12 April 2022 (8th Semester) QCE-435: Steel Structures (Spring-2021) 1

Department of Civil Engineering

Qurtuba University of Science &
Information Technology
D.I.Khan

QCE-435: Steel Structures

Spring-2022

Lecture # 02
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
Different design methods (LRFD & ASD)
Factor of safety, loads and load combinations
Concept of load and resistance factors

Engr. Muhammad Jamal Butt

Lecturer

Civil Engineering Department

Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology
Campus: D.I.Khan
Loads and Load Paths
• Structural Design
• Design Loads
• Dead Load
• Live Load
• Snow Load
• Lateral Loads
• Load Types
• Load Combinations
• Load Path
• Calculating Beam Loads
Design Loads

• The load that is assumed for the design of a

structure
• May include one or more of the following:

− Dead Load − Wind Load

− Live Load − Earthquake Load
− Snow and Ice Load − Earth Pressure Load
− Rain Load
−Flood Load
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Design Loads
Dead Loads (DL) – fixed loads
−The weight of the building
components
−The weight of fixed service
equipment

Photos courtesy www.constructionphotographs.com

Design Loads

Live Loads (LL) – transient and

moving loads
−Loads produced by the use
and occupancy of a building
−Live load may be variable ©iStockphoto.com

during a structure’s lifetime

−Specified in building codes

©iStockphoto.com
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 Design Loads
Snow Load
• Force of accumulated snow on a roof
• Specified in building codes (or local building department)
• Depends on

• Location
• Exposure to wind
• Importance of building
• Roof slope

©iStockphoto.com
Design Loads
Design Snow Load Calculation

p s = 0.7C s C e C t I s p g
ps = Design snow load
Cs = Roof slope factor
Ce = Exposure factor
Ct = Thermal factor
I s = Importance factor
p g = Ground snow load
Design Snow Load
• Find the ground snow
load
• For Springfield, CO (red
dot) the snow load is
15 psf
Ground Snow Load in psf

Minimum Snow Load

• If , then

• If , then
Design Loads

Lateral Loads
• Wind Loads
• Earthquake Loads
• Flood Loads
• Earth Pressure Loads
Design Loads

Wind Load (WL)

−Resulting loads yield:

• Lateral load on walls
• Downward and upward
pressure on roofs
• Overturning of the structure

−Specified in building codes

Design Loads
Earthquake Loads (EQ) Epicenter
− Vertical and lateral forces (dynamic)
− Building codes can simplify loading

Seismic
Forces at Base
of Building

Hypocenter
 Design Loads
Flood Loads
• Lateral forces resulting from static
and dynamic water pressure
• Building codes specify that
buildings be constructed above the
flood elevation or flood-proofed
• Design requirements dependent on Courtesy FEMA

flood zone
BFE (Base Flood Elevation) – The
water surface elevation resulting
from a flood with a 1% chance of
equaling or exceeding that level in
any given year

Dry flood-proofing: Building must

be designed and constructed to
be watertight to floodwaters
Design Loads
GRADE
Soil Pressure Loads
• Soil adjacent to a structure
will apply a lateral force
• Magnitude increases with
depth

BASEMENT

SOIL
Load Types

Uniformly Distributed Load

Concentrated Load
Load Combinations
• A building will be subjected to many loads
simultaneously
• Codes specify combinations of loads that must be
considered in the design
• Examples
• D + L + (Lr or S or R) Where D = Dead load
L = Live load
• D+L+W Lr = Roof live load
• D + L + S + E/1.4 W = Wind load
S = Snow load
E = Earthquake load
R = Rain load
Design Loads
• The building dead load is the only known
load.
• All other forces will vary in magnitude,
duration, and location.
• The building is designed for design load
possibilities that may never occur.
 Load Path
• The path that a load travels HVAC
through the structural
system
• “Tracing” or “chasing” the
loads
• Each structural element
must be designed for all
loads that pass through it
Load Path
Every load applied to the building will travel
through the structural system until it is transferred
to the supporting soil.

APPLIED LOAD
Structural Elements
• Within the structural systems, individual structural
elements must work together to carry and transfer the
applied loads to the ground.
• Examples of structural elements include:

o Roof Decking
o Elevated Slabs o Beams
o Load Bearing Walls o Girders
o Connections o Columns
o Footing
“Load Chasing” for Structural Design

The structural design is performed by “chasing

the loads” of the dead and live load from slabs
to beams to girders, then on to the columns or
walls. The loads are then carried down to the
footing or foundation walls and finally to the
earth below.
 Girder

Beam

Column
Footing

Partial View of 2nd Floor Framing

For clarity the ground floor slab, 2nd floor slab, roof framing, and
roof deck are not shown.
 Beam

Design Area

Girder

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN Girder

 Tributary Area 3’- 4” Half the
distance to each
adjacent beam

Beam B.3
6’-8”
Tributary
Width

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Width

 Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width

Beam Uniform Load = Floor Loading (psf) x Tributary Width (ft)

 Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Width

Tributary Area = (18 ft) ∙ (6.67 ft) = 120 ft2

Calculating Beam Loading
Assume that the floor system must support its
own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a live load
of 100 psf. What is the uniform load applied to
the beam?

Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf

Uniform Load = Floor Load ∙ Tributary Width

= 140 ftlb2  6.67 ft = 934 plf
 Calculating Girder Loading
Exterior
Girder

Beam

DESIGN AREA

Interior
Girder

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

 Calculating Column Loads
Calculating Column Loads
Beam

Girder
Calculating Column Loads

1
2
(20 ft) = 10 ft

Tributary Area = (18 ft)(20 ft) = 360 ft2

Calculating Column Loads
Assume that the floor system must support its
own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a live load
of 100 psf. What is the column load for column
B3?

Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf

Column Load = Tributary Area ∙ Total Floor Load

= (360 ft 2 )(140 ft1b2 ) = 50,400 lb

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