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Applocations of Derivatives4

The document covers various applications of derivatives, including rates of change, tangents, normals, and approximations. It includes problems related to motion, volume changes, and revenue calculations, along with concepts of monotonicity and inequalities. Additionally, it discusses Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem, providing examples and exercises for better understanding.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views159 pages

Applocations of Derivatives4

The document covers various applications of derivatives, including rates of change, tangents, normals, and approximations. It includes problems related to motion, volume changes, and revenue calculations, along with concepts of monotonicity and inequalities. Additionally, it discusses Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem, providing examples and exercises for better understanding.

Uploaded by

lakshplace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Rate of Measure
2. Errors and Approximation

Application of Derivatives 1
Interpretation of dy/dx as a rate measure
Displacements of a particle at time t is expressed as s = ½ t3 - 6t. Find the
acceleration at the time when the velocity vanishes (i.e., velocity tends to
zero)
On the curve x3 = 12y, find the interval of values of x for which the abscissa
changes at a faster rate than the ordinate?
If water is poured into an inverted hollow cone whose semi-vertical angle 30°, such
that its depth (measured along axis) increases at the rate of 1 cm/sec, find the rate
at which the volume of water increases when the depth is 24 cm.

Water
A man 1.6 m high walks at the rate of 30 metre per minute away from a lamp which
is 4m above ground. How fast does the man’s shadow lengthen?
A horse runs along a circle with a speed of 20 km/hr. A lantern is at the centre of the
circle. A fence is along the tangent to the circle at the point at which the horse starts.
The speed with which the shadow of the horse moves along the fence at the moment
when it covers 1/8 of the circle in km/hr is
A. 20 B. 40 C. 30 D. 60
Horse Shadow
Horse

Lantern
A ladder of length 13 m has one end resting against a vertical wall and the
other on the ground. The lower end moves away from the wall at a speed of
2m/min. At what speed is the upper end falling when the bottom is 5 m from
the wall ?

13 m
A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform
thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm,
then the rate at which the thickness of ice decreases is

A. B. C. D.
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given
by R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5. Find the marginal revenue, when x = 5, where by marginal
revenue we mean the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of
items sold at an instant.
Approximation & Differentials
Use differential to approximate
Using differentials, find the approximate value of
Errors
y = f(x)

From the definition of derivatives

approximately
Errors

1. Δx is known as absolute error

2. Δx/x is known as relative error

3. Δx/x ⨉ 100 is known as percentage error


Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x meters caused by
increasing the side by 2%.
Tangents and Normals

Application of 2
Derivatives
Tangent and Normal

Normal

Tangent
Curve
Tangent and Normal

(x1, y1)
P
Tangent and Normal

Equation of tangent at P (x1, y1)

Equation of Normal at P (x1, y1)


Find the tangent and normal for x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 at (1, 1)
Tangent and Normal

⇒ Tangent is parallel to x-axis and converse

OR

⇒ Tangent is perpendicular to x-axis


Find tangent to x = a sin3t and y = a cos3t at t = π/2
Important Points
If the tangent at P (x1, y1) on the curve is equally inclined to the coordinate axes
then

If the tangent makes equal non zero intercept on the coordinate axes then

If the tangent cuts off on the coordinate axes equal distance from the origin.
A curve in the plane is defined by the parametric equations x = e2t + 2e-t and y =
e2t + et. An equation for the line tangent to the curve at the point t = ln 2 is

A. 5x - 6y = 7

B. 5x - 3y = 7

C. 10x - 7y = 8

D. 3x - 2y = 3
Tangent & Normal from External Point
Write equation of the normal to the x2 = 4y which passes through (1, 2)
Parametric Coordinates

xn yn
+ =1
an bn
Parametric Coordinates
Parametric Coordinates
Tangent at point P on the curve y2 = x3 meets the curve again at point Q.

Find , where O is origin


A line is drawn touching the curve = 0. Find the line if its
slope/gradient is 2.
● Orthogonal Curves
● Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent
& Subnormal

Application of 3
Derivatives
A line is drawn touching the curve = 0. Find the line if its
slope/gradient is 2.
Homework
Angle of intersection of two curves

Angle between two curves is same as


angle between the tangents at their
point of intersection.
Orthogonal Curves
Find the acute angle between the curve y = sin x & y = cos x.
If θ is the angle between y = x2 and 6y = 7 - x3 at (a, a). Find θ
If θ denoted the acute angle between the curves, y = 10 - x2 and
y = 2 + x2 at point of their intersection, then |tan θ| is equal to

A. 4/9 B. 8/15 C. 7/17 D. 8/17

[JEE 2019]
If the curves y2 = 6x, 9x2 + by2 = 16 intersect each other at right angles, then the
value of b is

A. 7/2 B. 4 C. 9/2 D. 6

[JEE 2018]
25th Feb 2021 (Shift 1)
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent & Subnormal

P(h,k)

T M N
sub-tangent sub-normal
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent & Subnormal

1 Length of tangent (PT) = |k|

2 Length of subtangent (MT) =

3 Length of normal (PN) = |k|

4 Length of subnormal (MN) = |km|


Show that for the curve by2 = (x + a)3 the square of the subtangent varies as the
subnormal.
ST2 ∝ SN ST ∝ SN2 ST ∝ SN None
For the curve xy = c2 the subtangent at any point varies as

x x3 y2 y3
For the curve xy = c2 the subnormal at any point varies as

x x3 y2 y3
If ST and SN are the lengths of the subtangent and the subnormal at the
point θ = π/2 on the curve x = a(θ + sinθ), y = a(1 - cosθ),
a ≠ 1, then

ST = SN ST = 2SN ST2 = aSN3 ST3 = aSN


Shortest Distance Between Two Curves

Shortest distance between non-interesting


differentiable curves is always along their common
normal
Find a point on the curve x2 + 2y2 = 6 whose distance from the line x + y = 7, is
minimum.

(2, 1) (-2, -1) (-2, 1) (-2, 1)

[2003]
Shortest distance between the two parabolas y2 = x -2, x2 = y - 2 is

B. C. D.
Find the shortest distance between the line y = x - 2 and the parabola y =
x2 + 3x +2.

B. C. D.
A.

B.

C.

D. 25th Feb 2021 (Shift 2)


Monotonicity

Application of 4
Derivatives
Monotonic Functions
Increasing function

(i) Strictly Increasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2)

(ii) Increasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2)

y y

xx
xx1 xx2 x
1 2 x1 x2
Decreasing function

(i) Strictly Decreasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2)

(ii) Decreasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2)

y y

x
x x1 x2
x1 x2
Non monotonic
Functions which are increasing as well as decreasing in their domain are
said to be non monotonic
Monotonicity of a function at a point
y

x
a-h a a+h
Monotonicity of a function at a point

x
a-h a a+h
Monotonicity of a function at a point
Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

B.
Monotonicity of a function at a point
Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

B.
For each of the following graph, comment whether f(x) is increasing
or decreasing or neither increasing nor decreasing at x = a.

A. C.

x=a x=a

B. D.

x=a x=a
x=a
Monotonicity in an Interval (for differentiable fn)

> 0 ⇒ Strictly Increasing

< 0 ⇒ Strictly Decreasing

may be equal to zero at discrete


points
Monotonicity in an Interval (for differentiable fn)

≥0 ⇒ Increasing

≤0 ⇒ Decreasing
Find the interval where function is increasing?

f(x) = x3
Find the interval where function is increasing?

f(x) = x - sin x
Find the interval where function is increasing?

f(x) = x2 - ln x
Find the interval where function is SI and SD?
f(x) = 2x3- 9x2 + 12x + 5
Non-increasing function

Non-increasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2)


Non-decreasing function

Non-decreasing if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2)


Find intervals of SI and SD of f(x) =
Find the intervals of SI and SD of following functions

A. f(x) = x4 - 8x3 + 22x2 - 24x + 7


Find the intervals of SI and SD of following functions

B.
Find the intervals of SI and SD of following functions

C. f(x) = ln (x2 - 2x)


Establishing Inequalities

Application of 7
Derivatives

e𝝿 > 𝝿e
or
e𝝿 < 𝝿e
Which one is greater e𝝿 or 𝝿e ?
Can we Establish Inequalities using Derivatives?

Consider y = x1/x ; x > 0


Which one is greater 303202 or 202303 ?
Show that ln(1 + x) > x - ∀x 𝞊 (0, ∞)
Find the set of values of x for which ln(1 + x) >
Prove that < ln ( 1 + x) < x ∀ x > 0
Prove that 2 sin x + tan x ≥ 3x

(1990 - 4 marks)
Prove that ex - e-x - 2x > 0 ∀ x > 0
Show that the equation x5 - 3x - 1 = 0 has a unique root in [1, 2]
Summary
For x > 0

< ln ( 1 + x) < x

ln(1 + x) > x -

ex - e-x - 2x > 0
Let f : [0, 1] ⟶ R (the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the
function f is twice differentiable, f(0) = f(1) = 0 and satisfies f’’(x) - 2f’(x)
+ f(x) ≥ ex, x ∈ [0, 1]. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1?

A. 0 < f(x) < ∞ B. -½ < f(x) < ½


JEE Adv. 2013
C. -¼ < f(x) < 1 D. -∞ < f(x) < 0
If the function e-x f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0, 1] at x =
¼, which of the following is true ?
A. f’(x) < f(x), ¼ < x < ¾ B. f’(x) > f(x), 0 < x < ¼

C. f’(x) < f(x), 0 < x < ¼ D. f’(x) < f(x), ¾ < x < 1
JEE Adv. 2013
If f : R ⟶ R is a differentiable function such that f’(x) > 2f(x) for all x ∈ R,
and f(0) = 1, then

A. f(x) is increasing in (0, ∞) B. f(x) is decreasing in (0, ∞)

C. f(x) > e2x in (0, ∞) D. f’(x) < e2x in (0, ∞) JEE Adv. 2017
For all x ∈ (0, 1)

A. ex < 1 + x B. loge (1 + x) < x

C. sin x > x D. loge x > x

(2000)
❏ Rolle’s Theorem
❏ LMVT

Application of 8
Derivatives
Rolle’s Theorem

1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]


2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)
3. f(a) = f(b)

Then there exists at least one point x = c such that f’(c) = 0


where a < c < b
Rolle’s Theorem
LMVT theorem (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem)

1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]


2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)

Then there exists at least one point x = c such that


where a < c < b
LMVT (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem)
Verify Rolle’s theorem and find the value of c ?

f(x) = x(x + 3)e-x/2 in [-3, 0]

A. 3 B. -2 C. -1 D. None

(2000S)
Verify Rolle’s theorem and find the value of c ?

f(x) = in [0, 𝝿]

A. 𝝿/4 B. 3𝝿/4 C. 𝝿/2 D. 4e-2


Verify Rolle’s theorem and find the value of c ?

f(x) = 1 - x2/3 in [-1, 1]


Find c of LMVT f(x) = in [1, 3]

A. 1/2 B. 3/2 C. 2 D. None


Using LMVT prove that |cos a - cos b| ≤ |a - b|
A value of c for which conclusion of Mean Value Theorem holds for the
function f(x) = loge x on the interval [1, 3] is

A. log3 e B. loge 3 C. 2log3 e D. ½ log3 e

(2007)
Using Rolle’s theorem, prove that there is at least one root in
(451/100, 46) of the polynomial P(x) = 51x101 - 2323(x)100 - 45x + 1035.

JEE 2004
Let -1 ≤ p ≤ 1. Show that the equation 4x3 - 3x - p = 0 has a unique root in the
interval [½, 1]

JEE 2000
If f(x) = x𝝰 log x and f(0) = 0, then the value of 𝝰 for which Rolle’s theorem
can be applied in [0, 1] is

A. -2 B. -1 C. 0 D. 1/2

JEE 2004
In [0, 1], Lagrange's Mean Value theorem is NOT applicable to

A. B.

C. f(x) = x|x| D. f(x) = |x| JEE 2003


Geometry Based Problems

Application of 9
Derivatives
Geometry Based Problems

1 When possible, draw a figure to illustrate the problem

Write an equation for the quantity which is to be maximised or


minimised. If this quantity is denoted by ' y' it must be expressed in
2 terms of a single independent variable x. This may require some
algebraic manipulations.
Geometry Based Problems

3 Find the values of x for which dy/dx = f’(x) = 0.

Test each values of x for which f’(x) = 0 to determine whether it


4 provides a maximum or minimum or neither.
Geometry Based Problems

If the function y = f(x) is defined for only a limited range of values


5 a ≤ x ≤ b then examine x = a and x = b for possible extreme values

If the derivative fails to exist at some point, examine this point as


6 possible maximum or minimum
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and x3y is maximum.
Rectangles are inscribed inside a semi-circle of radius r. Find the rectangle with
maximum area.

r
Rectangles are inscribed inside a semi-circle of radius r. Find the rectangle
with maximum area.

Method - 2

r
A sheet of area 40 m2 is used to make an open tank with square base. Find the
dimension of the base such that volume of this tank is maximum.

x
If a right-circular cylinder is inscribed in a given cone. Find the dimensions of
the cylinder such that its volume is maximum.

x
r
A triangular park is enclosed on two sides by a fence and on the third side
by a straight river bank. The two sides having fence are of same length x.
The maximum area enclosed by the park is

A. 3/2 x2 B. C. 1/2 x2 D. πx2

JEE 2006
A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are bent respectively to form a
square of side = x units and a circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of
the square and the circle so formed is minimum, then:

A. x = 2r B. 2x = r C. 2x = (π + 4)r D. (4 - π)x = πr

JEE 2016
The maximum volume (in cu.m) of the right circular cone having slant
height 3 m is:

A. 6π B. 3√3 π C. 4/3 π D. 2√3 π

JEE 2019

r
Twenty metres of wire is available for fencing of a flower- bed in the form of a
circular sector. Then the maximum area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is :

A. 30 B. 12.5 C. 10 D. 25

JEE 2017

θ
r r

θr
A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8 :
15 is converted into an open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of
equal area from all four corners. If the total area of removed squares is 100, the
resulting box has maximum volume. Then the lengths of the sides of the
rectangular sheet are
A. 24 B. 32 C. 45 D. 60
JEE Adv. 2013
A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid material with the following
constraints: It has a fixed inner volume of V mm3, has a 2 mm thick solid wall and is
open at the top. The bottom of the container is a solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm
and is of radius equal to the outer radius of the container. If the volume of the material
used to make the container is minimum when the inner radius of the container is 10
mm, then the value of V/250π is

JEE Adv. 2015


Given:
Fixed inner volume = V mm3,
Thickness = 2 mm JEE Adv. 2015
Bottom is a solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm
Volume of the material is minimum when the inner radius = 10 mm
Find the value of V/250π is

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