Engineering Drawing—l

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Graphics Language
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that

The word languages are inadeguate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic ianguage in “engineering application" use
iines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

I The language is known as "drawing" er "drafting".

I A drawing can be done using freehand. instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The tines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

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 Instrument drawing
instruments are used to drew straight tines. circies, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usuaiiy made to sceie.
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Computer drawing
The drawings are usualiy made by commercial soflware
such as AutoC.‘AD, solid works etc.

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Engineering
Drawing

9
.
Introduction
An engineering drawing is a type of technical
drawing, used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items, and is usually
created in accordance with standardized conventions
for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance
size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously
capture all the geometric features of a product or a
component.
The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey
all the required information that will allow a
manufacturer to produce that component.
Purpose of an Engineering Drawing
1. An engineering drawing is not an illustration.
2. It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or assembly.
3. The important information on a drawing is the dimension and
tolerance of all of its features.
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 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
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specification of the object. .

 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphic s Word
ianguage ianguage

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Letterifle
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Traditional
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Drawing Tools
Instruments
s Drawing boardftable.
s Drawing sheetfpaper
=- Drafting tape.
-= Pencils.
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'= Scales.
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Pencfls
Wood pencils: H, 2H, 3H,
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Semiautomatic Pencils
(lead holder} are more
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wood pencils.

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Compass and divider
Tissue paper
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Clean paper
Drawing Standard
 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

I Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

U515 ANSI American National Standard institute

Japan ,j|s Japanese lndustriai Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard

Gemwany DIN Deutsches lnstitut fiir Normung

ISO lntemational Standards Drganization

Partial List of Drawing Standards
Code number Contents
SZB311 Sizes and Format of Drawings
SZB312 Line Conventions
SZB313 Lettering
SZB314 Scaies
l|,' , i_li_'L-L 523315 Projection methods
J $23316 Presentation of views and Sections
J 132831? Dimensioning
Drawing Sheet

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I Trimmed paper of
a size AU - A4.

I Standard sheet size

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A4 210 it 29?
A3 29? it 42D
A2 42D it 594
A1 594 it B41
AD 841 it 1189
(Dimensions in miiiimeiers;
I Drientation of drawing sheet

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A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 2D 25
AD 2D 25
 Drawing Scales

$C3|B is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element

of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size

QB
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “St‘.:Al_E"
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE 1:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:! for reduction scales (X =- 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to "true size" of the object and they are |lir_l£:![_|l'::r'|r_iSl'll of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Basic Line Types
Types of Lines Appearance Name aclcnrlflng
to application

Continuous thick line L Visible line

Continuous thin line i Dimension line

Extension line
Leaderfine

Dash thiclt line ————- Hidden line

Chain thin line ————— Center line

NIDTE : We will leam other types oi line in later chapters.

 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of aiiisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing
Types of Line
Hem-r
Panfilutilzs

5-rclier-lines ..l-Fin-

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Hiddcnljtrs _____ _-

Cellar Lites - _ lid!

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Heavy
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Heavy

Bra.-alc Liars
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Line Conventions
Visible Lines - solid thicit lines that represent visible edges or contours
Hidden Lines - short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
Section Lines - solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
[enter Lines - alternating long and short dashes
Dimensioning
- Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension eatentidirection
1- Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension applies
- Leaders — direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
Cutting-Plane and viewing-Plane tines — indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and lhe viewing position for removed partial views
Breaii: Lines — indicate only portion of object is drawn. lviay he random 'so,uiggled" line or
thin dashes joined by zigzags.
Phantom Lines — long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
Chain Line — lines or surfaces with special requirements
 hfiewlng-plene line
Dimfllfilflfl Center Line
Extenslen |__i|-,5
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SECTION A-A VIEW E-B

Lettering
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :
I To communicate nongraphic information.
I As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legnibiiity - Shape
- space between letters and words
Uniformity - size
- line thickness
Exam pie Piaeament of the text on drawing
Etrrnensioo is “totes
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 Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
I Use a Gothic text style, I Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical. text style.
I Lise all capitai letters. I Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
I use 3 mm fm most I Same. For ietters in title
text height‘ block it is recommend to use
E mm text height
I Space between lines I NHL
Df text l5 Ht |EH5t "3 Fum-Jws ANS‘ I-u|e_

of text height.
Basic Strokes

Straight Slanted _ Horizontal _ Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

"I" letter 1 “A"|etter-| 3 “B"tetter 1 6

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 Upper-case letters & Numerals
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Stroke Sequence

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Stroke Sequence

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 Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
A] Nonsuniform spacing

“RAPONG
E-5; Uniform spacing

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 Word Cernpos-iticr"i

Contour
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I Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
I Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
E xam ple . Good and Poor Lettering

ESTIMATE coco
EST] |\/It]-I-E Not uniform in style.

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Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke

EST lit/' A E Area between letters not uniform-

Mm“ “{""‘Lm,w.n'£'E" L; Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition
I Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter "Ct".

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE OSPECIFIED.
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Dimensioning Guidelines
The term "feature" refers to surfaces. faces. holes. slots. corners.
bends. Elrcs and fillets that add up to form an engineenng part

Dimensions define the size of a feature or its location relative to other

features or a frame of reference, called a datum.

The basic mles of dimensioning are:

1 Dimension where the feature contour is shown;
2 Place dimensions between the views;
Dimension off the views:
Dimension mating features for assembly;
Do not dimension to hidden lines;
Stagger dimensioning values:
Create e logical arrangement of dimensions:
Consider fabrication processes and capabilities;
(DBfl:'-.ltT.IlLI' -Ii-Lil Consider inspection processes and capabilities.
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important elements of dimensioning
Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and location
dimensions end (2) Detail di nsionlng
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Geometries
- The science of specifying and tolerancing shapes and locations of
features of on objects
 Geometries
it is important that all persons reading a drawing interpret it exactly
the same way.
Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria:
' Basic size and locations of the features
- Details of construction for manufacturing
Standards from ANSI {American National Standards institute}
 Scaling vs. Dimensioning
Drawings can be a different scales, but dimensions are ALWAYS at full
scale.

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Units of Measure

_ Length Angle Dimensions

- English - inches, unless otherwise Z;/its
stated
' Up to ?2 inches - feet and inches ./‘E,
over “Wt?
- 5l— millimeter, mm ‘L
' Angle : /itass‘
* degrees, minutes, seconds _L
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Elements of a dimensioned drawing {Be familiar with
these terms}

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* Heep dimension off of the pert where possible.
- anange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside cl‘ the smelter dimerisiioris.
- Stagger the climerislcn value lmets to erisure they are cleedy deiiried.
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 Limits of Size
I -_ | ' All dirnenekme have minimum and maximum values
- I-.3: ' ii; seeeflfied by the telerenee bleak.
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Fit Between Parts
1 C;-iearenee fri". The ehafi maximum diarrleter its emeiler then the heiie minimum
lilifllltfliflrll
2- lrlterl‘erenee til: The shah minimum tlllemeler is larger than the hele maximum
diameter.
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Dimensiening standards

A
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Dimension text placement

t- —-i i.lI.l

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Unidirectional or aligned dimensioning?

;-I—-- 2.t]iJ — -I -I-__ Q_{_}['j ___-

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Unidirectional 3'59"“
Current standard D15 Biimifd
Dual dimensionin

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15-uiziaii

3|:"_'|I.I‘E;'

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Bimensioning Basic Shapes —Assurn|:;ltions

- Perpendtr.utarity
* Assume lines that appear
perpendicular to he ED‘ unless
otherwise noted
‘ 5't'¥l'"'l'l"¥1l"tl'
- If a part appears symmetrical — it ls
(unless it is dimensioned otherwis _ .q_|;| _
- Holes in the center of a qrllndrical 2.0
object are automatically located —rn_5
"Ill-U

-en.-1
Dimensioning Basic Shapes

Rectangular Prism

L-| -——--—_l

Till
Dimensioning Basic Shapes

i ' Cylinders
' Positive
- Negative

es,-J, J.L
Eoi?@ l-_t__l
 DDb MgI_III

@
fifi
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III
Dimensioning Basic Shapes
- Circle Pattern Center Lines

I
Grouping Dimensions
- Dimensions should always be placed outside the part

] Eton ‘I q- moo ml

Lii IBM

Yes No
Dimension guidelines
Dimensions should he placed in the view that
most clearly describes the feature being
dimensioned (contour (shape) dimensioning)
I
J

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ea is he
ltli l=|=ttr1nrl |'nrlh.r |:lI'er|s-nrwq
 Dimension guidelines

Maintain a minimum A visible gap shall be

spacing between the pieced between the
object and the ends of extension lines
dimension between and the feature to
multiple dimensions. which they refer.
5-I - £1 -I-—l rrnn
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 Dimension guidelines

Avoid dimensioning hidden Leader lines for diameters

lines. and radii should be radial
lines.
, . eaaz" _ @Hn.1
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l ' it ' It

I _ Pl-in or-In-me
l
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-lu. roeIu-rs- esl:-1: ss _' mm,“

omeir-lee Horto ,,,,,,,,' E,
“-El‘
Where and how should we place dimensions when we have
many dimensions?

flerllfllreullflee -Li -4.-— -1

I-lunnlienin I

ta 1
F t- P.

L A
In

.,..-_. pg. ..
Where and how should we place dimensions when we have
many dimensions? (cont)
_ Earlrint sur-lace For
Hori.rorltiLI iilnlunniofls |-I!
l' --"

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i'_'i|r.l§t1fl|-1".-Cl: i I: an
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Staggering Dimensions

Put the le sser

dimensions closer
to the part.
Try to reference
l
dimensions from
one surface
l ' This will depend

l l fin
on the part and
how the
tolerances are
based.
i‘
Extension Line Practices

Breeitelrterleton 13 --_
llneatorerrowe In
-Z-—

B-|—

= . IL T if ‘ |

Donotbredt
Repetitive Features
It-I E 3T5

P’
,.-- 13 Use the Symbol ‘it’ to
,/I Dimension Repetitive
Gé u Features

\.
0
 Symbols for Drilling Operations

um vm-"'~' |—|‘
f'\\‘ ir""_ ' !\stir"- rsdiv‘ _
e |:|
lJ'lh'l'll1lIt'
“find
Bcplro
IRE?
T M
-‘I|'|I|j|j

G-HlaI'ltlflldIl'l li}o|l"lt.ll*il'It Siltdllil

r//rirrrirr///Mi
Engineering Curves — I
1. Classification

2. Conic fitions - explanation

3. Common Definition

4. Ellipse - t six rnetltods of construction}

5. Parabola -( Three methods of construction}

5. Hvperbota -1', 't1'lree methods of construction J

T-". Methods of drawing Tengents El ttonneist four cases}

Engineering Curves — II
1. Classilicatzlon

2. Definitions

3. [nvotutes - (five uses]

4. Cvdoid

5. Trochoids - {Superior and Inferior}

ti. Epic cvcloid and Hypo - cyclold
?. Spiral [Two cases}

B. Helbt - on evllnder E: on cone

El. Methods of drawing Tangenos and Normals {Tltree cases}

 ENGINEERING CURVES
Part- I {Conic Sections}

lE1.l_lI'SE I11!“ .»\Bt]-LA HYIIERQQLA.

t.[T-llncantric (Ilrate Method I-Rrrlnlalv iltrllwrl t.ltectan|I,ul|r Hyparhola

tcoocdlnatas given]
Lilo-clianlfle ltletltnll 2 fluthod ul'T:|1'|g-ants
(Trh aglr: Method] 1 itactangular t-lypartiota
It.tJtltr.-up .'r'li.-Iliad {F-V dlagrara - Eqaaltoa gtveai
3.Bl1str l.1lcn1- Pltcthott
-l..-ltrcs of Circle Moth-ltd tfllrrclrll — latest 3-I-I555 Lltrltll Mellltld
llllircctris — focus]
5.1-thomhus Hollie

t'r.flasic Locus Method -'lr|t.'thn|Is of llrunihe

tllircclrin — focus} 'l'on|_gi.-nts iii; .'inrmals
To The-so t'."urvl.~s.
 QCIHIE SEQ I ZQHS
ELLIF'5E,. PAFLABDLA IND HYPEHBDLA LIE t'J.I..l.ED COMIC SECHDHS

THESE Cl.Il'\‘..'\l'E5 APPEII Oil THE SIJRFACE OF I. CONE

WHEN ITIS CluI"I' It" SDHE T"l"FICild. CUTTING FLAMES.
UIIIIVE
ILLUITIIITIIIIII
-GIUHII I - r"

Ellipse

Saolion Plane Section Plane

Through Generators Hyperbole
Parallel to Axle.

Seeliolt Plane Parailel

to end generator.
 CDHHOII DEFINITION OF ELLIFSE, FARAIDLA I HTPEIIIDIJ
H1L':tc ;1rc I11: lstct 11-|'|"1t\111|s 11.1111-11111 111 11 [1}1111t*.-'t1t'h lltttt tlt-J 111111.‘-t1|'1t':~' 1|1~:l;1t1cc.~'
1'1't1111 11 )'i.1.1'.1! prrittr .-‘.11-l ;1_,fi.t'ct.f Hm" ;1='-v21;-"H
1
1'c111:11111~' -.'-;~:1st:111t.
H11: H:111|1 1-' -;;1Ilctl I-I't'.'l-I."'-1 I'H'.l'['l'l"t. it-1'1
A} Fur Ellipse Est!
B] Fur Farah-nla E=l
C} For Hypcrhull E1‘-I

I Refer Prcblcm nus. 6. 9 8: 12 |

SECOND DEFINATIUN OF AH ELLIPSE:-
It is a lccus cf" a point mcwing in a planc
such that thc SUM ct‘ it's distances frcm TWO fixed pninm
always rcmains Cfinstflnt.
{And this sum equals to thc lcngth ufmnjur a.rt's.}
Thcsc TWO fixcd points arc FOCUS 1 £1 FOCUS 2
.-.-

Rcfcr Pmblcm nu.-4

Elllpue by Alt: uf Clrdes l1l:I:h1:1cl.
 ELLIFSE
F“'h|"'“ I i‘ Bl‘ t'u\':'11_"i»"r1\1'rc" it'.1'Hit'1|.l;' m."."1=rur:
Dnrw clflpsc 1111* coacenlrle clrclt: lncthorl
l'l'tk1:' at:-tjetr unfit Hill! amt our-l ml:-tor 1-1.t'i't 7'0 mm long.
‘I

1 .1
Steps:
l. Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors of each L
1 1.
otl'ter St name their ends as shown.
2. Taking their intersecting point as a ‘center, draw two
eoncentric circles considering both as respective
diameters.
3. Dtivide both circles in I2 equal parts 8: name as
shown.
4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical lines
clownwartla and upwards respectively.
5.Ft'orn all points of inner circle-1:11-aw horizontal linfi to
intersect those vertiml lines ‘J

5. Mark all intetseeting points properly asthose arethe 3

points on ellipse.
'1'. Join all these points along with the ends of both axes
in smooth possible curve. It is required ellipse.
 .E.LL."‘.‘5.E..
H1" .lH:'£'i’ -l.'l1'l'.r'I.E .'|-I.ET|'H.H'.l
l Draw o roetlngle toting mojorootl 1'oino_r
o1tesosiitl=l.. '
L lo llais roolenglo draw both a'=tos_. as Hoblom I
|1erpe1t'tllet1ln|*hlsee11:1t-1: ofeoeh other.L Drew clltlrm-.* I151-1 Reelllgle meshed.
3.. For.oor11nt'oeflo111. eeleol upper lell pan of l"1‘-rite mt-for one lllll nun 1'-1'-1'1-t.l' mirror -orllr M mm lo-ng.
rectangle. Divide werlleol small --side and
hotiauotnl It-ma sido nt.'1|I1herol‘ot|t1|l
1t=t'=t1i't1iIiH| in Frnlrpmsl ,1 -I
4. hlonu thosteosaliowre. _
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S. How join all vertical poiola. l,2.3.-ll. lo the
o|tper.or1_eI ol"1nl1nor one Anti all liorieontol ;_ -J
|1o_ints i.e.l..Z,.3.4 to lhl: lower fllfi of minor
llltit. | al
ti. Then extend C-I line uplo D_-1 and null:-lhal 1 1 ., it ll B
point. Sim£larly.o1n_eod'C-1. C-3. C-II lines 1|: 1"‘ 1: s .1 li-
to D-2. DJ". It D4 lions.
'l'.li-I-to-lallthesepohttepmperlymtdjohi ell
olongwitlt ends A Ind D in smooth possible
curve. Do similar oonsti-notion in right -side
|:1lttllot1.5 with lower hItIl'oI‘lh_e rocllnglo..loin
_alI poinlsin si'nooll't curve. -ii

It lsjroqulrod ellipse. C
 ELLI FSE
Problem 31- or ..I=l'i.EF.i1&1.....
Dn-or ellipse by D-hloog olelltott.
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HHEE
A
STEPS;
l .l]rr1w o tcnicnl line.-‘ll-I a1:1d11e1i1r1 F
ill 11111-1 Fro-1n rt. \
I .l.li1.'i1lc fill tntn diuttnoc Ill. 5 11:11:15.
Il.l~t111~nc 1"-' pm-t from I‘ l.1~ 1.-'. It 111 ':tt11-.11-1
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. l ./
ll ii. |!'i:r\l |1-tlit-1|1|i1.'mg_ ratio ol'il'-1»
dr1-1nm.'e'- fnlm F :1=1t..l ."tFl J-'3 i.c Ill-ill
4 Fonn more |'n\ir11I gi1.'i:n-it tonic ra1.1o such
DIRECTRIK
1’
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!-.l':lt|ng~l5.tit.'t and Tfiotrtttlistartocs I‘:-1:111 ‘*4F _(foet1'.r1
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tt 1'4o1-vv-"it-l1..lll. -ill 11:11! fitt1'r1t1t1Ii-1-|n1.'e- 111 1' '1,‘
cuntposs cut thc:-c lines nhtwc and beltt-11.-
with F In center.
‘I. loin rliqe ]'lt1iIIlI'|.il'lfl'IltI_Bi!l l.‘ 111 int-tontlt —1_

L"‘l.l.ITE.

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lit l=-inert-I |'IJ't'li'Itll-ll
line Eton. 1" lu rip! Iiti:
Ill 1‘-1|-lertd \-"rill-it:-1| In-I-1e
l'i't1-ttllltqnlrtl
lit Ur11hIn'1.r1n111ol llne
fi'o1'n I-', n'1l.rlL scene pro-ton
tI1.in|g—ydi.i=l._oc:r111
none iteto otter I'- I .
3,1,-I eoe.
-ll I-oht I-I-.14 |'It1h1l-I
to pole U. Let them cut
[1-I1|l'-llllll-o I l.J'_1-.-1
points.
51 Frelro hotieurttil
l.2.5.~ld1ow tertt-.-1!
ltlia lliI.Hlt1T¥1'I.l'fl:l.IIl
1.,I,F1 1 4
fil l"h'It'rt tern‘-cal l,I.I.-I
|toi.nl.1. |EtoIl'-B].hn|.-
it-oltuttl l.i't1t.1t
'1. 1..-er...-.1 -"1 lT¥l'l‘l
horinanl nod lion: Fr1.1-to
I mt-ant wilt:-no 1|
I|'|.5iouI|r'|ymIh I'_,_. I‘,
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Ill I-bepcll the |1I1.n:e1h|r1|:
by ntlrhiq l'u1.1rfroint.-1. JEI1:t1.|'r|
ur11tpw-md tented line
Eorn l" ll'll.i juiin; all
tho-e m pole t.r- Home
1i1B points I‘, P}, I‘, ole.
ltlnlioirtth-err1hg.1.n1|;u¢l1
. r ___ ..- _.-.
1.1I'\E. '-‘- I‘-
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PRES URE_ _ | -| I--l-

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Filiililtl ll-ll-I'I'IlUD

STEPS:
I .fltt'1ti-t1 o'1t1u"tit.'t.tlIint.'.-'tfl1todpt11i1:t F
ill tttnt t'ro1r1 it.
1.l'.'ti.t'i1.le fit tttm tliqttttoee tn 5 -|tott-11.. Jilrttet
1-.l'ttente 1"" pair: Ii-otti I-‘Lu lt‘. It 1'1 Itltottt
mt! .'illr1:tt1:1 lirt1=rtF 1111111.!-ll ll‘11tt'111-‘F11.
ll it- I't1t\'l puirtt :,|i1-‘log: ratio o_l'i't'1
tlitlttnres from I-' .I11t1l.-'tl-l- 2.‘! i.e 311-'.ltl
41 l_1‘urnt tnnre ptriou-t gittiqt tome ratio tntclt
es aunts, -lI!l:'t5-ll. Stt».".|5 etc- ltI:t'te:1t F [_,t"ocr.1s]
5.'l'1tlting 1l-itiitlnlttl Tfittllfl tlltttmtess Erttlm
lint.“ It-El, t1ItIt\"1l1t'ct.' 1t'1."rl.'\t:1tl|i1’ntL'ltt"t the
riitltl si-den!‘ ll.
tt. ?tt1;ttt.- ttith Zlfl, 41! ttt-1t.l fitlrrtltt-t!i1n.ut1.1:ttto
'i1'or11e1es-at cut those lines ttltttwc :tt1td holtrtt".
tt=tllt I-' let.‘-t!t'1lfl'.
1'. .lo|t't_Ihtt:-'i=.' poinot tlttottnttt \' to utttttollt
tan-t-1.1.
‘tltitt-ltt ro1t,t1tro_dloct|t- oi’ Ell ts on I1Zl..LIl',‘:l-F.
Problem I3 El-_l..-_ll?.§_E_
1.1.-."t.tT.i§.1'.1:.- 1~.t1|.:tt 1.1
TO DRAW remnant? .11 .v0n.tr.-1.1.
TO THE CURVE FROMA ¢";n/.13.-v POINT r Q,1
1. 11111. 11...-.1 ._t 1n 1 _ .1. 1,
‘I

7| “'“"‘..l'. ‘PT '.‘. ' "."."~‘."‘.‘.'. .T.'.1.'.‘.‘;1'.' .‘ .1.‘ '.".'.'f..§1'~§‘.‘“... .... .

\ I1 Hl'l ‘1..

11. C
F1
P:

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B
121.1 F:

§
D I

o
r t r r -I.-I
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 ELLIFSE
'|.'tt71tlI.l-I"1t'|' ..".'. ‘wtlllltl ‘ll

ll|.l.]l‘5!,'
A

l.-.lUIH PUIW I} T111 F.

1.Cl]l"tHi-TRUE‘? ‘WI! ANGLE ‘IWTII
THIS LINE AT POINT F
J.E..'|iTEHD Tli.E LINETU It-l.EE'I' lJt1lF.l1tl'.'Tl1Lll"tl DIK
REIETR
AT T H‘-
"*1-..
-..
4. .|Dll1l THIS I'll-ll“i|1'1'l'! Q AND £lfl'END.' THIS IS "-.
T.1t.t~tota~rr111 ELLIPSE ntottt to 1 -"'1' ”“~F_h F J: M,m_)
s.To Tttts T.1ttl'tlI]El1lT ntntw r1tent11rt1tn1t:"1.rt..1..tt - 1. - -3;"-?---»--»~
LINE FROM D. ITIS |"tt§lllLM.t¢t..l..TlIIllL-'TUll'."t"E. “Ii A
Kf .1‘
.#
.1"r
.' __.-"
-“I:
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.»*"'-t_1t
‘1.
 F‘t.R_\llUL'l.
Problent l5- 1t"1.t. i'*1.| .'t.. "'t[lll‘tl ll

, r1.ttt1..tttt:t1..1.

l..tDlH FDlHT Q To 1-‘.

lI.‘.DH'$'l'llUC'T '11!" ANGLE ‘t‘t'lTll
‘I'IHI5"Ll'HE AT I'DiltIT F
3.EJ1I‘l'END Tl-IE LINE TIJ1 MEET Dll-lEt'...'I"ll.l'.'tI
AT ‘I
+1. lllllltt THIS Pt1'.lll'el'l“l't'l- t_1!tNlJ' Elttfliltlll. THIS I3"
1".t. 1~.'t":t -1-' 1 Tt.‘.1 THEEIJRPE Fltfltt-I 1.1 - _1LE W
5.113 Tll_l5_T.l1.l'<lt.iEl‘tl‘l"l§l'll_.1|tllt' PEl1PE.l1ll'.lP.”.Il.FLt'l.Il
LINE FRUM Q. lT 15 '-.'1't|-! st 1. I . ‘ID CLIRVE.

1- 1'1 ‘t..l L
 Il\PEHBUl=\
Fruhlcm IE
l!\'\l l-"ml ‘~._ "'\l_lll"sI ‘kl

IJDYH PDIHT U‘ TU I-1

I.CDH-'iTl'lI.L|['T ‘II I‘ ANGLE ‘|‘|'I'l'lT THIS I.-THIE AT
POINT F
3.E3fl1:'HD THE LLHE TU MEET D!RFCI'Rl.'!( AT '1
J. IHIN THIS PDIHT '|'l."} Q AND I-IKTI-IN!-‘L THIS I15
1'\Hl'.=I'H| TQCURVE FIUH Q
4 -gm F [fin ml
5.T|J' THIS TAHGEFT DRAW FERFENDICIILAR
LINE. FRUH ll ITIS E"-‘I. IPIH1 '-1 'l"I}C'LTll'||"E-

\
r I‘ \.J L
 ENGINEERING CURVES
Part-II
(Point undergoing two types of displacements]

IH"I"I]LU'I"E C"ITL{lII'II SPIII.-\L HELIX.

I. Ininlub: n-I n rirclr I. G1.-n:-rnl ['3-':'InI£l I. Spiral nf l.. Un I.'§'Iin|:||:r
:|.~i|r|n-1: l.rn-glln - all Um‘ I'_'nn\'nIulIun.
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3. 'I‘rn-uhntd -I-'cHllI.'l.1ll'HlIIIIII]-1l'i.
clfitrinn I1.-np_!h *- nil I Inl“:rInrJ
-I. E]!-HT}'tInI|I
Z. Fnlr Inning Cumpusiu:
sI1n|n.*. 5. II_\'||u-l.'.'}|-'|:I-t|I:I

.1. Ru-d II.nIIi||;I_ m"-|.~r

: 5|.-n1I|:ircul:|r Pul-n. ‘nu Methods ul' Drawing
Tungunis E: Nurrnnls
- Tn Thu.-se Curves.
 DEFINITIONS EH‘
CYCLDID:
1T I5 A LC|'Cl.l5 (IF A FUIHT DH THE 5I'.l‘PER.I'0R IHDUIDIO: \
FERIPH ERY OF A CIRCLE WHICH IF THE POINT IN THE DEFIIIAIIOH
ROLLS DH A STRAIGHT LIHE PATH. OF CTCI-DID I5 OUTSIDE THE CIRCL

INFERIOR TROCHDID..'
|fl\fQ|_|_|‘|'E: ' n= n‘ 15 INSIDE TI-IE r:nu:|.e
IT I5 A l.'OI'.'-‘U5 OF A FREE END OF A STRING
WHEN rr :5 wnuno nouno A cxncuun POLE EFT"'-71'“-am
IF THE CIRCLE IS RIJLLIII DH
ANOTHER CIRCLE FRDH OUTSIDE
SPIRAL: Hrrchcrctmn.
IT I5 A CURVE GEIIIERATEIJ B-‘I’ A PUIHT n= TI-IE mu: rs nouuno mom
WHICH RE‘I|I'flU|l"E5 ARDUHD A FIXED POINT _ms1oe THE omen mam.
AND AT THE SAME MOVES TOWARDS IT.
/
HELIX:
1T I5 A IZIIJRIFE GEHERATED HT A POINT WHICH
MOVES AROUND TI-IE SURFACE OF A RI-GI-IT CIRCULAR
C'|"l.lIiOER I CONE AIIIO AT THE SAME TIME ADVANCES III AIIIAL EIIRECIIOH
AT A SPEED BEARING A CONSTANT RATIO TO TI-IE SFFEO OF ROTATION.
I for problems refer topic Development of su rfaoes}
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