10 KW. The
power transferred inductively from the primary to secondary is
0.
2 KW.
8 KW.
10 KW.
If transformation ratio were, whole power would have been transferred conductively only.
Power transferred inductively [math] = Total \; power times \left (1 - race {N_2} {N_1}
light) = 10 times (1 - 0.8) = 2 \; KW. [/math]

04) In one 132 / 33 kV transformer the LV resistance is 0.02 per unit. The resistance referred
to HV side is
0.08 pu.
0.02 pu.
0.16 pu.
0.01 pu.
The per unit value of any parameter of a transformer remain same irrespective of whether it
is referred to primary or secondary.

05) Lamination of transformer core is made of

cast iron.
silicon steel.
wrought iron.
cast steel.
The lamination of transformer core is made of cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel (CRGO
silicon steel) to reduced its hysteresis loss.

06) Oil is provided in an oil filled transformer for

both cooling and insulation.
insulating.
lubrication.
cooling.
Transformer insulating oil is used in transformer for both cooling and insulating purpose.

07) Air core transformer as compared to iron core transformer, has

more copper loss.
less magnetic core loss.
more magnetic core loss.
no magnetic core loss.
Magnetic core losses consist of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss is
associated with ferromagnetic property of iron and eddy current loss is associated with
conducting property of iron. As the air is not a ferromagnetic substance as well as it is not a
conductor so there will not be any core loss in the air core transformer.

08) CRGO steel is used in the core of transformer to reduce

eddy current loss.
ohmic loss.
 both eddy current and hysteresis loss.
hysteresis loss.
CRGO means cold rolled grain orientation. Hysteresis loss mainly occurs in ferromagnetic
material due to its random grain (small magnetic region) orientation. In CRGO steel these
grain are properly oriented so that hysteresis loss can be minimized.

09) If input of a transformer is square wave the output will be

pulsed wave.
square wave.
triangular wave.
sine wave.
In a square wave the changes in amplitude, takes place only at the side edge of wave form
hence transformation action takes place at these edges only. Because of that, the
output voltage will be in shape of pulsed wave.

10) Two transformers with identical rating are designed with flux densities of 1.2 and 1.4 Wb
/ m2respectively. The weight of first transformer per kVA is
less than that of second transformer.
equal to that of second transformer.
more than that of second transformer.
none of these.
The voltage equation of a transformer is V = 4.44.φ fT Volt. Hence for the
identical voltage rating flux φ of both transformers must be same if we consider f and T of
both transformer are same. Again φ = BmA. Where Bm is maximum flux density and A is the
area of cross-section of the transformer core. As φ is same for both transformers, the area of
cross section of transformer core of the first transformer is more than that of the second
transformer means the weight of the first transformer is more

01) The flux involved in the emf equation of a transformer has

rms value.
maximum value.
average value.
total value.
Derivation of emf equation of a transformer involves derivative of a function of alternating
flux wave in the core. The expression of flux function is the product of maximum flux and a
cosine function that is φ cosθt. Obviously, an emf equation in its expression involves the
maximum value of flux.

02) The no load current in a transformer lags the applied voltage by

about 75°.
0°.
 90°.
about 115°.
Ideally a transformer draws the magnetizing current, lags primary applied voltage by 90°.
But the transformer also has core loss current component which will be in phase with applied
voltage. And no load current is nothing but the vector summation of these two currents.
Hence, the no load current will not lag behind applied voltage by exactly 90° but it lags
somewhat less than 90°. It is in practice generally about 75°.

03) The leakage flux in a transformer depends upon

the applied voltage.
the load current.
the frequency.
the mutual flux.
Whenever the transformer is loaded, load current starts to flow in secondary winding which
produces secondary flux in the core of transformer. For neutralizing this secondary flux
primary winding draws current from source to produce counter flux in the core. But in this
phenomenon some of the flux produced in the secondary will not linked with primary winding
and similarly some of the flux produced in primary will not link with secondary winding, as
all the flux will not pass through the core. Those fluxes pass outside the core and do not link
with other winding, are called leakage flux. As this phenomenon of leakage flux comes into
picture only when load is connected to the transformer and obviously varies with load.

04) For satisfactory parallel operation of two transformers which of the following conditions
is most essential,
polarities of all transformers must be same.
percentage impedance of all transformers must be same.
voltage ratio of all transformers must be same.
MVA rating of all transformer inversely proportional to impedance.
Percentage impedance of all transformers operated in parallel should be same but if there is
a difference, parallel operation is still possible but load sharing by the transformers may not
be as desired. If voltage ratio of all transformers operated in parallel is not same, still
parallel operation of transformers is possible but there will be local circulating current in-
between transformers. We can always put different MVA rated transformers in parallel but
load sharing would be according to there MVA ratings if other conditions are properly
fulfilled. But if polarities two transformers are not properly connected there will not be any
output at all since total current will locally circulated in between transformers no current
will come to the load. We can compare this phenomenon with two oppositely
connected battery.

05) If a transformer has turns ratio K, the primary and secondary current are I 1 and
I2 respectively and magnetizing current and core loss component of no load current
I�¼ and Iw respectively, then
I1 = KI2 + Iw.
I1 = KI2 + Iw + I�¼.ok
 I1 = KI2 + I�¼.
I1 = KI2.
Total primary current drawn from source by an electrically loaded transformer has to supply
the load at secondary, has to magnetize the core and also has to compensate the core loss of
transformer. So primary current of electrically loaded transformer has three components,
primary equivalent of secondary load current i.e., product of turns ratio and secondary
current, second one is magnetizing component and third one is obviously core loss
component.

06) Which of the following transformer insulating oil generally used in India?
Paraffin based insulating oil.
Naphtha based insulating oil.
Aromatics based insulating oil.
Olefin based insulating oil.
Transformer insulating oil consists of four major classes of organic compounds, namely,
paraffin, naphtha, aromatics and olefins. Generally paraffin based and naphtha based
insulating oil are used in transformer. Paraffin based insulating oil has faster deterioration
rate than naphtha oil and the sludge of paraffin oil is not soluble, hence can obstruct the
convectional flow of oil during cooling, but still in India this oil is hugely being used due to
its easy availability and insolubility of sludge is somewhat overcome due to warm weather
condition of India.

07) Winding conductors of an electrical power transformer are mainly insulated by

cotton insulation.
rubber insulation.
paper insulation.
wooden insulation.
Normally crepe Kraft papers are used for insulation purpose inside oil immersed transformer
as because the deterioration rate of paper inside oil is very slow compared to other
insulating materials.

08) The overall power factor of an on load transformer

depends on the power factor of the load.
is always lagging.
is always unity.
is always leading.
Whenever we calculate over all power factor of a transformer, we consider the impedance of
the electrically loaded transformer which consists of impedance of that transformer and
impedance of its load. As power factor of load depends upon its nature of impedance,
obviously overall power factor of an on load transformers depends on the power factor of the
load.
09) If in a sub � station there is one 132 / 33 kV transformer whose secondary is
connected with primary of one 33 / 11 kV transformer, the total transformation ratio of the
sub � station will be,
7.
12.
4.
3.
If two transformers are connected in such a way that secondary of first one is connected with
primary of second, and if transformation ratios of these two transformers are K1 and K2, total
or overall transformation ratio of this system will be K1K2.

10) A short circuit test on a transformer gives

copper loss at full load.
copper loss at any load.
copper loss at half load.
copper loss at over load.
In a short circuit test we apply variable voltage at HV terminals of a transformer keeping LV
side short circuited. The applied voltage is varied until the input current reaches its rated
value or full load value. As the current drawn from source is full load current the test
normally measures the copper losses of transformer at full load. But since, by adjusting
variable supply voltage we can control the supply current at any value, a short circuit test
can give copper loss at any load

01) A step up transformer increases

power.
voltage.
current.
frequency.
A step up electrical transformer transforms a power from one circuit to another without
changing its frequency to higher voltage level and proportionate lower current level.

02) In a step down transformer which one of the following statements is true?
Number of secondary turns is less than primary turns.
Secondary power is less than primary power.
Secondary current is less than primary current.
Number of secondary turns is more than that of primary.
In a transformer voltage per turn is same in both primary and secondary winding hence,
induced voltage across the winding is proportional to number of turns in the winding. As in
step down transformer secondary voltage is less than primary, the number of turns in
secondary is obviously less than that of primary.
03) When a transformer is loaded, the secondary terminal voltage drops. That means power
factor is
zero.
leading.
unity.
lagging.
Approximate relation of no load and full load voltages in a transformer is, Where E2, V2, R, X
and cosθ are no load voltage, full load voltage, secondary resistance of transformer,
secondary leakage reactance of transformer and power factor respectively. If power factor is
lagging, θ is positive which means (Rcosθ + Xsinθ) > 0. Thus E2 > V2.

04) If Kh is hysteresis constant, f is supply frequency, B m maximum flux density in core of

transformer, the expression of hysteresis loss in transformer, is given by
KhfBm1.6.
KhfBm3.
Khf2Bm1.6.
KhfBm.
If Kh is hysteresis constant, f is supply frequency, Bm maximum flux density in core of
transformer, the expression of hysteresis loss in transformer is given by KhfBmx watts. Where
x ranges from 1.5 to 2.5.

05) If Ke is eddy current constant, Kf is form factor, f is supply frequency, B m maximum flux
density in core of transformer, the expression of eddy current loss in transformer, is given by
Kef2 KfBm2.
KefKf2Bm2.
Kef2Kf2Bm2.
Kef2 Kf2Bm.
If Ke is eddy current constant, Kf is form factor, f is supply frequency, Bm maximum flux
density in core of transformer, the expression of eddy current loss in transformer is given by
Kef2Kf2Bm2.

06) Stray losses in transformer occurs in

steel core.
winding conductors and steel structures of transformer.
transformer insulating oil.
paper insulation in transformers.
Stray loss occurs in the mechanical structures and winding conductors due to stray fluxes.

07) If iron loss and full load copper loss of any transformer are denoted by P i and Pc, then the
load corresponding to maximum efficiency is given by
(Pi / Pc)0.5 �� Full Load.
 (Pi / Pc)2 �� full Load.
(Pi / Pc) �� full Load.
(Pi / Pc)1.6 �� full Load.
At maximum efficiency of transformer, iron-loss = copper-loss e.i. Pi = I22R2. Where I2 is
load current at maximum efficiency and R2 resistance of transformer referred to secondary.
Where IL is full load current of transformer and R2 is the equivalent resistance of the
transformer referred to load side.

08) Secondary winding of an auto transformer is also called

compensating winding.
common winding.
tertiary winding.
damping winding.
The auto transformer has a single continuous winding which is used for both input and
output voltages. Secondary winding of auto transformer carries both the supply current and
load current. But these two currents are practically in phase opposition. Hence secondary
winding of auto transformer is also called common winding.

09) Saving of copper in auto transformer is increased as compared to two winding

transformer, when transformation ratio K approaches to
unity.
infinity.
two.
zero.
Saving of copper weight in auto transformer = Transformation ratio (K) X ( weight of copper
in equivalent two winding transformer ). Thus it can be visualized that saving will increase as
K approaches unity.

10) Tertiary winding in a transformer is mostly

star connected.
delta connected.
zig - zag star connected.
zig - zag delta connected.
When faults occur on the primary or secondary sides, considerable unbalanced of
phase voltage may be produced which is compensated by large circulating current through
this closed delta connected tertiary winding.

01) The main purpose of providing tertiary winding in a three phase transformer is
to suppress harmonic and unbalance in voltage.
to interconnect three voltage systems.
to carry extra load.
 none of the above.
The purposes of providing tertiary winding in a three phase transformer is to carry extra
load added to the transformer which for some reason must be kept isolated, to inter connect
three supply systems operating at different voltages but most important purpose is to
suppress harmonic voltages and to limit voltage unbalance when the main load is
asymmetrical.

02) When operating, two or more transformers in parallel, % impedance of these transformers
should be
inversely proportional to MVA rating of transformers.
proportionate to MVA rating of transformers.
same.
such that actual impedance of all transformers would be same.
Load sharing by transformers operating in parallel are as per their MVA rating if %
impedance of the transformers are same.

03) Tap changer is generally provided in

current transformer.
power transformer.
voltage transformer.
earthing transformer.
Tap changer is used to control the output voltage of a transformer. As power transformer is
connected to the load whose voltage level to be maintained at desired level to serve the
consumer a quality power, tap changer is generally used in power transformer. Current,
voltage and earthing transformers have no direct dealing with consumer load hence there
may not be any tap changer.

04) The heat generated in the transformer is dissipated mainly by

conduction.
convection.
radiation.
all of the above.
Heat generated in transformer is mainly dissipated in atmosphere from radiator outer
surface mainly due to convectional flow of air surrounds the radiators.

05) Transformer cooling and insulating oil must be of

low viscosity.
high viscosity.
low BDV.
low resistivity.
The transformer oil subjects to convectional flow for cooling the transformer. As low viscous
liquid flow easily than high viscous one, transformer insulating oil should be of low viscosity.

06) Normally for the design of transformer the ambient temperature is taken as
27°C.
45°C.
35°C.
32°C.
Normally for the design of transformer, the ambient temperature is taken as 45°C.

07) Which of the following machine will have maximum efficiency?

Electrical power transformer.
Electrical power generator.
DC motor.
Induction motor.
Transformer has maximum efficiency as it is static device means it does not have any moving
parts in the main body of a transformer hence no mechanical loss is counted in transformer.

08) The heat transfer by convection in a transformer least depends on

temperature difference.
air velocity.
surface area.
colour of the paint.
Heat dissipated in air from surface of transformer radiator depends upon obviously the
temperature difference between oil and atmospheric temperature, velocity of flowing air
through the surface of radiators, and surface area of radiator. It also depend upon colour of
paint of radiator surface since many colours obstruct radiation of heat to the atmosphere but
the effect of colour is minor compared to other conditions of heat dissipation.

09) Which of the following is not a part of transformer?

Commutator.
Radiator.
Tap changer.
Conservator tank.
Commutator is a part of DC machine.

10) Maximum allowable acidity level of power transformer insulating oil is generally taken
as
1 mg of KOH / gm.
0.5 mg of KOH / gm.
 0.3 mg of KOH / gm.
2 mg of KOH / gm.
As per IS 1866 of 2000 the maximum allowable acidity level of transformer oil is 0.3 mg of
KOH / gm.

01) Maximum allowable tan - delta (tanδ) of dielectric dispassion factor of power
transformer insulating oil is generally taken as
0.5 at 90°C.
2 at 90°C.
3 at 90°C.
1 at 90°C.
As per IS 1866 of 2000 the maximum allowable tan - delta ( tanδ ) of dielectric dispassion
factor of power transformer insulating oil is 1 at 90°C.

02) Minimum allowable resistivity of power transformer insulating oil is generally taken as
2 X 1012 Ω - cm at 27°C and 0.2 X 1012
1 X 1012 Ω - cm at 27°C and 0.1 X 1012
3 X 1012 Ω - cm at 27°C and 0.3 X 1012
4 X 1012 Ω - cm at 27°C and 0.4 X 1012
As per IS 1866 of 2000 the minimum allowable resistivity of transformer oil is 1 X 10 12 Ω -
cm at 27°C and 0.1 X 1012 Ω - cm at 90°C.

03) Maximum allowable moisture content of power transformer insulating oil is generally
taken as
45 ppm.
35 ppm.
25 ppm.
20 ppm.
As per IS 1866 of 2000 the maximum allowable moisture content of power
transformer insulating oil is 35 ppm.

04) What does the use the of height flux density value in transformer design lead to?
Increase in weight/KVA.
Decrease in weight/KVA.
Reduced copper loss.
Reduced iron loss.
So for a constant voltage input φfT = constant. As T = constant and f = constant so φ =
constant of BmA = Constant. So if Bm increases, area of cross section of core decreases.
Hence weight/KVA decreases.

05) Dissolve gas analysis of transformer oil is carried out to determine

 condition of transformer oil.
Condition of transformer.
Condition of bushings.
Condition of bushing stud.
Whenever there is any thermal fault occurs inside the transformer the oil gets decomposed
and produces different gases which are dissolved in transformer insulating oil. By
quantitative analyzing these dissolved gases one can predict nature of internal fault of
transformer and also the internal condition of transformer.

06) Fufuraldehyde analysis is done to determine the

Condition of paper insulation in transformer.
Condition of oil in transformer.
Condition of lamination on CRGO steel sheet.
Condition of cork gaskets used in transformer.
When oil soaked paper insulation in transformer is damaged by heat, some unique oil soluble
compounds are realized and dissolved in the oil. These compounds belong to the
Furfuraldehyde group. Hence, Fufuraldehyde analysis is done to determine the condition of
paper insulation