2.

PRELIMINARY PLANNING

2.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

The function of pumping works plays one of the most important roles in water related
infrastructures in various fields. The following are major applications handling large amount
of water of various kinds:

-- Water supply for municipalities requiring pumping to perform intake,

conveyance, treatment and distribution,

-- Sewage and storm water pumping in developed districts for lifting,

treatment and drainage,

-- Agricultural applications in pumped irrigation for plant production and in

drainage for land protection and improvement, and

-- Industrial installations as used for cooling water intake.

Pumping works always require not only investment for construction but also an
appreciable amount of expenditures for operation and maintenance after commissioning.
In any application, it is essential to perform rational and consistent planning encompassing
the total system in which the pumping works are incorporated. Necessary basic
considerations for establishing effective planning and design are summarized as follows:

1) Economy in construction while providing utmost reliability,

2) Ease in operation and maintenance throughout the service life, and

3) Energy saving ensuring a minimum cost for annual operation.

Pumping works incorporates diversified fields of technologies including mechanical,

civil and electrical/instrumentation engineering. All the above items should be taken into
consideration in every step of planning and design of the pumping works so that the most
effective means to meet with the specific purpose may be materialized.

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2.2 SITE SELECTION AND INVESTIGATIONS

Planning of pumping works starts with selection of construction site. Correct location
of a pumping station plays an important role in facilitating proper functioning of the
equipment and optimizing the construction cost. Technical considerations should be given
the first priority, however, due attention should be paid to social and environmental
conditions such as land acquisition, development schemes of the area concerned and
statutory/local regulations to be observed.

(1) General Conditions for Site Selection

Common conditions for the site selection are given below for preliminary planning.

1) Topological condition -- Location of a pumping station should be advantageous for

securing the minimum operating head in relation to intake and discharge water levels.
Ground elevation should be as near as possible to the suction water level so that deep
excavation may be avoided and an economical type of pump may be selected.

2) Geophysical condition -- The ground condition must be suitable for constructing

foundation and structures to accommodate pumping equipment. The ground should
be stable without appreciable land depression to be anticipated in the future.

3) Environmental conditions:
-- Appropriate land must be secured where no existing obstruction hinders construction
and no adverse effect may be imposed on existing facilities.

-- Suitable access roads to the site must be available for civil work construction and
transportation of the equipment.

-- Electric power supply must be secured without necessitating long distance power
transmission. Where no stable electricity is available, engine drive for the pumping
equipment may be considered.

-- Location must be convenient for operation and maintenance to be performed after

construction.

-- Any probable social compensation to be required as a result of construction must be

studied in advance.

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 -- Relevant statutory/local ordinances and regulations should be duly observed in the
design and implementation of pumping works. The effects of noise, vibration and
pollution that might occur after commissioning should be studied in advance.

(2) Specific Considerations

According to the purpose of pumping works, specific factors must be taken into
consideration as highlighted in the following:

1) River intake -- Seasonal variation in water levels should be suitable for intake by
pumping. Intake location is preferably near to the convex side of main stream (Fig.
2-1-1), however, anticipated changes in riverbed configuration should be tolerable.
Accumulation of sand and/or silt inside intake culvert or conduit should be made
minimal. Space for sedimentation basin should be secured when necessary.

Fig. 2-1-1 River Intake

2) Pipeline pumping -- Water conveying pipeline connected to pumping works should

slope gradually upward and any portion of the pipeline should be lower than the
discharge water level. In case of a booster pumping station, the suction side should
always be under positive pressure at all flowrates.

3) Storm water drainage -- The approach channel to the pumping station should be as
straight as possible. Curved or bent suction approach may produce flow drifts and
eddies resulting in inferior pump operation. In an excessively long approach channel,
surge phenomena sometimes occur at pump startup and shutdown, requiring transient
analyses in planning stage.

4) Treatment plant -- When a pumping station is to be located in a water treatment plant,

overall layout of the plant should be so arranged so as to provide the nearest approach
to the influent for the pumping station and the location should be convenient for the
successive treatment processes.

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 5) Seawater intake for industrial cooling water -- The intake location should be selected
as to be least affected by wind and waves, which will carry sand therein. Care should
be taken so as to avoid intrusion of shells, jellyfish and other marine life.

(3) Items to Be Investigated

Depending on services of the pumping station, a series of technical and economic

investigations must be performed in order to facilitate planning and design of the most
suitable pumping works. Prior to detailed design of the pumping works, the following items
need to be investigated commonly to all kinds of applications:

1) Hydraulic factors -- Expected variations in suction and discharge water levels must be
carefully studied in relation to pumping capacities. It is important to identify the most
frequently encountered range of actual head (difference between suction and
discharge water levels) as well as the maximum and minimum values at which
pumping is to be performed. The anticipated highest intake water level is important for
providing protection of the equipment against flooding.

2) Water qualities -- Chemical contents of the water to be pumped must be analyzed to

check its suitability for use, especially in water intake for municipal water works.
The analyses data are useful for selection of materials employed for wet parts of the
equipment. Contents of un-dissolved solids should be examined to check for
sedimentation and erosion of materials.

3) Foreign Materials -- Condition of drifting trash and/or suspended matter should be

monitored in order to design an appropriate screening device at the intake of the
pumping station. Drifting trash to drainage pumping stations often obstruct operation
of pumps, necessitating provision of mechanical trash removal equipment.

4) Topographic surveys -- For proper selection of construction site, contour maps with
suitable scale and soil property data must be prepared. Detailed surveys must follow
to provide a plan view and vertical sectional drawings in sufficient detail.

5) Ground conditions -- For furnishing basic data for foundation design, ground
conditions at the construction site need to be investigated. Such data should include
perpendicular composition of soil, bearing capacities, soil compactness and ground
water positions.

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 In addition to the common items, specific items need to be investigated in accordance
with the services undertaken by the pumping works. For example, detailed meteorological
observations are necessary for agricultural applications as well as for storm water drainage.
Quantitative initial plan and future forecast for municipal development are indispensable for
determining demands for public water utilities as well as sewerage works.

2.3 INTAKE ARRANGEMENTS

Final determination of a site for a pumping station primarily depends on the intake
arrangement to be adopted. Hydraulic design of the inlet structures must be based on the
maximum design capacity of the pumping station with due consideration given to the most
frequent demands.

Required space for the pumping works will require further planning in accordance
with the procedures given in the succeeding sections. In order to conceive a planned layout
for a pumping station, it is worthwhile to make references to similar examples of existing
installations.

Intake from a river or reservoir is often applied in agricultural irrigation, water supply
to a treatment plant and industrial cooling water intake. Structures for pumping works
should be so arranged as to impose little interference with the main stream. A typical
example for an intake pumping station located outside embankment is shown in Fig. 2-1. A
corresponding overall layout is shown in Fig. 2-2 in which related facilities are arranged
inside the station borderlines.

Fig. 2-1 Typical Intake Pumping Works

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 Fig. 2-2 Overall Layout

Fig. 2-3 shows a small installation with intake from an open culvert. A pumping
station may be located either inside or outside the levee as shown in Fig. 2-4. Selection of
alternatives may rest on respective site conditions, however, it is of importance to provide
smooth uninterrupted approach to the suction sump.

Fig. 2-3 Intake from Open Culvert

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(a) Reservoir Intake

(b) Intake inside River Bed

Fig. 2-4 Intake Arrangements

Fig. 2-5 Two-Stage Intake

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 In case the variation in water level is considerably large, the intake level can be
changed by switching the gate openings arranged in stages so that clear water may be always
introduced (Fig. 2-5). Movable pump inlets are also effective for taking-in near-surface
water as shown in Fig. 2-6, which illustrates alternatives for relatively small installations.

(a) Pontoon mount

(b) Levee Mount

(c) Levee Mount (stationary)

Fig. 2-6 Intake Alternatives

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 For rainwater drainage services, large amounts of water often need to be handled. In
such cases, the intake approach must be so arranged as to provide continuous flow to the
pump suction sump by avoiding abrupt changes in flow direction and velocities. A suitable
hydraulic gradient should be provided from drains in the protected areas to the intake so that
the incoming flow may match the pumping capacity.

It is advantageous to locate a drainage pumping station downstream a reservoir with

ample surface area, since the peak run-off water can be absorbed by the storage capacity
facilitating continued operation of pumps.

In case natural gravity drainage can be facilitated when the discharge water level is
lower than the intake level, a bypass culvert or conduit with a floodgate should be provided.
The gate will be closed during pump operation and opened when the pumps are stopped
(Fig. 2-7).

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Fig. 2-7 Drainage Pumping Works

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