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AQA A-Level Chemistry Paper 1

The document outlines key concepts and definitions related to AQA A-level Chemistry, including coordinate bonds, lattice enthalpy, and enthalpy changes associated with ionic compounds. It explains the relationships between various enthalpy changes, such as lattice dissociation, hydration, and formation, as well as the factors affecting these values. Additionally, it covers the principles of ionization in mass spectrometry and the significance of charge density in hydration enthalpies.

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markjohnkipruto526
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24 views3 pages

AQA A-Level Chemistry Paper 1

The document outlines key concepts and definitions related to AQA A-level Chemistry, including coordinate bonds, lattice enthalpy, and enthalpy changes associated with ionic compounds. It explains the relationships between various enthalpy changes, such as lattice dissociation, hydration, and formation, as well as the factors affecting these values. Additionally, it covers the principles of ionization in mass spectrometry and the significance of charge density in hydration enthalpies.

Uploaded by

markjohnkipruto526
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AQA A-level Chemistry Paper 1

1. Explain what is meant by the term co-ordinate bond: a covalent bond in


which both electrons are donated by one atom
2. Define the term Ligand: Atom, ion or molecule which can donate a pair of
electrons to a metal ion
3. What can lattice enthalpy defined as? (2 things): Lattice enthalpy of
formation and lattice enthalpy of dissociation
4. Why is the experimental value for lattice dissociation of some
compounds greater than the theoretical value?: the bonding is not 100% ionic/
there is some covalent character/ there is additional covalent bonding
5. what does the perfect ionic model assume?: The bonding in the
compound is not 100% ionic. In the model the ions are perfect spheres/point
charges are not distorted
6. What 2 things might cause a different lattice enthalpy?: Enthalpy of bond
dissociation (eg halogens)
Enthalpy of formation
7. why is the lattice enthalpy greater for ions with a high charge?: There is
a stronger attraction
8. Why is the lattice enthalpy greater for smaller ions?: smaller ions are
more closely packed in the lattice there is a stronger attraction
9. what is the relationship between enthalpy of lattice dissociation and
enthalpy of lattice formation?: same numerical value but different signs
10. State Hess' law: Enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is independent
of the route taken, and depends only on the initial and final states.
11. Why is the second electron affinity endothermic?: Repulsion of the
negative ion with the negative electron being added
12. Define enthalpy of hydration: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of
gaseous ions is converted to one mole of aqueous ions
13. What does enthalpy of solution equal?: enthalpy of solution = lattice
dissociation + enthalpy of hydration
(^H(solution)=^H(lattice dissociation)+^H(hydration))
14. what happens when and ionic compound dissolves in water?: the ionic
lattice breaks up (enthalpy of lattice dissociation ) the polar water molecules form
bonds with the ions (enthalpy of hydration) 15. define enthalpy of solution: the
enthalpy change when one mole of ionic compounds dissolves in water to form a
solution of infinite dilution
16. why do some compounds have covalent character?: one of the ions is
small and has a large charge

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AQA A-level Chemistry Paper 1
this distorts the other ion the
ions are not spherical
17. define first electron affinity: the enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous
atoms gain 1 mole of electrons to form 1 mole of 1- ions.
18. What is the relationship between enthalpy of atomisation and bond
dissociation enthalpy: Enthalpy of atomisation produces 1 mole of gaseous
atoms Bond dissociation enthalpy produces 2 moles of gaseous atoms.
(BDE=EAx2)
19. In diatomic molecules, why can't the bond enthalpy be averaged across
different compounds?: The bond only occurs in the diatomic molecule.
20. Define mean bond enthalpy: the energy required to break one mole of
covalent bond averaged over compounds containing that bond. (kJmol-1)
21. Define Bond dissociation enthalpy: the enthalpy change when one mole of
covalent bond is broken in the gaseous state
22. Which enthalpy changes are exothermic?: 2nd electron affinity
Enthalpy of formation (mostly)
23. Which Enthalpy Changes are Endothermic?: enthalpy of lattice dissociation
enthalpy of atomisation 1st/2nd ionisation enthalpy 2nd electron affinity bond
dissociation enthalpy
24. Why is the phrase 'infinitely separated' used in enthalpy of lattice
dissociation: all bonding in the ions must be broken
25. Define enthalpy of lattice dissociation: the enthalpy change when 1 mole of
ionic compound is (infinitely) separated to form its constituent gaseous ions
26. Define enthalpy of lattice formation: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of
an ionic compound is formed from its component gaseous ions
27. Define first ionisation enthalpy: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of
electrons is removed from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous
+1 ions 28. Define enthalpy of atomisation: the enthalpy change when one
mole of gaseous atoms are formed from the element in its standard states
29. Define standard enthalpy of combustion: the enthalpy change when one
mole of a substance is burned completely in excess oxygen with all products and
reactants in their standard states under standard conditions
30. Define enthalpy of formation: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a
substance is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions (all
reactants and products in standard states).
31. How is ionisation achieved in a mass spectrometer?: High voltage supply
Which removes electrons from a substance
This allows ions to be accelerated by an electric field

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AQA A-level Chemistry Paper 1
Allows them to be detected by a detector
32. Why is the enthalpy of hydration more exothermic for magnesium ions
than calcium ions?: Mg ions are smaller
They have a greater charge density
The positive ion attracts the delta negative O more strongly
33. Why is the hydration more exothermic for fluoride ions than chloride
ions?: Fluoride ions are smaller They have a greater charge density
The negative ion attracts the delta +veH ion more strongly
34. Why is the enthalpy of hydration exothermic?: Energy is released when
ions are attracted to the polar water molecule and because bonds are made
between the ions and the water molecules
35. What does the sign of the enthalpy of solution depend on?: The balance
between the lattice enthalpy (endothermic) and the enthalpy of hydration
(exothermic)

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