CE 535 D – STRUCTURAL

DESIGN 1 (REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN)
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. RAPHAEL NICO S. CASTAÑEDA
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
The Goal of Structural Design
• The primary goal of structural design is to size members
and components of a system to adequately and safely
sustain loads.
 However, how do we reliably and accurately assure this safety?

• In engineering practice today there are two main

philosophies used:
 Allowable stress/strength design (ASD) – based on safety factors
 Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) – probabilistic (reliability-
based) approach

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Allowable Stress Design
• ASD is a more historic method of structural design
 It involves the use of safety factors selected based on experience
and judgement.
• Example:
 Say a member has a axial capacity (nominal) of 150 kN.
 An engineer might then employ a safety factor of 2.0.
 Therefore, its allowable strength would be 75 kN.

Pnominal 150 kN
Pallow = = = 75 kN
F. S. 2.0
 If the applied load is less than the allowable load, the design is
adequate and safe. (E.g. applied load is 65 kN, the design is safe
since it is less than 75 kN)

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Load and Resistance Factor Design
• For LRFD, loads and resistances are modified by
statistically calibrated factors.
• For resistance:
 Nominal resistances (Rn) are multiplied by “ϕ” to obtain factored
resistances.
• For loads:
 Loads are multiplied by load factors to obtain factored loads.
 Instead of lumping all loads together, we typically keep them
separate.
 We then combine these loads using statistically calibrated load
combinations.

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Load and Resistance Factor Design
o Therefore, the ultimate goal in LRFD is to meet the following
criterion:
ϕR n ≥ ෍ γi Q i

Resistance ≥ Loads
• By meeting this criterion:
 We ensure that the structures we design safely resist the load they
experience.
 We’ve addressed the uncertainty in our designs through the used of:
o ϕ = resistance factors
o γi = load factors
 Where:
o Qi = applied loads (dead, live, earthquake, etc.)
o Rn = nominal resistance

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TRIBUTARY AREA & LOADS
Tributary Area
Design Loads
Structural Loads
• We now need to discuss the loads structures are subject to:
 Gravity Loads (Dead load)
 Occupancy Loads (Live load)
 Environmental Loads (Wind, Earthquake, Snow, etc.)
• National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Vol 1
Chapter 2: Minimum Design Loads

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Dead Loads
• Dead loads consists of:
 The structures own weight (self-weight)
 Any other permanent attachment (superimposed load)
• NSCP 2010 Section 204: Dead Loads
 Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
(kN/m3)
 Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)

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Dead Loads
• One of the most fundamental dead load is a beam’s self
weight.
 For a rectangular beam
Weight = Unit weight × Volume
W = γ × (b × h × L)
 Beam self-weight is idealized as a uniformly distributed load (kN/m)
Weight W
wo = = = γ × b × h = γ × (cross sectional area)
Length L

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Live Loads
• Live load values are a function of the intended use of a
given structure:
 In other words, we are a live load acting on this classroom
• NSCP 2010 Section 205: Live Loads
 Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads
 Table 205-2 Special Loads
 Table 205-3 Minimum Roof Live Loads

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Live Loads
• Q: What is the probability that these design loads will be
applied over the entire floor area?
• A: Not Likely!

• We can reduce the live load in order to account for this

reduced probability of full loading. See NSCP 2010 Section
205.5 and 205.6.

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Wind Loads
• Wind Load is one of the two main lateral loads that can be
applied to a structure.
• Can result in:
 Excessive Lateral Drift
 Cladding Failure
 Uplift/Tear off of roofing
components
 Possible hurricane/storm
damage

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Wind Loads
• To obtain the basic wind pressure, the following formula is
used (Section 207.5.10):
𝑞𝑧 = 47.3 × 10−6 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝐼𝑤
Where:
Kd = wind directionality factor (Section 207.5.4.4)
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient (Section 207.5.6.6)
Kzt = topographic factor (Section 207.5.7.2)
V = basic wind speed (Table 207-1)
Iw = importance factor (Table 207-3)

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Earthquake (Seismic) Loads
• Seismic events don’t exactly cause “loads” in a structure,
but accelerations.
 Much like hitting the brakes of a car.
• We can, however, determine equivalent loads by
determining horizontal acceleration.
 Analogous to treating a building like a cantilevered beam

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Earthquake (Seismic) Loads
• NSCP 2010 Section 208: Earthquake Loads
• Static force procedure, design base shear:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅𝑇
Should not exceed:
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅

Should not be less than:

𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊
Should not be less than (for Seismic Zone 4):
0.8𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅

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Earthquake (Seismic) Loads
• NSCP 2010 Section 208: Earthquake Loads
• Dynamic analysis procedure, design response spectra:

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LRFD Load Combinations
• Once we’ve determined each of the individual loads, we
need to determine the factored load in the LRFD limit state:
Factored Load Combination, U = ෍ γi Q i

• NSCP 2010 Section 203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations

(USD/LRFD)
U = 1.4 D + F
U = 1.2 D + F + T + 1.6 L + H + 0.5(Lr + R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 Lr + R + f1 L or 0.8W
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + f1 L + 0.5 Lr or R
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

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ASD Load Combinations
• NSCP 2010 Section 203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations (ASD)
U=D+F
U=D+H+F+L+T
U = D + H + F + Lr or R
U = D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + Lr or R ]
E
U = D + H + F + W or
1.4

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Tributary Loadings
• When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs are
supported by a structural frame, it is necessary to
determine how the load on these surfaces is transmitted to
the various structural elements used for their support.
• There are generally two ways in which this can be done.
The choice depends on the geometry of the structural
system, the material from which it is made, and the method
of its construction.

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One-way system
• A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load
to the supporting members by one-way action, is often
referred to as a one-way slab.

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One-way system
• A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load
to the supporting members by one-way action, is often
referred to as a one-way slab.
• To illustrate the method of load transmission, consider the
framing system shown. where the beams AB, CD, and EF
rest on the girders AE and BF.

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One-way system
• If a uniform load of 100 lb/ft2 is placed on the slab, then the
center beam CD is assumed to support the load acting on
the tributary area shown dark shaded on the structural
framing plan. (tributary area for AB and EF are light shaded)

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One-way system
• Member CD is therefore subjected to a linear distribution of
load of (100 lb/ft2)(5 ft) = 500 lb/ft, shown on the idealized
beam.

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One-way system
• The reactions on this beam (2500 lb) would then be applied
to the center of the girders AE (and BF), shown. Using this
same concept, do you see how the remaining portion of the
slab loading is transmitted to the ends of the girder as 1250
lb?

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Two-way system
• According to the ACI 318 concrete code, if L2 /L1 and the
support ratio (L2/L1) ≤ 2, then the load is assumed to be
transferred to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a
two-way slab.
• Consider the square reinforced concrete slab in the figure,
which is supported by four 10-ft-long edge beams, AB, BD,
DC, and CA. Here L2/L1= 1.

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Two-way system
• As the load on the slab intensifies, numerous experiments
have shown that 45° cracks form at the corners of the slab.
As a result, the tributary area is constructed using diagonal
45° lines as shown. This produces the dark shaded tributary
area for beam AB. Hence if a uniform load of 100 lb/ft2 is
applied to the slab, a peak intensity of (100 lb/ft2)(5 ft) = 500
lb/ft will be applied to the center of beam AB, resulting in
the triangular load distribution shown.

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Two-way system
• For other geometries that cause two-way action, a similar
example, if L2/L1 = 1.5 it is then necessary to construct 45°
lines that intersect as shown. This produce the dark shaded
tributary area for beam AB. A 100 lb/ft2 loading placed on
the slab will then produce trapezoidal and triangular
distributed loads on members AB and AC, respectively.

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 INTRODUCTION TO
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Advantage and Disadvantages
Material Behavior and Properties
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
• CONCRETE – is a combination of aggregates (sand, gravel,
crushed rock, etc.) bonded together with a paste composed
of cement and water. Admixtures are sometimes added to
the mixture in order to change its characteristics such as
its workability, durability, and time of hardening. Concrete
has a very high compressive strength but a very low tensile
strength.
• REINFORCED CONCRETE – is a combination of concrete
and reinforcing steel (mostly deformed round bars) wherein
the steel provides the tensile strength that is lacking in the
concrete.

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Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements

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Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements

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Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material
are as follows:
 considerable compressive strength per unit cost
 fire and water resistant
 very rigid
 low-maintenance
 very long service life
 economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, etc.
 ability to cast into any variety of shapes
 inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and water)
 highly grade skilled labor is not required for erection

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Advantages and Disadvantages
• Disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural
material are as follows:
 very low tensile strength
 cost of formworks needed to hold the concrete intact until it
hardens is expensive
 low strength per unit of volume of concrete will result to relatively
large members
 mixing, casting and curing are needed which can affect its strength
 develop cracks due to shrinkage and application of loads

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Concrete Compressive Strength, 𝑓’𝑐 – is
the maximum stress a concrete
specimen can sustain in compressive
axial loading.
• It is also the primary parameter used
in ordering concrete. It is determined
by testing to failure 28-day-old 150
mm (6-in.) diameter by 300 mm (12-in.)
concrete cylinders at a specified rate
of loading.

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Material Behavior and Properties
• For the 28-day period, the cylinders are usually kept under
water or in a room with constant temperature and 100%
humidity. Although concretes are available with 28-day
ultimate strengths from 17.5 MPa (2500 psi) up to as high as
70 MPa to 140 MPa (10,000 psi to 20,000 psi), most of the
concretes used fall into the 21 MPa to 49 MPa (3000 psi to
7000 psi) range. (See Section 405, NSCP 2010)

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Concrete Static Modulus Of Elasticity, 𝐸𝑐 – is defined as the
ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region. Unlike steel,
the modulus of elasticity of concrete varies with
compressive strength.
• Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value
varies with different concrete strengths, concrete age, type
of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the
cement and aggregates. (See Section 408.6, NSCP 2010)
• For values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3:
Ec = wc1.50 0.043 f′c (in MPa)
• For normal weight concrete:
Ec = 4700 f′c (in MPa)

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Concrete Modulus Of Rupture, 𝑓𝑟 – indirect test developed to
measure concrete’s tensile flexural strength. (See Section
409.6.2.3, NSCP 2010)
fr = 0.62λ 𝑓′𝑐 (in MPa)
• Values of 𝜆 is to take account the use of lightweight
concrete. (Section 408.7, NSCP 2010)
 All-lightweight = 0.75
 Sand-lightweight = 0.85
 Normal-weight = 1.0

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Linear interpolation between 0.75 and 0.85 shall be
permitted, on the basis of volumetric fractions, when a
portion of the lightweight fine aggregate is replaced with
normal-weight fine aggregates
• Linear interpolation between 0.85 and 1.0 shall be
permitted, on the basis of volumetric fractions, for concrete
containing normal-weight fine aggregate and a blend of
lightweight and normal-weight coarse aggregates.
• If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete,
𝑓𝑐𝑡, is specified:
fct
λ= ≤ 1.0
0.56 f′c

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Types Of Reinforcing Steel – basically round in cross-
section and manufactured according to ASTM specifications
which specifies dimensions and certain chemical and
mechanical properties. (Section 403.6.3.1, NSCP 2010)
 ASTM A615M – carbon steel
 ASTM A706M – low-alloy steel
• Bar Sizes Of Reinforcing Steel – the available bar sizes in
the Philippines with nominal diameters are 10 mm, 12 mm,
16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 28 mm, 32 mm, 36 mm, 42 mm, and
58 mm. (Table 407-2, NSCP 2010)

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Material Behavior and Properties
• Steel Yield Strength, 𝑓𝑦 – the specified yield strength of non-
prestressed reinforcement will depend on its grade such as
Grade 40, Grade 50, Grade 60 and so on, where Grade 40
means the steel has a specified yield point of 40,000 psi
(276 MPa), Grade 50 means 50,000 ksi (345 MPa), Grade 60
means (414 MPa), and so on.

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FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS
Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
Cracking Moment of RC Beams
Elastic Stresses of RC Beams
Nominal Moments Capacity
Symbols and Notations (Singly Reinforced)
𝐴𝑠 – Area of tension steel near the tension face of the beam
𝑏 – width of beam section for rectangular sections
𝑑 – effective depth of the beam, distance from outermost compressive
fiber to centroid of tension steel
𝑑𝑡 – effective depth of the beam, distance from outermost compressive
fiber to extreme tension steel
ℎ – total height of the beam section

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Symbols and Notations (Doubly Reinforced)
𝐴′𝑠 – Area of compression steel near the compression face of the beam in
doubly reinforced beams
𝑑′ – distance from outermost compressive fiber to centroid of
compression steel

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Symbols and Notations (T-beams)
𝑏𝑓 – width of beam section on the flange for T-beams
𝑏𝑤 – width of beam section on the web for T-beams
ℎ𝑓 – height of beam section on the flange for T-beams

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Symbols and Notations (T-beams)
For positive and negative bending moments

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
When a reinforced concrete beam is subjected to transverse
loading, stress will occur at both concrete and steel due to
flexure which depends on the magnitude of bending moment
at a section. As the load increases in magnitude, the beam
will undergo unique stages before it fails.

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• Uncracked concrete stage – when the flexural stress at the
tension side of the concrete is less than the modulus of
rupture, the entire cross section of the concrete will resist
bending. Figure shows the stress and strain diagram of a
typical reinforced concrete beam

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• Cracked concrete stage – when the tensile stress is exactly
equal to the modulus of rupture, the moment induced to the
section is referred to as cracking moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟.

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• If the load is then increased, the flexural stress will also
increase. As the resulting flexural stress at the tension side
will be greater than the modulus of rupture, cracks will
begin to form at the tension side of the beam as shown.

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• Since the tension side of the concrete is cracked, it cannot
resist tensile stress anymore where the steel alone takes
place in resisting it.

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• This stage will take place only as long as the flexural stress
on the compression side of the beam does not exceed the
allowable compressive stress of the concrete which varies
from 45% to 50% of 𝑓’𝑐 and the stress on the reinforcing
steel is less than the yield stress.

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Reinforced Concrete Stages and Behavior
• Beam failure or ultimate strength stage – if the load is
further increased such that the flexural stress in the
compression side of the concrete exceeds the allowable
concrete compressive stress, the cracks on the tension
side will move further along with the neutral axis, and the
compressive stress on the concrete will begin to change
from straight line to curve as shown.

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Cracking Moment
• The cracking moment defined on the previous section is
calculated by the assumption that the effect of reinforcing
steel is neglected due to its relatively small area compared
to the concrete. This approximation will result to
calculating the flexural stress on the beam based on its
gross cross-sectional properties. The flexural stress, 𝑓 in
the concrete at any point with a distance 𝑦 from the neutral
axis is:
My
f=
Ig
M = bending moment
Ig = gross moment of inertia
y = distance of any point from N.A.

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Cracking Moment
• From this equation, the cracking moment will be obtained
by replacing the flexural stress with the modulus of rupture
and 𝑦 will be the distance from neutral axis to extreme
tension fiber:
f r Ig
Mcr =
yt
𝑦𝑡 – distance from neutral axis to extreme tension fiber
𝑀𝑐𝑟 – cracking moment

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Cracking Moment
Example: A beam section shown has the following properties:
𝑏 = 400 mm, ℎ = 600 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa. Calculate the
following:
(a) flexural stresses in the extreme fiber of the beam shown
if it is subjected to a bending moment of 70 kN-m assuming
the section is uncracked;
(b) the cracking moment of the section.

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Cracking Moment
Example: A T-beam has the following properties: 𝑏𝑓 = 1500
mm, 𝑏𝑤 = 300 mm, ℎ𝑓 = 125 mm, ℎ = 800 mm
(a) Calculate the stress in the concrete at the top and bottom
extreme fibers under a positive bending moment of 108.5 kN-
m;
(b) If 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa and normal weight concrete is used, what
maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can carry if it
is used as a simple beam with 7.3 m span without exceeding
the modulus of rupture of the concrete?
(c) Repeat part (b) if the beam is inverted.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
• When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the
tensile stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the
modulus of rupture, it is assumed that all of the concrete on
the tensile side of the beam is cracked and must be
neglected in the flexure calculations.
• The cracking of the beam does not necessarily mean that
the beam is going to fail. The reinforcing bars on the tensile
side begin to pick up the tension caused by the applied
moment.
• On the tensile side of the beam, an assumption of perfect
bond is made between the reinforcing bars and the
concrete. Thus, the strain in the concrete and in the steel
will be equal at equal distances from the neutral axis.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
• If the strains in the two materials at a particular point are
the same, however, their stresses cannot be the same since
they have different moduli of elasticity.
• Thus, their stresses are in proportion to the ratio of their
moduli of elasticity. The ratio of the steel modulus to the
concrete modulus is called the modular ratio, n:
Es
n=
Ec
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200000 MPa
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Procedures in analysis for singly reinforced beams:
• Step 1: Replace the steel bars with an equivalent area of
fictitious concrete 𝑛𝐴𝑠, which supposedly can resist tension.
The area is referred to as the transformed area.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Procedures in analysis for singly reinforced beams:
• Step 2: Locate the neutral axis which is assumed to be
located a distance x by equating the first moment of the
tensile area to the compression area of the beam cross
section about the neutral axis.
• Step 3: Calculate the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑐𝑟 of the
transformed section.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Procedures in analysis for singly reinforced beams:
• Step 4: Compute the stresses in the concrete and steel
using the flexure formula.
For the compressive concrete, the stress is calculated using
the formula:
Mx
fc =
Icr
For the tensile steel, the stress is calculated using the
formula:
fs M(d − x)
=
n Icr
For problems where allowable moments are to be
determined, the actual stresses for both concrete and steel
should not be exceeded. Allowable stresses if not given are
0.45𝑓’𝑐 for concrete and 0.60𝑓𝑦 for steel. 62
Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Example:
(a) Calculate the bending stresses in the beam using the
transformed area method given the following properties: 𝑓’𝑐 =
21 MPa, 𝑀 = 95 kN-m, 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 = 425 mm, 𝐴𝑠
= 3 – 28 mm;
(b) If the allowable stresses are 9.31 MPa for concrete and
138 MPa for steel, determine the allowable resisting moment
of the beam.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Example: Calculate the bending stresses in the concrete and
the reinforcing steel, using transformed area method: 𝑓’𝑐 = 21
MPa, normal weight concrete, 𝑛 = 9, 𝑀 = 339 kN-m. The beam
has a following properties: 𝑏𝑤 = 300 mm, 𝑏𝑓 = 1500 mm, ℎ𝑓 =
125 mm, 𝑑 = 700 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 6−25 mm.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Example: Compute the bending stresses in the beam section
shown in the figure using the transformed area method; 𝑛 = 8,
𝑀 = 149.14 kN-m. All dimensions are in mm.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Procedures in analysis for doubly reinforced beams:
• Step 1: Replace the tension steel bars with an equivalent
area of fictitious concrete 𝑛𝐴𝑠 and the compression steel
bars with an equivalent area of fictitious concrete (2𝑛−1)𝐴′𝑠.
• Step 2: Locate the neutral axis which is assumed to be
located a distance x by equating the first moment of the
tensile area to the compression area of the beam cross
section about the neutral axis.
• Step 3: Calculate the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑐𝑟 of the
transformed section.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Procedures in analysis for doubly reinforced beams:
• Step 4: Compute the stresses in the concrete and steel
using the flexure formula.
For the compressive concrete and tensile steel, the stress is
calculated using the formula:
Mx fs M(d − x)
fc = =
Icr n Icr
For the compressive steel, the stress is calculated using the
formula:
f′s M(x − d′)
=
2n Icr

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Example: Calculate the bending stresses in the rectangular
beam section given the following properties: 𝑛 = 10, 𝑀 = 160
kN-m, 𝑏 = 350 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 = 435 mm, 𝑑′ = 65 mm, 𝐴𝑠 =
4−28 mm, 𝐴′𝑠 = 2−28 mm.

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Elastic Stresses – Cracked Concrete Stage
Example: Compute the allowable resisting moment of a
rectangular beam section if the allowable stresses are 0.45𝑓’𝑐
for concrete and 0.60𝑓𝑦 for steel. The properties for the beam
section are 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 = 425 mm, 𝑑′ = 75 mm,
𝐴𝑠 = 4−25 mm, 𝐴′𝑠 = 2−25 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 276 MPa.

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Nominal Moment Capacity
• After the concrete compression stresses exceed about
0.50𝑓’𝑐 , they no longer vary directly as the distance from
the neutral axis or as a straight line. Rather, they vary much
as shown in the figure.

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Nominal Moment Capacity
• Whitney replaced the curved stress block at actual stress
distribution with an equivalent rectangular block of
intensity 0.85𝑓’𝑐 and depth of compression stress 𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐

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Nominal Moment Capacity
• (Section 410.3.7.3, NSCP 2010) Factor 𝛽1 shall be taken as
0.85 for concrete strengths 𝑓’𝑐 for 17 MPa up to 28 MPa. For
strengths above 28 MPa, 𝛽1 shall be reduced linearly at a
rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa of strength excess of 28 MPa,
but 𝛽1 shall not be taken less than 0.65.

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Nominal Moment Capacity
• Tension Steel Yielding – if the strain on the extreme tension
steel 𝜀𝑡 exceeds 𝜀𝑦 . Thus, the stress of tension steel is equal
to 𝑓𝑦 .
• Tension Steel Unyielding – if the strain on the extreme
tension steel 𝜀𝑡 is less than 𝜀𝑦 . Thus, the stress of tension
steel is less than 𝑓𝑦 .

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Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 1: Assume the section is tension steel yielding (𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 ,
stress in steel is 𝑓𝑦 ) then solve for the depth of compression
stress block by summing forces horizontal (C = T).
A s fy
a=
0.85f′c b

74
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 2. Calculate 𝛽1 .
β1 = 0.85 for f ′ c ≤ 28 MPa
0.05 ′
β1 = 0.85 − (f c − 28) for 56 MPa > f ′ c > 28 MPa
7
β1 = 0.65 for f ′ c ≥ 56 MPa

75
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 3. Calculate 𝑐.
a
c=
β1

76
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 4. Calculate 𝜀𝑡 and verify if assumption is Step 1 is
correct. Using the strain diagram:
0.003(d − c)
εt =
c
If 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 tension steel yielding
If 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦 tension steel unyielding

77
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 5. If tension steel yielding, calculate 𝑀𝑛
a a
Mn = C d − =T d−
2 a 2 a
′
Mn = 0.85f c ab d − = A s fy d −
2 2

78
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 6. If tension steel unyielding, recalculate 𝑐:
0.85f′c ab = As fs
0.85f′c ab = As εt Es
′
0.003 d − 𝐜
0.85f c β1 𝐜 b = As Es
𝐜

79
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 7. Calculate 𝑎:
𝑎 = β1 c

80
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 8. Calculate 𝜀𝑡 and 𝑓𝑠 :
0.003(d − c)
εt =
c

𝑓𝑠 = εt Es

81
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Singly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 9. Calculate 𝑀𝑛
a a
Mn = C d − =T d−
2 a 2 a
′
Mn = 0.85f c ab d − = A s fs d −
2 2

82
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Determine the nominal capacity of a beam section
with the following properties: 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 =
437.5 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 – 25 mm (single layer), 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 =
345 Mpa.

83
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Determine the nominal capacity of a beam section
with the following properties: 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 400 mm, 𝑑 =
332 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 3 – 36 mm (single layer), 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 =
414 Mpa.

84
Nominal Moment Capacity
Occasionally, beam sections are designed to have both
tension reinforcement and compression reinforcement. These
are referred to as doubly reinforced sections. Two cases
where compression reinforcement is used frequently are the
negative bending region of continuous beams and midspan
regions of long-span or heavily loaded beams where
deflections need to be controlled. The effect of compression
reinforcement on the behavior of beams and the reasons it is
used are discussed in this section, followed by a method to
analyze such beam sections.

85
Nominal Moment Capacity
Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement
• Reduced sustained-load deflections
• Increased ductility
• Change the mode of failure from compression to tension
• Fabrication ease

86
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 1: Assume the section is tension steel yielding (𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 ,
stress in steel is 𝑓𝑦 ) and compression steel yielding (𝜀′𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 )
then solve for the depth of compression stress block by
summing forces horizontal (C + C’s = T).
(As −A′s )fy
a=
0.85f′c b

87
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 1: Assume the section is tension steel yielding (𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 ,
stress in steel is 𝑓𝑦 ) and compression steel yielding (𝜀′𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 )
then solve for the depth of compression stress block by
summing forces horizontal (C + C’s = T).
(As −A′s )fy
a=
0.85f′c b

88
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 2. Calculate 𝛽1 .
β1 = 0.85 for f ′ c ≤ 28 MPa
0.05 ′
β1 = 0.85 − (f c − 28) for 56 MPa > f ′ c > 28 MPa
7
β1 = 0.65 for f ′ c ≥ 56 MPa

89
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 3. Calculate 𝑐.
a
c=
β1

90
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 4. Calculate 𝜀𝑡 and verify if assumption is Step 1 is
correct. Using the strain diagram:
0.003(d − c)
εt =
c
If 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 tension steel yielding (mostly all the time happens)
If 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦 tension steel unyielding

91
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 5. Calculate 𝜀′𝑠 and verify if assumption is Step 1 is
correct. Using the strain diagram:
0.003(c − d′)
ε′s =
c
If ε′s > 𝜀𝑦 compression steel yielding
If ε′s < 𝜀𝑦 compression steel unyielding

92
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 6. If tension steel yielding and compression steel
yielding, calculate 𝑀𝑛
a
Mn = C d − + C′s d − d′
2 a
Mn = 0.85f ′ c ab d − + A′s fy d − d′
2

93
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 7. If compression steel unyielding, recalculate 𝑐:
0.85f′c ab + A′s fs = As fy
0.85f′c ab + A′s ε′s Es = As fy
′
0.003 𝐜 − d′
0.85f c β1 𝐜 b + A′s Es = A s f y
𝐜

94
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 8. Calculate 𝑎:
𝑎 = β1 c

95
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 9. Calculate 𝜀′𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠 :
0.003 c − d′
ε′s =
c

f′s = ε′s Es

96
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 10. Recalculate 𝜀𝑡 (just to make sure) if tension steel
yielding:
0.003(d − c)
εt =
c
If 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 tension steel yielding (mostly all the time happens)
If 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦 tension steel unyielding

97
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (Doubly reinforced rectangular beam)
• Step 11. Calculate 𝑀𝑛
a
Mn = C d − + C′s d − d′
2 a
Mn = 0.85f ′ c ab d − + A′s f′s d − d′
2

98
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Determine the nominal moment capacity of a
doubly reinforced beam given the following properties: 𝑏 =
350 mm, ℎ = 675 mm, 𝑑 = 600 mm, 𝑑′ = 62.5 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 – 36
mm, 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 – 28 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa.

99
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Determine the design moment capacity of a doubly
reinforced beam given the following properties: 𝑏 = 350 mm, ℎ
= 675 mm, 𝑑 = 600 mm, 𝑑′ = 62.5 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 – 32 mm, 𝐴′𝑠 = 3 –
25 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa.

100
Nominal Moment Capacity
• Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs
and beams that are placed monolithically. As a result, the
two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams
have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and the
resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams.

101
Nominal Moment Capacity
• The part of a T beam below the slab is referred to as the
web or stem. In T-beam construction, the flange and web
shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bond
together (Section 408.11.1, NSCP 2001; Section 408.13.1,
NSCP 2010)

102
Nominal Moment Capacity
• The beams may be L shaped if the stem is at the end of a
slab as shown in beam CD as shown. The stirrups in the
webs extend up into the slabs, as perhaps do bent-up bars,
with the result that they further make the beams and slabs
act together.

103
Nominal Moment Capacity
The hatched area shows the effective size of a T beam. (Section 408.13.2-
3, NSCP 2010) Width of slab effective as T-beam flange shall not exceed
one-fourth the span length of the beam, and the effective overhanging
slab width shall not exceed:
• Eight times the slab thickness; or
• One-half the clear distance to the next web.
For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange
width shall not exceed:
• One-twelve the span length of beam
• Six times the slab thickness; or
• One-half the clear distance to the next web

104
Nominal Moment Capacity
Thus, for T beams with slab on both sides, the effective
flange width, 𝑏𝑓, shall be the minimum of the following:
• One-fourth of clear span length
• 𝑏𝑤+2(8ℎ𝑓)
• 𝑏𝑤+(𝑠1/2)+(𝑠2/2)
Note that if 𝑠1=𝑠2, 𝑏𝑤+(𝑠1/2)+(𝑠2/2) = c−to−c spacing

105
Nominal Moment Capacity
For T beams with slab on one side only, the effective flange
width, 𝑏𝑓, shall be the minimum of the following:
• 𝑏𝑤 +(𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ/12)
• 𝑏𝑤+6ℎ𝑓
• 𝑏𝑤+(𝑠1/2)

106
Nominal Moment Capacity
The neutral axis for T-beams can fall either in the flange or in
the stem, depending on the proportions of the slabs and
stems. If it falls in the flange, and it almost always does for
positive moments, the rectangular beam formulas apply, as
can be seen in the figure. The concrete below the neutral
axis is assumed to be cracked, and its shape has no effect on
the flexure calculations (other than weight).

107
Nominal Moment Capacity
An exaggerated deflected view of the interior beam is shown
in the figure. This beam develops positive moments at
midspan (section A–A) and negative moments over the
supports (section B–B).

108
Nominal Moment Capacity
At midspan, the compression zone is in the flange, as shown
in (b) and (d). At the support, the compression zone is at the
bottom of the beam and is rectangular, as shown in (c).

109
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 1: Assume tension steel yielding (𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 , stress in steel
is 𝑓𝑦 ) and compute the area of compression concrete, 𝐴𝑐,
and compare the value to 𝐴𝑓:
A s fy
Ac =
0.85f′c

110
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 2: Compare the value of 𝐴𝑐 to 𝐴𝑓 and verify the
following:
If 𝐴𝑐 < 𝐴𝑓 then 𝑎 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam may be analyzed as rectangular
section

111
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 2: Compare the value of 𝐴𝑐 to 𝐴𝑓 and verify the
following:
If 𝐴𝑐 > 𝐴𝑓 then 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓

112
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 3: Calculate the value of 𝑧 and depth of compression
stress block 𝑎:
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 𝑧
𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑧

113
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 4. Calculate 𝛽1 .
β1 = 0.85 for f ′ c ≤ 28 MPa
0.05 ′
β1 = 0.85 − (f c − 28) for 56 MPa > f ′ c > 28 MPa
7
β1 = 0.65 for f ′ c ≥ 56 MPa

114
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 5. Calculate 𝑐.
a
c=
β1

115
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 6. Calculate 𝜀𝑡 and verify if assumption is Step 1 is
correct. Using the strain diagram:
0.003(d − c)
εt =
c
If 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 tension steel yielding (mostly all the time happens)
If 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦 tension steel unyielding

116
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 7. Calculate the compressive force 𝐶𝑓 and 𝐶𝑤 :
Cf = 0.85f′c bf hf
Cw = 0.85f′c bw z

117
Nominal Moment Capacity
Procedure of analysis (T-beams)
• Step 8. Calculate the nominal moment capacity 𝑀𝑛 :
hf z
Mn = Cf d − + Cw d − hf −
2 2

118
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Determine the nominal moment capacity of a T-
beam with 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa. The beam has a
9.15 m simple span and is cast integrally with a floor slab
with thickness, ℎ𝑓 = 100 mm. The center to center distance
between the webs are is 1500 mm. The properties of the T-
beam are: 𝑏𝑤 = 250 mm, 𝑑 = 600 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 6 – 28 mm.

119
Nominal Moment Capacity
Example: Compute the nominal moment capacity of a T-beam
with the following properties: 𝑏𝑓 = 750 mm, 𝑏𝑤 = 350 mm, ℎ𝑓 =
100 mm, 𝑑 = 750 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 8 – 32 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 414
MPa.

120
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF RC
BEAMS USING NSCP 2010 or
ACI CODE REQUIREMENTS
Analysis vs. Design
Required Strength and Design Strength
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
Strength Reduction Factors
Minimum Code Requirements
Analysis vs. Design
Two different types of problems arise in the study of
reinforced concrete:
• Analysis – given a cross section, concrete strength,
reinforcement size and location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or strength. In analysis there
should be one unique answer.
• Design – given a factored design moment, normally
designated as 𝑀𝑢, select a suitable cross section, including
dimensions, concrete strength, reinforcement, and so on. In
design there are many possible solutions.

122
Analysis vs. Design
• Although both types of problem are based on the same
principles, the procedure is different in each case. Analysis
is easier, because all of the decisions concerning
reinforcement, beam size, and so on have been made, and it
is only necessary to apply the strength calculation
principles to determine the capacity.
• Design, on the other hand, involves the choice of section
dimensions, material strengths, and reinforcement
placement to produce a cross section that can resist the
moments due to factored loads.

123
Required Strength and Design Strength
The basic safety equation for any structural elements is:
Reduced Nominal Strength ≥ Factored Load Effects
𝜙𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝑅𝑢
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength of a structural member at a section
𝑅𝑢 = factored design load due to factored loads
𝜙 = strength reduction factor

For beams subject to bending (flexural stress):

𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛 = nominal moment strength of a cross section
𝑀𝑢 = factored design moment

124
LRFD Load Combinations
• NSCP 2010 Section 203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations
(USD/LRFD)
U = 1.4 D + F
U = 1.2 D + F + T + 1.6 L + H + 0.5(Lr + R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 Lr + R + f1 L or 0.8W
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + f1 L + 0.5 Lr or R
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

125
ASD Load Combinations
• NSCP 2010 Section 203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations (ASD)
U=D+F
U=D+H+F+L+T
U = D + H + F + Lr or R
U = D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + Lr or R ]
E
U = D + H + F + W or
1.4

126
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
• Tension Controlled (Ductile/Under reinforced) – sections are
tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel, 𝜀𝑡, is equal to or greater than 0.005 when the
concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of
0.003. (Section 410.4.4, NSCP 2010).

127
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
Tension Controlled (Ductile/Under reinforced)

128
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
• Compression Controlled (Brittle/Overreinforced) – sections
are compression-controlled if the net tensile strain, 𝜀𝑡, is
equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit
when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed
strain limit of 0.003. The compression controlled strain limit
is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced
strain conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all
prestressed reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the
compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002 (Section
410.4.3, NSCP 2010).

129
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
Compression Controlled (Brittle/Overreinforced)

130
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
• Balanced Design/Balanced Condition – balanced strain
conditions exist at a cross section when tension
reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to its
specified yield strain 𝑓𝑦 just as concrete in compression
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003 (Section
410.4.2, NSCP 2010).

131
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
Balanced Design/Balanced Condition

132
Balanced, Tension Controlled, Compression
Controlled Sections
• Transition Region – sections with 𝜀𝑡 between compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition
region between compression-controlled and tension-
controlled sections

133
Strength Reduction Factors, 𝜙
Strength reduction factors, 𝜙, are numbers multiplied to
nominal loads to decrease its value. The decrease of value is
to take account for the uncertainties of material strengths,
inaccuracies in design equations, approximations in analysis,
possible variations in dimensions of the concrete sections
and placement of reinforcement, the importance of members
in the structures of which they are part, and so on.
Section 409.4.2, NSCP 2010
Strength reduction factor 𝜙 shall be given in Sections
409.4.2.1 through 409.4.2.7:
(409.4.2.1) Tension controlled sections 0.90
(409.4.2.2) Compression controlled sections
• Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
• Other reinforcement 0.65 134
Strength Reduction Factors, 𝜙
Section 409.4.2, NSCP 2010
Strength reduction factor 𝜙 shall be given in Sections
409.4.2.1 through 409.4.2.7:
(409.4.2.1) Tension controlled sections 0.90
(409.4.2.2) Compression controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other reinforcement 0.65

For sections in which the net tensile strength, 𝜀𝑡, is between

the limits for compression-controlled and tension controlled
sections, 𝜙 shall be permitted to be linearly increased from
that for compression-controlled sections to 0.90 as 𝜀𝑡
increases from the compression strain limit to 0.005.
135
Minimum Requirements for Steel Net Tensile
Strain
(Section 410.4.5, NSCP 2010) For non-prestressed flexural
members and non-prestressed members with factored axial
compressive load less than 0.10𝑓’𝑐𝐴𝑔, 𝜀𝑡, at nominal strength
shall not be less than 0.004.

Because all values of 𝜀𝑦 for current reinforcing steel bars are

less than 0.004, this ductility requirement ensures all
reinforcing steel are yielding for any flexural members.

136
Strength Analysis of RC Beams
Example: Determine the design moment capacity, 𝜙𝑀𝑛, using
NSCP 2010 specifications given the following properties. If
the beam sections carry an ultimate moment, 𝑀𝑢, of 215 kN-
m, determine whether it is safe or not. Also determine if the
design is complies with the code requirements.
(a) 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 = 437.5 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 – 25 mm
(single layer), 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 =345 MPa
(b) 𝑏 = 350 mm, ℎ = 500 mm, 𝑑 = 434 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 – 32 mm
(single layer), 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 345 MPa
(c) 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 450 mm, 𝑑 = 382 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 3 – 36 mm
(single layer), 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
(d) 𝑏 = 300 mm, ℎ = 600 mm, 𝑑 = 535 mm, 𝑑’ = 65 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 4 –
28 mm (single layer), 𝐴𝑠 = 2 – 25 mm, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 276
MPa
137
Strength Analysis of RC Beams
Example: A 6 meter simply supported reinforced concrete
rectangular beam is 250 mm wide. The total depth is 600 mm
and its effective depth is 500 mm. It is reinforced for tension
(bottom) only with 3−25mm diameter rebars. It carries a slab
which is 150 mm thick and 5 m wide. Weight of concrete is
23.6 kN/m3. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 248 MPa. Use load
combination of U = 1.2D + 1.6L.
(a) Determine the total unfactored service dead load in kN/m.
(b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
(c) Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
(d) Determine the maximum unfactored uniform live load the
beam can carry.
(e) Repeat part (d) if the unfactored live load is a
concentrated load placed at the midspan.
138
Strength Analysis of RC Beams
Example: Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam section shown using NSCP 2010 specifications. Use 𝑓’𝑐
= 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa. If the section carries a service
dead load moment of 120 kN-m, what is the max service live
load it could carry? U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

139
Strength Analysis of RC Beams
Example: Determine the design moment strength of the
beams shown in the accompanying illustrations if f’c = 28
MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Assume dt = 835 mm.

140
 DESIGN OF RC BEAMS FOR
FLEXURE USING NSCP 2010 or
ACI CODE REQUIREMENTS
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural Members
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Design of T-Beams
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Beam proportions – unless architectural or other
requirements dictate the proportions of beam dimensions,
the most economical beam sections are usually obtained for
shorter beams (6 m to 7.5 m), when the ratio 𝑑/𝑏 or ℎ/𝑏 range
from values of 1.5 to 2. For longer spans, better economy is
usually obtained if deep, narrow sections are used. The
depths may be as large as 3 or 4 times the widths.

142
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Deflections – the NSCP 2010 provides minimum thickness of
beams for which deflection calculations are not required.
The purpose of such limitations is to prevent deflections of
such magnitudes as would interfere with the use of or
cause injury to the structure.

143
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:

144
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Selection of bars – after the required reinforcing area is
calculated, you can select bars that can provide the
necessary area. For usual situations, bars sizes of 36 mm
and smaller are frequently used.

145
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Cover– reinforcing bars for concrete members must be
protected from the surrounding environment; that is, fire
and corrosion protection need to be provided. To do this,
the reinforcing is located at certain minimum distances
from the surface of the concrete so that a protective layer
of concrete, called cover. (Section 407.8, NSCP 2010)

146
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Minimum spacing of bars – spacing of bars shall be in
accordance to NSCP 2010 Section 407.7.
407.7.1 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in
a layer shall be 𝑑𝑏 but not less than 25 mm. See also Section
403.4.2.
407.7.2 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or
more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly
above bars in the bottom layer with the clear distance
between layers not less than 25 mm.

147
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Minimum spacing of bars – spacing of bars shall be in
accordance to NSCP 2010 Section 407.7.
407.7.1 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in
a layer shall be 𝑑𝑏 but not less than 25 mm. See also Section
403.4.2.
407.7.2 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or
more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly
above bars in the bottom layer with the clear distance
between layers not less than 25 mm.

148
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Minimum area of steel reinforcement – minimum area of
flexural reinforcement shall be in accordance to NSCP 2010
Section 410.6.
f′c
As min = bw d
4fy
And not less than 1.4bw d Τfy

149
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Certain factors are needed to be considered before the
actual design of a beam is attempted which may include the
following:
• Maximum steel ratio – a maximum permissible steel ratio is
imposed to limit a section to a ductile behavior. Maximum
steel ratio, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥, shall be as follows, where 𝜀𝑡 is set to 0.004
in NSCP 2010 to ensure ductile behavior. A value of 𝜀𝑡 set to
0.005 can be used to ensure tension-controlled section.
0.85f′c β1 0.003
ρmax =
fy 0.003 + εt
εt = 0.004 (transition region, ϕ < 0.90)
εt = 0.005 (tension controlled, ϕ = 0.90)
As max = ρmax bd

150
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Derivation of Formulas
Substitute to Mu , the formula becomes:
a
ϕMn = ϕAs fy d −
2
Set ϕMn = Mu to maximize the design:
a
Mu = ϕAs fy d −
2
The depth of compression stress block is given by the
equation:
A s fy
a=
0.85f′c b
Set ρ = As Τbd (referred as steel ratio), we get:
ρfy d
a=
0.85f′c
151
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Derivation of Formulas
The usable flexural strength is:
2
ρfy
Mu = ϕbd ρfy 1 −
1.7f′c
Set R n = Mu Τϕbd2 , and applying quadratic equation:
0.85f′c 2R n
ρ= 1− 1−
fy 0.85f′c

The formula of ρ as a function of Mu can be used to design

singly reinforced beams, to determine the required area of
bars, it is given in the formula:
As = ρbd

152
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Derivation of Formulas
To determine the required number of bars, we divide the
required As with the area of 1 bar:
As
ndb = π
db 2
4
Note that we can never get an exact value of ndb . Because of
this the actual values of As and ρ will differ from the previous
calculations. That is why it is necessary to analyze the final
design to ensure ductility and if it satisfies the requirement
ϕMn ≥ Mu .

153
Code Provisions for Design of Flexural
Members
Derivation of Formula
Another important formula to remember is the balanced steel
ratio (steel ratio for which the design section is in balanced
condition):
0.85f′c β1 600
ρb =
fy 600 + fy

154
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Example 1: Design a rectangular beam for a 6.70 m simple
span if a dead load of 14.6 kN/m (not including the beam
weight) and a live load of 30 kN/m are to be supported. Use
𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa. Use a load combination of U =
1.2D + 1.6L. Normal weight of concrete is 23.6 kN/m3.

155
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Example 2: The dimensions of a beam is predetermined for
architectural reasons: 𝑏 = 400 mm, ℎ = 600 mm. It will carry a
critical design moment of 𝑀𝑢 = 290 kN−m. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa
and 𝑓𝑦 = 276 MPa. Design the reinforcing steel that can resist
the load. Use 28 mm diameter bars.

156
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Example 3: Design a beam section with the following
considerations: 𝜌 ≈ 0.012, 𝑀𝑢 = 800 kN−m, 𝑓’𝑐=28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 =
414 MPa.

157
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Example 4: Design a rectangular beam for a 10 m simple span
to support a dead load of 20 kN/m (not including beam
weight) and live load of 30 kN/m. Use 𝜌 ≈ 0.5𝜌𝑏, 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦
= 414 MPa, and concrete weighs 23.6 kN/m3. (Note: Assume
initial value of beam weight). Use a load combination of U =
1.2D + 1.6L.

158
Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
Example 5: Design rectangular section for the beam, load,
and 𝜌 value shown. Assume beam weight is included in the
load given. Show sketch of cross section including bar size,
arrangement, and spacing. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa.
Use a load combination of U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

159
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Cantilever beams supporting gravity loads are subject to
negative moments throughout their lengths. As a result, their
reinforcement is placed in their top or tensile sides, as shown
in the figure. The reader will note that for such members the
maximum moments occur at the faces of the fixed supports.
As a result, the largest amounts of reinforcing are required at
those points. You should also note that the bars cannot be
stopped at the support faces. They must be extended or
anchored in the concrete beyond the support face. We will
later call this development length.

160
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Up to this point, only statically determinate members have
been considered. The very common situation, however, is for
beams and slabs to be continuous over several supports, as
shown in the figure.

161
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Because reinforcing is needed on the tensile sides of the
beams, we will place it in the bottoms when we have positive
moments and in the tops when we have negative moments.
There are several ways in which the reinforcing bars can be
arranged to resist the positive and negative moments in
continuous members. One possible arrangement is shown.

162
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Example 1: Design rectangular section for the beam,
load, and 𝜌 value shown. Beam weight is not
included in the load given. Show sketch of cross
section including bar sizes, arrangements, and
spacing. Assume concrete weighs 23.6 kN/m3. Use
𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa.

163
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Example 2: Design rectangular sections for the beam shown.
Beam weights are included in the loads given. Show sketches
of cross sections including bar sizes, arrangements, and
spacing. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa. Place live loads
to cause maximum positive and negative moments. Use 𝑏 =
450 mm and ℎ = 900 mm.

164
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Sufficient tensile steel reinforcement can be placed to beams
so that compression steel is not needed. In other cases, if
the maximum tensile steel area is exceeded, compression
bars are now considered for design in order to make it
sufficient. Designing the section as doubly reinforced is also
helpful if the section has limited dimensions due to
architectural reasons.

165
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Step 1: After verifying that 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , calculate As1 and Mu1
assuming that As1 is obtained from the maximum possible
tensile steel with no compression bars (𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
As1 = As max = ρmax bd
As1 fy
a=
0.85f′c b
a
Mu1 = ϕAs fy d −
2

166
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Step 2: Calculate Mu2 and As2
Mu2 = Mu − Mu1
Mu2
As2 =
ϕfy d − d′

167
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Step 3: Check if compression steel yields
0.003 c − d′
ε′s =
c
If ε′s ≥ εy compression steel yields
If ε′s < εy compression steel does not yield

168
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Step 4: Calculate As and A′s
As = As1 + As2
If ε′s ≥ εy , thus A′s fy = As2 fy ,
A′s = As2
If ε′s < εy , thus A′s f′s = As2 fy ,
As2 fy
A′s =
f′s

169
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Step 6: Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the design
section to verify if ϕMn ≥ Mu and check for code requirements.

170
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Example 1: Design a rectangular beam for 𝑀𝐷 = 440 kN−m and
𝑀𝐿 = 542 kN−m if 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa. The
maximum permissible beam dimensions are 𝑏 = 375 mm and ℎ
= 750 mm. Use load combination of U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

171
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Example 2: If 𝑀𝑢 = 1225 kN−m, determine the steel area
required for the section shown in the figure. Should
compression steel be required, assume that it will be placed
70 mm from the compression face. Use 𝑓’𝑐 = 21 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 =
420 MPa, 𝑏 = 350 mm and 𝑑 = 700 mm.

172
Design of T-Beams
Two cases may arise in designing T–beams: the neutral axis
being placed in the flanges or web. In the case it falls in the
flanges, the T–beam may be design with the same process as
rectangular beams. But in case the neutral axis falls on the
web, the compression area will have a T-shape (flanges and a
part of the web) since compression flanges are not sufficient.

173
Design of T-Beams
Step 1: Assume the entire flange is in compression, solve for
the moment induced
hf
Muf = ϕ0.85f′c Af d −
2
If Mu < Muf , then a < hf , the beam can be designed using
rectangular section formulas
If Mu > Muf , then a > hf

174
Design of T-Beams
Step 2: For Mu > Muf , calculate the moment to be supplied by
the web part, Muw and the excess distance of 𝑎 below the
flange part, 𝑧
Muw = Mu − Mu𝑓
𝑧
Muw = ϕ0.85f′c bw z d − hf −
2

175
Design of T-Beams
Step 3: Calculate As
T = Cf + Cw
As fy = 0.85f′c Af + 0.85f′c bw z
0.85f′c Af + 0.85f′c bw z
As =
fy
Note: Check if the code requirements for minimum area of
flexural reinforcement is needed to be applied

176
Design of T-Beams
Step 4: Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the design
section to verify if ϕMn ≥ Mu and check for code requirements.

177
Design of T-Beams
Example 1: Design a T–beam for 𝑀𝐷 = 108 kN−m and 𝑀𝐿 = 136
kN−m if 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa. The beam has a simply
supported with span length of 6 m and placed 3 m on center.
Beam dimensions are 𝑏𝑤 = 300 mm, ℎ = 525 mm, ℎ𝑓 = 100 mm.

178
Design of T-Beams
Example 2: Design the reinforcing steel required for the T–
beam if 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa, 𝑏𝑤 = 400 mm, ℎ = 875 mm,
𝑑 = 800 mm, ℎ𝑓 = 70 mm, 𝑏𝑓 = 900 mm, 𝑀𝑢 = 1300 kN−m.

179