DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
ENGR. CHARLENE M. ORIAN
INSTRUCTOR
STRESS SHEARING STRESS
PS

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES – defined as the strength of a material per

– usually deal with stresses and unit area or unit strength. It is the force on a
deformations. As engineers, the goal is to member divided by the area, which carries
minimize the deformation and stress of the the force, formerly expressed as psi, now in
body in the design of structures. N/mm2 or MPA.
tensile WHERE:
𝑉 𝜏 = shearing stress
NORMAL STRESS compressive
𝜏= P = applied normal loads
– defined as the strength of a material per 𝐴 A = area in mm2
unit area or unit strength. It is the force on a
member divided by the area, which carries BEARING STRESS
the force, formerly expressed as psi, now in – the contact pressure between separate
N/mm2 or MPA.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

N bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it
or MPC
WHERE: is an internal stress by compressive force.
𝑃 < N
𝜎 = normal stress
mm2
P
𝜎= P = applied normal loads
𝐴 > mm2
A = area in mm2
WHERE:
v
𝑃 𝜎 = normal stress
𝜎b = 𝑃 = applied normal loads
𝐴 𝐴 = area in mm2
PROBLEM
Determine the outside diameter of a hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500kN at a stress
of 140MPA. Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth of the outside diameter.

d N
#, P
·

t >
H Given 0 =
mm2
A
D = ?
P =
500kN3500x103N Artain
Area
=
Aredout
N
0 40Mpa
-
< 140

REVIEW DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

2
min
+ =
D
= (D
=

Area d
D = d + 2+

2(top)
m FOX]
D D = d +
S / ~ 140

SRAP402&–CONSTRUCTION
D =
d + TD
d = D EDxD(1 E) -

D -
112 389mm
.

a -

"D

DESIGN
PROBLEM
A homogeneous 800kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable shown. Calculate the smallest
area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90MPa in bronze and 120MPa in steel.
For Bronze
M =
800kg

Py X
X
w =

=
Mg
(800kg) (9 .

81m/s2)
Ob =
Ps W 7848 N
90
=

=
3924
&

Ab
1
W [Fy = 0 +

w Ap = 43 6
.
mm
Ps + Pb = w

PD For Steel
:
Free Body Diagram PS
Pn =

Ps2Pp = w Os =

As

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

Pl 7848N
M
PS
Pb =
Y =
=
3924N
120mm2
39241
↑ 2 =

As
A B Ps =
W = 7848N

I
=
3924N
2
As = 32 7 mm 2
.

w =
7848N
PROBLEM
For the lap joint shown in figure:
1.) Determine the maximum safe load if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 60 MPa. F
2.) Determine the safe load P which may be applied if the bearing
stress of the plate is limited to 110MPa.
3.) Determine the safe load P if the average tensile stress of the plate
is limited to 140MPa. o -p -

!
0 =

It
p
1)
T
P rivets
due to
shearing of
p = OA I
=
(40 Mmm2) [(E) (20mm) <
(3)]
P =
56548 648N .
3) P due to
tearing of plates
Ane += (130 20) (25mm)
2)

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

P due to bearing of plates Anet =
2750mm
?

P =
OpA
P O Anet
Mmm2)[(20mm) (25mm) (3)]
=

(110
MYm/2) (2750mm2)
=

=
(140
p = 165000N
p =
385000N
AXIALLY-LOADED STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS AXIAL DEFORMATION
– When the reactive forces or the internal

go
WHERE:
resisting forces over a cross section exceed the 𝑃𝐿 𝛿 = axial deformation
number of independent equations of 𝛿= P = applied normal loads
equilibrium, the structure is called statically 𝐴𝐸 L = length of the member
indeterminate. A = area in mm2

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
6
= E = modulus of elasticity of the
material

1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Moments

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

To solve statically indeterminate members
1. Equilibrium Equation
2. Compatibility Equation
– These are equations that relate the
deformations or the geometry of the
members upon the application of the load.
 PROBLEM >
-
500X18'N GMOK
An axial load of 500kN is to be supported by a 2m length steel pipe filled with concrete. The outside
diameter of the pipe is 200mm and has a thickness of 10mm.
1. Solve the stresses in the concrete and steel. Use Ec=24GPa and Es=200GPa.
2. Solve the deformation in the concrete and steel.
500KN
Using Eg 1 and Eg 2 .
.

Equilibrium Eg .

Ps + Pc = 500 x 103N >

-

Pg + 0 5/14Ps
.

500x103N

-
[Fy 0 + ↑ 0 5116Ps

I I
=
= .

500X103N Ps = 330775 337N

Ps + Pc = > .

Pc = 149224 663N .

Ea .
2m Compatibility 1)Stresses
Ss 340775 337
G
P
Os
.

=
=
55 415 MPa
-

= .

(E) (Y)s

&
= 149224 44344
=
= .

10mmx- 180mm
= 6 650MPa
.

#IOmm PC PS E

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

=

Ac Ec As Es
2) Deformation 8
,

200mm
S PC PS
8 (55 412
mu) (2000mm) 554mm
24000]*
=
0
.

200000
=
+
Nymm2
.

Ac = (180mm) E [ 200000

Pc -0 5116Psc0 Sc
(6 45 mm2) (2000mm)
= (2002 1802)
.

> F
.
= = 0 554mm
As
-

"Ymm2
.

24000
THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS
THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS SPHERICAL SHELL
– A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under – If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t
pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which contains gas under a pressure of p, the stress at
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal the wall can be expressed as:
and transverse sections.
𝑝𝐷
TANGENTIAL STRESS (CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS).
𝜎=
4𝑡
𝑝𝐷
𝜎 =
2𝑡

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

LONGITUDINAL STRESS

𝑝𝐷
𝜎 =
4𝑡
PROBLEM
A steel pipe 1.5m in diameter is required to carry an internal pressure of 750 kPa. If the allowable tensile
stress of steel is 140MPa, determine the required thickness of the pipe in mm.
G
< Ms K
Mpa >
-

min
Given :
O = pP
D = 1 .
5m 27
750kPa < MPa
p
750m) (1500mm)
=

0 = 140 MPa 140 Mpa-( ,

2 +

+ =
4 017mm
.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

PROBLEM
A spherical pressure vessel 400mm in diameter has a uniform thickness of 6mm. The vessel contains
gas under a pressure of 8,000kPa. If the ultimate tensile stress of the material is 420MPa, what is the
factor of safety with respect to tensile failure.

Given Oact -

P
p 8000kPa
(8000 MPa) (400m
=
=

D= 400mm

+ = Gmm 4 (Gm)

O =
420MPa Oact =
133 333 MPA
.

FS ultimate
=

actual

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

=
420
up

133 . 333 APA

FS =
3 .
15
THERMAL STRESS
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract.

𝛿 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 𝛼 𝐿 ∆𝑇

Where 𝛿 is the coefficient of thermal expansion, L is the length in meter, Ti and Tf is the initial
and final temperature respectively.

For steel, 𝛼 = 11.25 x 10 /°𝐶 .

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be induced in the
structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is
created. The internal stress created is termed as thermal stress.

𝜎 = 𝐸 𝛼 ∆𝑇
PROBLEM
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20°C.
If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum diameter of
the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

8= or 11 .
7x 10" m
184
5000N

,
m
°
C -
Y i --
8st
---
-
Given S -

S+ + -
1
P = 500ON Oh Pl
ST Ost
(AT +
=2
=

0 =
130 MPa E AE A

a = 11 .

7 um/m :C 0 =
2(AT +
P

A
E = 200000 MP a 5000N
130 MPa (11 7 x10-4) (200,000 MPa) (40) +

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

-

A
.

A = 137 .
363mm2
AT =
TF -

Tj
137 343mm = 2
(20 °)
°
=
20
.

AT =
400 13 225mm
d -
.
TORSIONAL MEMBERS
TORSION
– produced when there is twisting in the member due to torques in opposite rotation applied at
ends.
TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS X

EI 𝑇𝜌 Tr
↓ 𝜏= -

J
𝐽 > polar moment

flexural rigidity of inertia

ANGLE OF TWIST

𝑇𝐿
𝜃=

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

𝐽𝐺↓ > torsional rigidity
shear modulus

POWER

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑓
-
 >
M mm
x 103
PROBLEM
The rotation or twist in degrees of a shaft, 800mm long subjected to a torque of 80 N-m, 20 mm in
diameter and shear modulus G of 80,000 MPa is:

Given : E =
j] > radians
N-mm
L = 800mm
= 180x10" N-mm) (800mm) (N-mm) (mm)
T =
80N-m > 80X103N-mm 7

(mm)2)
+

d =
20mm (20mm) (80000)
N

-omamertagradda
2

N-mm
=

(mm *
)2()
Hym ?

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

D (solid)
=

J -

N-mm
*
d) (hollow) 0 116
(D
=
2
=
unit less
J
.

= radians
 kN G M k
m > mm
-

= =
x10
PROBLEM
A hallow steel shaft 2540 mm long must transmit torque of 34 kN- m. the total angle of twist must not
exceed 3 degrees. The maximum shearing stress must not exceed 110 MPa. Find the inside diameter
and the outside diameter of the shaft that meets these conditions. Use G = 83 GPa

I9)(5)(o(3x103)
the of twist
Based on angle
Given
Th
1 = 2540mm F =

" JG
T 34 kNm < 34 x10 N-mm
(34x10"Nmm) (2540m
=

D = ? 30x rad
d = ? [J (83x103MPa)]
G = 83GPa 83x10"MPa

T 110 MPA
(34x104)(2540)
=
=

f = zu

,) (83X103) (3 x , ) (83x103)
°

(5

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

°

Il
Il
X10 >
EXP 5 =
(34x104)(2540)
(3°x ,) (85x109)
83x103 > 83E3
- 4
5 19871741mm
 kN G M k
m > mm -

= =
x10
PROBLEM
A hallow steel shaft 2540 mm long must transmit torque of 34 kN- m. the total angle of twist must not
exceed 3 degrees. The maximum shearing stress must not exceed 110 MPa. Find the inside diameter
and the outside diameter of the shaft that meets these conditions. Use G = 83 GPa
the of twist
Based on angle
Given
Th
1 = 2540mm F =

" JG
34 kNm 34 x10 N-mm
(2540mm
<
T
(34x10"Nmm)
=

D = ? 30xTrad =

? 5 (83x103 MPa)
d =

- 4)
83GPa 83x10"MPa 5 19871741 mm
G =

T 110 MPA
shearing
=

Based on .
max stress
f = zu
T
TD
T -
-
~

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

25

= (4 d4)
S
(D)
In (34x10" N-mm)
5
110mm2
-

< * - 19871741 = (128 5824d4) 2 (19871741mm4)

D .

d -

91 774mm D =
128 582mm
/
.
.

r =
2
 go 10
20

SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS

M = Force X distance
PROBLEM
A 19m
O long simply supported beam carries a uniform load of 8kN/m for 6m from the left support
and a concentrated load of 15kN 2 meters from the right support. Determine the maximum shear
and moment. 0 +
(6) 48kN 15 KN EMA =

(8
=

& (48kN) (3m) +

15kN(8m) RB (10m) O =

8 kN/m 2m
~
2m
B
A
RB 26 4 kN
,
v W

"
# [Fx 0 + ↑ 26 4kN
= .

um
=
#
/
.

RA
⑭ 3m
S
↑ RB =
26 4
.

RA + R/B -
48kN -
15kN =
0
= 36 L
RA
kNy
.

=
36 6
↓
.

36 6 Shear
.

6 -
X = 1. 425
1/ +
Al 36 6 kN - 48kN =
-11 4kN R & P
By
.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

.

V &
Az Ab -

11 4 kN-15KNE- 26 4kN

366 =
.

&
.

S ⑧
-4
X 4 575 11 4
=

A4

!
+ 24 4 0
-
.
=
26 4
.

- .
.

83 72.
Moment
X = 4 575m
2684
& ·

75 68
=(4 575)(36 4)
- .

20 20
2 bn 83
72kN-m6
.

Ay
=
1 425m
= . .
& = .

10 m kN
-

X = .

52 8
&(1 425) (11 4) 8
.

e
10 Az =
.
.
= .
12
Vmax = 36 6 kN

!
.

.
M (2) (11 4) = 22 8
·Az
.
.
=

Mmax 83 72 kN-m
(2)(24 4)
=

52 8
A4
.

.
=
=
.
 MOVING LOADS

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

 MOVING LOADS

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

 PROBLEM
A truck with axle loads of 40kN and 60kN on a wheel base of 5m rolls across a 10m span. Compute the
maximum bending moment and the maximum shearing force.
moment under 40KN
100kN For max
.

Ps 40kN Ch 100kN

i
=

G0kN

& am
P =
40kM 60kN

x3xyN
40KN 1 5 1 5
a 5m
x5
. .

I
-

V
L = 10m
X

/ S y 3 5m
.

S / 3 5m
.

/
5m
R1

i
5m
T
P =
40KN + 60kN X 10m
p =
100kN

[Mrz = 0 + 4
Mresultant -& M
IOR , 100 (3 5 m) 0

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

Force X distance =

M
.

Pd R1 35kN
(P)(x) Psd1 + =
=

60kN(O) [M 0 + 4
40KN(5m)
3
=
100 X =
+

M40 (3 5 m) M4o
=
X
X 2m y 5m
.

= .

, 35kN

5 x -

= 3m R1 =
3-kN M40 =
122 5 KN-m
.

Y ,
PROBLEM
A truck with axle loads of 40kN and 60kN on a wheel base of 5m rolls across a 10m span. Compute the
maximum bending moment and the maximum shearing force. 100KN

Pom
For max
. moment under GOkN
S

40kM
100
mm
60kN

" Ou
e
V
S
XI
X
↑
R1
4m
,
X

R1 2
com R2 EMr , = 0 +

& 0 + C
Mrp 100KN(8m) RaCIOm) O
=
=

R2 (10m) + 100kN(4m) = O
R2 =
80kN
R2 =

40kN/

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

Vmax = 80kN

S C
+

x4m
[M 0
(PL
=
2
* Mmax
-

Pd)
401N(4m)
=
two loads
moving
>
-

Mao =
4PL
R2 40kN
=

No =
160kN-m =
[(100( (10) -

(40) (5)]C
Mmax 4(100) (10)
Mmax /
140 kN-my
=
STRESSES IN BEAMS
FLEXURAL STRESS HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS

𝑀𝑐 𝑉𝑄
𝜎=𝑓 = 𝜏=𝑓 =
𝐼 𝐼𝑡

WHERE: WHERE:
𝜎, 𝑓𝑏= flexural or bending stress 𝜏, 𝑓𝑣 = internal shear at the point of
M = bending moment consideration

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

c = distance of the outermost fiber from Q = First moment of area
the neutral axis I= moment of inertia
I = moment of inertia t = thickness of the cross-section
 PROBLEM
A simply supported beam, 2 in wide by 4 in high and 12 ft long is subjected to a concentrated load of
2000lb at a point 3ft from one of the supports. Determine the maximum fiber stress and the stress in a
fiber located 0.5in from the top of the beam at midspan.

cooolb
& Mrz = 0 + 2
Abmax =
MG
3 St 9 ft
S & S
Ry (12 f +) = 20001b (9ft) Abmax = 10 125 psi
/
V
I
R1 = 1500 16
,
# O
#I
↑ 2y = 0 + ↑
[(1b.) /tin)
ft
lin
X 12 S
S =

&1 + Rz 2000 1b
(in) (in) 3
=

1500 Rz 500 1500 1b

R1
=
=
↓
500lb = orpsi
in
R2 =

1500 00 Il
·

Al - max
> . moment
&
Yo · O

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

=
fbmaxM
Az Zin

) (i)](in)
-
580
450016 · f > max
. moment NA/ 4in (b - +
.

&

10
3
(2in)(4in)
·
O 12
zin fbmax = 10 125 psi
 PROBLEM
A simply supported beam, 2 in wide by 4 in high and 12 ft long is subjected to a concentrated load of
2000lb at a point 3ft from one of the supports. Determine the maximum fiber stress and the stress in a
fiber located 0.5in from the top of the beam at midspan.
cooolb

3 St 9 ft ↑
0 5 in

My
S
S &
fr
.

& ·
/ =

1 5 in 1 5 in
y
=
.

V
.

#
NAS / 4in
#
↑ = (3000 1bft) (kin) (1 5 in
X 12 ft
.

S
S

1500 500 zin (2in) (4 in)

R1 Rz
=
=

12
1500 00
R & P
By
·

Al fb =
5062 5 psi
M
.

Yo · O 4500
=

Az 6

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

9
-
70
450016 · f moment
&
> max
.

M = 3000 16 ·

f+
10 I
M

M ·
O

S uft ↑ aft S
PROBLEM
The T-section shown in the figure is the cross-section of a beam formed by joining two rectangular
pieces of wood together. The beam is subjected to a maximum shearing force of 60kN. Determine the
shearing stress at the neutral axis.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

PROBLEM
The T-section shown in the figure is the cross-section of a beam formed by joining two rectangular
pieces of wood together. The beam is subjected to a maximum shearing force of 60kN. Determine the
shearing stress at the neutral axis.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION