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TPS61090, TPS61091, TPS61092

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TPS6109x Synchronous Boost Converter With 2-A Switch

1 Features 3 Description
1• Synchronous (96% Efficient) Boost Converter The TPS6109x devices provide a power supply
With 500-mA Output Current From 1.8-V Input solution for products powered by either a one-cell Li-
Ion or Li-Polymer, or a two-cell alkaline, NiCd or
• Available in a 16-Pin VQFN 4 x 4 Package NiMH battery and required supply currents up to or
• Device Quiescent Current: 20 µA (Typ) higher than 1 A. The converter generates a stable
• Input Voltage Range: 1.8 V to 5.5 V output voltage that is either adjusted by an external
resistor divider or fixed internally on the chip. It
• Adjustable Output Voltage Up to 5.5 V Fixed
provides high efficient power conversion and is
Output Voltage Options capable of delivering output currents up to 0.5 A at 5
• Power Save Mode for Improved Efficiency at Low V at a supply voltage down to 1.8 V. The
Output Power implemented boost converter is based on a fixed
• Low Battery Comparator frequency, pulse-width- modulation (PWM) controller
using a synchronous rectifier to obtain maximum
• Low EMI-Converter (Integrated Antiringing Switch) efficiency. Boost switch and rectifier switch are
• Load Disconnect During Shutdown connected internally to provide the lowest leakage
• Over-Temperature Protection inductance and best EMI behavior possible. The
maximum peak current in the boost switch is limited
2 Applications to a value of 2500 mA.
• All Single Cell Li or Dual Cell Battery or USB The converter can be disabled to minimize battery
Powered Operated Products drain. During shutdown, the load is completely
disconnected from the battery. A low-EMI mode is
– MP3 Player implemented to reduce ringing and, in effect, lower
– PDAs radiated electromagnetic energy when the converter
– Other Portable Equipment enters the discontinuous conduction mode.
The output voltage can be programmed by an
external resistor divider or is fixed internally on the
chip.
The device is packaged in a 16-pin VQFN 4-mm x 4-
mm (16 RSA) package.

Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER PACKAGE BODY SIZE (NOM)
TPS61090
TPS61091 VQFN (10) 4.00 mm × 4.00 mm
TPS61092
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at
the end of the datasheet.

Simplified Application Schematic

L1
VOUT e.g. 5 V up to
SW
6.8 µH 500 mA
C2 C3
VBAT R3 2.2 µF 100 µF
1.8 V to 5 V C1 R1 EN FB
Input 10 µF
LBI R4 R5
R2
SYNC LBO Low Battery
Output
GND PGND
TPS6109x

An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
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Table of Contents
1 Features .................................................................. 1 9.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 12
2 Applications ........................................................... 1 10 Application and Implementation........................ 13
3 Description ............................................................. 1 10.1 Application Information.......................................... 13
4 Revision History..................................................... 2 10.2 Typical Applications .............................................. 13
5 Device Comparison Table..................................... 3 11 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 19
6 Pin Configuration and Functions ......................... 3 12 Layout................................................................... 19
12.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 19
7 Specifications......................................................... 4
12.2 Layout Example .................................................... 19
7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings ...................................... 4
12.3 Thermal Considerations ........................................ 20
7.2 ESD Ratings.............................................................. 4
7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions....................... 4 13 Device and Documentation Support ................. 21
7.4 Electrical Characteristics........................................... 4 13.1 Device Support...................................................... 21
7.5 Typical Characteristics .............................................. 6 13.2 Related Links ........................................................ 21
13.3 Trademarks ........................................................... 21
8 Parameter Measurement Information .................. 9
13.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................ 21
9 Detailed Description ............................................ 10
13.5 Glossary ................................................................ 21
9.1 Overview ................................................................. 10
9.2 Functional Block Diagram ....................................... 10 14 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable
Information ........................................................... 21
9.3 Feature Description................................................. 11

4 Revision History
Changes from Revision B (April 2005) to Revision C Page

• Added Pin Configuration and Functions section, ESD Ratings table, Feature Description section, Device Functional
Modes, Application and Implementation section, Power Supply Recommendations section, Layout section, Device
and Documentation Support section, and Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information section .............................. 1

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5 Device Comparison Table

TA OUTPUT VOLTAGE DC-DC (1) PACKAGE PART NUMBER (2)

Adjustable 16-pin VQFN 4 mm × 4 mm TPS61090RSA
40°C to 85°C 3.3 V 16-pin VQFN 4 mm × 4 mm TPS61091RSA
5V 16-pin VQFN 4 mm × 4 mm TPS61092RSA

(1) Contact the factory to check availability of other fixed output voltage versions.
(2) See Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information for ordering information and tape and reel options.

6 Pin Configuration and Functions

RSA Package
10 Pins
Top View

VOUT

VOUT

GND
VOUT FB LBO

NC EN

SW SYNC

SW LBI
PGND

PGND

PGND

VBAT

Pin Functions
PIN
I/O DESCRIPTION
NAME NO.
EN 11 I Enable input. (1/VBAT enabled, 0/GND disabled)
FB 14 I Voltage feedback of adjustable versions
GND 13 I/O Control/logic ground
LBI 9 I Low battery comparator input (comparator enabled with EN)
LBO 12 O Low battery comparator output (open drain)
NC 2 Not connected
PGND 5, 6, 7 I/O Power ground
PowerPAD™ — — Must be soldered to achieve appropriate power dissipation. Should be connected to PGND.
SYNC 10 I Enable/disable power save mode (1: VBAT disabled, 0: GND enabled, clock signal for
synchronization)
SW 3, 4 I Boost and rectifying switch input
VBAT 8 I Supply voltage
VOUT 1, 15, 16 O DC-DC output

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7 Specifications
7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) (1)
MIN MAX UNIT
Input voltage on LBI –0.3 3.6 V
Input voltage on SW, VOUT, LBO, VBAT, SYNC, EN, FB –0.3 7 V
TA Operating free air temperature –40 85 °C
TJ Maximum junction temperature 150 °C
Tstg Storage temperature –65 150 °C

(1) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended Operating
Conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

7.2 ESD Ratings

VALUE UNIT
(1)
Human-body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 ±2000
V(ESD) Electrostatic discharge Charged-device model (CDM), per JEDEC specification JESD22- ±1000 V
C101 (2)

(1) JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process. Manufacturing with
less than 500-V HBM is possible with the necessary precautions. Pins listed as ±XXX V may actually have higher performance.
(2) JEDEC document JEP157 states that 250-V CDM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process. Manufacturing with
less than 250-V CDM is possible with the necessary precautions. Pins listed as ±YYY V may actually have higher performance.

7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions

MIN NOM MAX UNIT
VI Supply voltage at VBAT 1.8 5.5 V
L Inductance 2.2 6.8 µH
Ci Input, capacitance 10
µF
Co Output capacitance 22 100
TA Operating free air temperature –40 85
°C
TJ Operating virtual junction temperature –40 125

7.4 Electrical Characteristics

over recommended free-air temperature range and over recommended input voltage range (typical values are at an ambient
temperature range of 25°C) (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT
DC-DC STAGE
VI Input voltage range 1.8 5.5
V
VO TPS61090 output voltage range 1.8 5.5
VFB TPS61090 feedback voltage 490 500 510 mV
f Oscillator frequency 500 600 700
kHz
Frequency range for synchronization 500 700
ISW Switch current limit VOUT= 5 V 2000 2200 2500
mA
Start-up current limit 0.4 x ISW
Boost switch on resistance VOUT= 5 V 55
mΩ
Rectifying switch on resistance VOUT= 5 V 55
Total accuracy –3% 3%
Line regulation 0.6%
Load regulation 0.6%

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Electrical Characteristics (continued)

over recommended free-air temperature range and over recommended input voltage range (typical values are at an ambient
temperature range of 25°C) (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT
into
IO = 0 mA, VEN = VBAT = 1.8 V, VOUT =5 V 10 25
VBAT
Quiescent current
into µA
IO = 0 mA, VEN = VBAT = 1.8 V, VOUT = 5 V 10 20
VOUT
Shutdown current VEN= 0 V, VBAT = 2.4 V 0.1 1
CONTROL STAGE
VUVL Under voltage lockout threshold VLBI voltage decreasing 1.5 V
O
VIL LBI voltage threshold VLBI voltage decreasing 490 500 510
mV
LBI input hysteresis 10
LBI input current EN = VBAT or GND 0.01 0.1 µA
LBO output low voltage VO = 3.3 V, IOI = 100 µA 0.04 0.4 V
LBO output low current 100
µA
LBO output leakage current VLBO = 7 V 0.01 0.1
VIL EN, SYNC input low voltage 0.2 ×
VBAT
V
VIH EN, SYNC input high voltage 0.8 ×
VBAT
EN, SYNC input current Clamped on GND or VBAT 0.01 0.1 µA
Overtemperature protection 140 °C

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7.5 Typical Characteristics

Table 1. Table of Graphs
DC-DC Converter Figure
Figure 1,
Maximum output current vs Input voltage
Figure 2
vs Output current (TPS61090) (VO = 2.5 V, VI = 1.8 V, VSYNC = 0 V) Figure 3
vs Output current (TPS61091) (VO = 3.3 V, VI = 1.8 V, 2.4 V, VSYNC = 0 V) Figure 4
Efficiency vs Output current (TPS61092) (VO = 5.0 V, VI = 2.4 V, 3.3 V, VSYNC = 0 V) Figure 5
vs Output current (TPS61091) (IO = 10 mA, 100 mA, 500 mA, VSYNC = 0 V) Figure 6
vs Output current (TPS61092) (IO = 10 mA, 100 mA, 500 mA, VSYNC = 0 V) Figure 7
vs Output current (TPS61091) (VI = 2.4 V) Figure 8
Output voltage
vs Output current (TPS61092) (VI = 3.3 V) Figure 9
No-load supply current into VBAT Voltage (TPS61092) Figure 10
No-load supply current into VOUT vs Input voltage (TPS61092) Figure 11
Minimum Load Resistance at Start-Up vs Input Voltage (TPS61092) (VI = 3.3 V) Figure 12
2.5 2.5

2
2
Maximum Output Current - A

Maximum Output Current - A

1.5
1.5

1
1

0.5
0.5

0 0
1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5
VI - Input Voltage - V VI - Input Voltage - V

Figure 1. TPS61091 Maximum Output Current vs Input Figure 2. TPS61092 Maximum Output Current vs Input
Voltage Voltage
100 100
VI = 2.4 V
90 90
VI = 1.8 V
80 80

70 70
Efficiency - %
Efficiency - %

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
VO = 2.5 V
10 10 VO = 3.3 V
VI = 1.8 V
0 0
1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000
IO - Output Current - mA IO - Output Current - mA

Figure 3. TPS61090 Efficiency vs Output Current Figure 4. TPS61091 Efficiency vs Output Current

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100 100
VI = 3.3 V
IO = 100 mA
90
VI = 2.4 V
80 90 IO = 10 mA
IO = 500 mA
70

Efficiency - %
Efficiency - %

60 80

50

40 70

30

20 60

10 VO = 5 V VO = 5 V
0 50
1 10 100 1000 10000 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
IO - Output Current - mA VI - Input Voltage - V
Figure 5. TPS61092 Efficiency vs Output Current Figure 6. TPS61091 Efficiency vs Output Current
100 3.35
IO = 100 mA VBAT = 2.4 V
95

90 IO = 500 mA

IO = 10 mA

VO - Output Voltage - V
85 3.3
Efficiency - %

80

75

70
3.25
65

60

55

50 3.2
1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5 10 100 1000 10000
VI - Input Voltage - V IO - Output Current - mA

Figure 7. TPS61092 Efficiency vs Output Current Figure 8. TPS61091 Efficiency vs Output Current
5.1 16

VBAT = 3.3 V
85°C
No-Load Supply Current Into VBAT - μ A

14
5.05
25°C
12
VO - Output Voltage - V

5
10
-40°C
4.95 8

6
4.9
4

4.85
2

4.8 0
10 100 1000 10000 2 3 4 5
IO - Output Current - mA VI - Input Voltage - V

Figure 9. TPS61092 Output Voltage vs Output Current Figure 10. TPS61092 No-Load Supply Current Into VBAT
Voltage

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16 25
85°C

No-Load Supply Current Into VOUT - μ A

14

Minimum Load resistance at Startup -

25°C 20
12

10 -40°C 15

10
6

4
5
2

0 0
1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5
VI - Input Voltage - V VI - Input Voltage - V
Figure 11. TPS61092 No-Load Supply Current Into VOUT vs Figure 12. Minimum Load Resistance at Start-Up vs Input
Input Voltage Voltage

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8 Parameter Measurement Information

L1
SW VOUT VOUT
6.8 mH Boost Output
C2 C3
VBAT R3 2.2 mF 100 mF
Power C1 R1 EN FB
Supply 10 mF LBI R5
R4
R2
SYNC LBO Low Battery
Output
GND PGND
List of Components:
TPS6109x
U1 = TPS6109xRSA
L1 = Sumida CDRH103R-6R8
C1, C2 = X7R/X5R Ceramic
C3 = Low ESR Tantalum

Figure 13. Parameter Schematic

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9 Detailed Description

9.1 Overview
The TPS6109x synchronous step-up converter typically operates at a 600-kHz frequency pulse width modulation
(PWM) at moderate to heavy load currents. The converter enters power save mode at low load currents to
maintain a high efficiency over a wide load. The power save mode can also be disabled, forcing the converter to
operate at a fixed switching frequency. The TPS6109x family is based on a fixed frequency with multiple feed
forward controller topology. Input voltage, output voltage, and voltage drop on the NMOS switch are monitored
and forwarded to the regulator. The peak current of the NMOS switch is also sensed to limit the maximum
current flowing through the switch and the inductor. It can also operate synchronized to an external clock signal
that is applied to the SYNC pin. Additionally, TPS6109x integrated the low-battery detector circuit typically used
to supervise the battery voltage and to generate an error flag when the battery voltage drops below a user-set
threshold voltage.

9.2 Functional Block Diagram

SW

VOUT
Anti-
VBAT
Ringing
PGND

PGND
Gate
Control
PGND 100 k

10 pF
Error Amplifier _
FB
Regulator
+

VREF = 0.5 V +
_
Control Logic
Oscillator
GND

EN Temperature
Control
SYNC
GND
LBI + Low Battery Comparator
_ LBO

+
_ VREF = 0.5 V

GND

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9.3 Feature Description

9.3.1 Synchronous Rectifier
The device integrates an N-channel and a P-channel MOSFET transistor to realize a synchronous rectifier.
Because the commonly used discrete Schottky rectifier is replaced with a low RDS(ON) PMOS switch, the power
conversion efficiency reaches 96%. To avoid ground shift due to the high currents in the NMOS switch, two
separate ground pins are used. The reference for all control functions is the GND pin. The source of the NMOS
switch is connected to PGND. Both grounds must be connected on the PCB at only one point close to the GND
pin. A special circuit is applied to disconnect the load from the input during shutdown of the converter. In
conventional synchronous rectifier circuits, the backgate diode of the high-side PMOS is forward biased in
shutdown and allows current flowing from the battery to the output. This device however uses a special circuit
which takes the cathode of the backgate diode of the high-side PMOS and disconnects it from the source when
the regulator is not enabled (EN = low).
The benefit of this feature for the system design engineer is that the battery is not depleted during shutdown of
the converter. No additional components have to be added to the design to make sure that the battery is
disconnected from the output of the converter.

9.3.2 Controller Circuit

The controller circuit of the device is based on a fixed frequency multiple feedforward controller topology. Input
voltage, output voltage, and voltage drop on the NMOS switch are monitored and forwarded to the regulator. So
changes in the operating conditions of the converter directly affect the duty cycle and must not take the indirect
and slow way through the control loop and the error amplifier. The control loop, determined by the error amplifier,
only has to handle small signal errors. The input for it is the feedback voltage on the FB pin or, at fixed output
voltage versions, the voltage on the internal resistor divider. It is compared with the internal reference voltage to
generate an accurate and stable output voltage.
The peak current of the NMOS switch is also sensed to limit the maximum current flowing through the switch and
the inductor. The typical peak current limit is set to 2200 mA.
An internal temperature sensor prevents the device from getting overheated in case of excessive power
dissipation.

9.3.3 Device Enable

The device is put into operation when EN is set high. It is put into a shutdown mode when EN is set to GND. In
shutdown mode, the regulator stops switching, all internal control circuitry including the low-battery comparator is
switched off, and the load is isolated from the input (as described in the Synchronous Rectifier Section). This
also means that the output voltage can drop below the input voltage during shutdown. During start-up of the
converter, the duty cycle and the peak current are limited in order to avoid high peak currents drawn from the
battery.

9.3.4 Undervoltage Lockout

An undervoltage lockout function prevents device start-up if the supply voltage on VBAT is lower than typically
1.6 V. When in operation and the battery is being discharged, the device automatically enters the shutdown
mode if the voltage on VBAT drops below approximately 1.6 V. This undervoltage lockout function is
implemented in order to prevent the malfunctioning of the converter.

9.3.5 Softstart
When the device enables the internal startup cycle starts with the first step, the precharge phase. During
precharge, the rectifying switch is turned on until the output capacitor is charged to a value close to the input
voltage. The rectifying switch current is limited in that phase. This also limits the output current under short-circuit
conditions at the output. After charging the output capacitor to the input voltage the device starts switching. Until
the output voltage is reached, the boost switch current limit is set to 40% of its nominal value to avoid high peak
currents at the battery during startup. When the output voltage is reached, the regulator takes control and the
switch current limit is set back to 100%.

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Feature Description (continued)

9.3.6 Power Save Mode and Synchronization
The SYNC pin can be used to select different operation modes. To enable power save, SYNC must be set low.
Power save mode is used to improve efficiency at light load. In power save mode the converter only operates
when the output voltage trips below a set threshold voltage. It ramps up the output voltage with one or several
pulses and goes again into power save mode once the output voltage exceeds the set threshold voltage. This
power save mode can be disabled by setting the SYNC to VBAT.
Applying an external clock with a duty cycle between 30% and 70% at the SYNC pin forces the converter to
operate at the applied clock frequency. The external frequency has to be in the range of about ±20% of the
nominal internal frequency. Detailed values are shown in the electrical characteristic section of the data sheet.

9.3.7 Low Battery Detector Circuit—LBI/LBO

The low-battery detector circuit is typically used to supervise the battery voltage and to generate an error flag
when the battery voltage drops below a user-set threshold voltage. The function is active only when the device is
enabled. When the device is disabled, the LBO pin is high-impedance. The switching threshold is 500 mV at LBI.
During normal operation, LBO stays at high impedance when the voltage, applied at LBI, is above the threshold.
It is active low when the voltage at LBI goes below 500 mV.
The battery voltage, at which the detection circuit switches, can be programmed with a resistive divider
connected to the LBI pin. The resistive divider scales down the battery voltage to a voltage level of 500 mV,
which is then compared to the LBI threshold voltage. The LBI pin has a built-in hysteresis of 10 mV. See the
application section for more details about the programming of the LBI threshold. If the low-battery detection
circuit is not used, the LBI pin should be connected to GND (or to VBAT) and the LBO pin can be left
unconnected. Do not let the LBI pin float.

9.3.8 Low-EMI Switch

The device integrates a circuit that removes the ringing that typically appears on the SW node when the
converter enters discontinuous current mode. In this case, the current through the inductor ramps to zero and the
rectifying PMOS switch is turned off to prevent a reverse current flowing from the output capacitors back to the
battery. Due to the remaining energy that is stored in parasitic components of the semiconductor and the
inductor, a ringing on the SW pin is induced. The integrated antiringing switch clamps this voltage to VBAT and
therefore dampens ringing.

9.4 Device Functional Modes

Table 2. TPS61090 Operation Mode
MODE DESCRIPTION CONDITION
SYNC pin is high, across whole load SYNC pin is low,
PWM Boost in normal switching operation
medium to heavy load.
PFM Boost in power save operation SYNC pin is low, light load.

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10 Application and Implementation

NOTE
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component
specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are
responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should
validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

10.1 Application Information

The devices are designed to operate from an input voltage supply range between 1.8 V and 5.5 V with a
maximum switch current limit up to 2500 mA. The SYNC pin can be used to select different operation modes. To
enable power save, SYNC must be set low. The devices operate in PWM mode from the medium to heavy load
conditions and in power save mode at light load condition. In PWM mode, the TPS6109x converter operates with
the nominal switching frequency of 600 kHz. As the load current decreases, the converter enters power save
mode, reducing the switching frequency and minimizing the IC quiescent current to achieve high efficiency over
the entire load current range. The power save mode can be disabled by setting the SYNC to VBAT, TPS6109x
converter always operates with the nominal switching frequency of 600 kHz across the whole load range.
Applying an external clock with a duty cycle at the SYNC pin forces the converter to operate at the applied clock
frequency.

10.2 Typical Applications

10.2.1 Typical Application Circuit for Adjustable Output Voltage Option
L1
VOUT
SW VOUT
Boost Output
C2 C3
VBAT R3
Power C1 R1 EN FB
Supply LBI R4 R5
R2
SYNC Low Battery
LBO
Output
GND PGND
TPS6109x

Figure 14. Typical Application Circuit for Adjustable Output Voltage Option Schematic

10.2.1.1 Design Requirements

Table 3. TPS6109x 5 V Output Design Parameters

DESIGN
TYPICAL VALUES
PARAMETERS
Input Voltage Range 1.8 V to 5.0 V
Output Voltage 5.0 V
Output Voltage Ripple ±3% VOUT
Transient Response ±10% VOUT
Input Voltage Ripple ±200 mV
Output Current Rating 500 mA
Operating Frequency 600 kHz

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10.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure

The TPS6109x DC-DC converters are intended for systems powered by a dual or triple cell NiCd or NiMH battery
with a typical terminal voltage between 1.8 V and 5.5 V. They can also be used in systems powered by one-cell
Li-Ion with a typical stack voltage between 2.5 V and 4.2 V. Additionally, two or three primary and secondary
alkaline battery cells can be the power source in systems where the TPS6109x is used.

10.2.1.2.1 Programming the Output Voltage

The output voltage of the TPS61090 DC-DC converter section can be adjusted with an external resistor divider.
The typical value of the voltage on the FB pin is 500 mV. The maximum allowed value for the output voltage is
5.5 V. The current through the resistive divider should be about 100 times greater than the current into the FB
pin. The typical current into the FB pin is 0.01 µA, and the voltage across R4 is typically 500 mV. Based on those
two values, the recommended value for R4 should be lower than 500 kΩ, in order to set the divider current at 1
µA or higher. Because of internal compensation circuitry the value for this resistor should be in the range of 200
kΩ. From that, the value of resistor R3, depending on the needed output voltage (VO), can be calculated using
Equation 1:
V V
R3 = R4 × (V
O –1
FB
)
= 200 kΩ × (O – 1
500 mV ) (1)
If as an example, an output voltage of 5.0 V is needed, a 1.8-MΩ resistor should be chosen for R3. If for any
reason the value for R4 is chosen significantly lower than 200 kΩ additional capacitance in parallel to R3 is
recommended. The required capacitance value can be easily calculated using Equation 2

C
parR3 = R4(
10 pF × 200 kΩ –1 ) (2)

10.2.1.2.2 Programming the LBI/LBO Threshold Voltage

The current through the resistive divider should be about 100 times greater than the current into the LBI pin. The
typical current into the LBI pin is 0.01 µA, and the voltage across R2 is equal to the LBI voltage threshold that is
generated on-chip, which has a value of 500 mV. The recommended value for R2is therefore in the range of 500
kΩ. From that, the value of resistor R1, depending on the desired minimum battery voltage VBAT, can be
calculated using Equation 3.

R1 + R2 ǒ V
V
BAT
LBI*threshold
*1 Ǔ + 390 kW ǒ V
BAT * 1
500 mV
Ǔ (3)
The output of the low battery supervisor is a simple open-drain output that goes active low if the dedicated
battery voltage drops below the programmed threshold voltage on LBI. The output requires a pullup resistor with
a recommended value of 1 MΩ. The maximum voltage which is used to pull up the LBO outputs should not
exceed the output voltage of the DC-DC converter. If not used, the LBO pin can be left floating or tied to GND.

10.2.1.2.3 Inductor Selection

A boost converter normally requires two main passive components for storing energy during the conversion. A
boost inductor and a storage capacitor at the output are required. To select the boost inductor, it is
recommended to keep the possible peak inductor current below the current limit threshold of the power switch in
the chosen configuration. For example, the current limit threshold of the TPS6109x's switch is 2500 mA at an
output voltage of 5 V. The highest peak current through the inductor and the switch depends on the output load,
the input (VBAT), and the output voltage (VOUT). Estimation of the maximum average inductor current can be done
using Equation 4:
V
I +I OUT
L OUT V 0.8
BAT (4)
For example, for an output current of 500 mA at 5 V, at least 1750 mA of average current flows through the
inductor at a minimum input voltage of 1.8 V.

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The second parameter for choosing the inductor is the desired current ripple in the inductor. Normally, it is
advisable to work with a ripple of less than 20% of the average inductor current. A smaller ripple reduces the
magnetic hysteresis losses in the inductor, as well as output voltage ripple and EMI. But in the same way,
regulation time at load changes rises. In addition, a larger inductor increases the total system costs. With those
parameters, it is possible to calculate the value for the inductor by using Equation 5:
V
BAT
ǒVOUT–VBATǓ
L+
DI ƒ V
L OUT (5)
Parameter f is the switching frequency and ΔIL is the ripple current in the inductor, i.e., 20% × IL. In this example,
the desired inductor has the value of 5.5 µH. With this calculated value and the calculated currents, it is possible
to choose a suitable inductor. Care has to be taken that load transients and losses in the circuit can lead to
higher currents as estimated in equation 4. Also, the losses in the inductor caused by magnetic hysteresis losses
and copper losses are a major parameter for total circuit efficiency.
The following inductor series from different suppliers have been used with the TPS6109x converters:

Table 4. List of Inductors

VENDOR INDUCTOR SERIES
CDRH6D28
Sumida CDRH6D38
CDRH103R
Wurth Elektronik WE-PD type L
WE-PD type XL
EPCOS B82464G

10.2.1.2.4 Capacitor Selection

10.2.1.2.4.1 Input Capacitor

At least a 10-µF input capacitor is recommended to improve transient behavior of the regulator and EMI behavior
of the total power supply circuit. A ceramic capacitor or a tantalum capacitor with a 100-nF ceramic capacitor in
parallel, placed close to the IC, is recommended.

10.2.1.2.4.2 Output Capacitor DC-DC Converter

The major parameter necessary to define the minimum value of the output capacitor is the maximum allowed
output voltage ripple in steady state operation of the converter. This ripple is determined by two parameters of
the capacitor, the capacitance and the ESR. It is possible to calculate the minimum capacitance needed for the
defined ripple, supposing that the ESR is zero, by using equation Equation 6:

OUT
I ǒVOUT * VBATǓ
C +
min ƒ DV V
OUT (6)
Parameter f is the switching frequency and ΔV is the maximum allowed ripple.
With a chosen ripple voltage of 10 mV, a minimum capacitance of 53 µF is needed. The total ripple is larger due
to the ESR of the output capacitor. This additional component of the ripple can be calculated using Equation 7:
DV +I R
ESR OUT ESR (7)
An additional ripple of 40 mV is the result of using a tantalum capacitor with a low ESR of 80 mΩ. The total ripple
is the sum of the ripple caused by the capacitance and the ripple caused by the ESR of the capacitor. In this
example, the total ripple is 50 mV. Additional ripple is caused by load transients. This means that the output
capacitance needs to be larger than calculated above to meet the total ripple requirements. The output capacitor
has to completely supply the load during the charging phase of the inductor. A reasonable value of the output
capacitance depends on the speed of the load transients and the load current during the load change. With the
calculated minimum value of 53 µF and load transient considerations, a reasonable output capacitance value is
in a 100 µF range. For economical reasons this usually is a tantalum capacitor. Because of this the control loop
has been optimized for using output capacitors with an ESR of above 30 mΩ.

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10.2.1.2.4.3 Small Signal Stability

When using output capacitors with lower ESR, like ceramics, it is recommended to use the adjustable voltage
version. The missing ESR can be easily compensated there in the feedback divider. Typically a capacitor in the
range of 10 pF in parallel to R3 helps to obtain small signal stability with lowest ESR output capacitors. For more
detailed analysis the small signal transfer function of the error amplifier and regulator, which is given is
Equation 8, can be used.
d d5(R3 + R4)
A A
REG = V REG = R4 × (1 + i × ω × 2.3 µs)
FB (8)

10.2.1.3 Application Curves

VI = 3.3 V, RL = 10 Ω VI = 3.3 V, RL =100 Ω

Output Voltage
50 mV/Div, AC

Output Voltage
20 mV/Div
Inductor Current
Inductor Current 200 mA/Div, DC
200 mA/Div

Timebase - 1 μs/Div Timebase - 100 μs/Div

Figure 15. Output Voltage in Continuous Mode Figure 16. Output Voltage in Power Save Mode

VI = 2.5 V, IL =200 mA to 400 mA VI = 2.2 V to 2.7 V, RL =50 Ω Input Voltage

500 mV/Div, DC

Output Current
500 mA/Div, DC

Output Voltage
20 mV/Div, AC

Output Voltage
50 mV/Div, AC

Timebase - 2 ms/Div Timebase - 2 ms/Div

Figure 17. Load Transient Response Figure 18. Line Transient Response

Enable
5 V/Div, DC Output Voltage
2 V/Div, DC

Inductor Current
500 mA/Div, DC

Voltage at SW
2 V/Div, DC
VI = 2.4 V,
RL =50 Ω

Timebase - 200 μs/Div

Figure 19. DC-DC Converter Start-Up After Enable

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10.2.2 TPS6109x Application Schematic of 5 Vout With Maximum Output Power

L1
VOUT VCC 5 V
SW
6.8 µH Boost Output
C2 C3
Battery VBAT 2.2 µF 100 µF
Input R1
C1 EN FB
10 µF LBI R5
R2
SYNC LBO LBO

GND PGND
TPS61092

List of Components:
U1 = TPS6109xRSA
L1 = Sumida CDRH103R-6R8
C1, C2 = X7R,X5R Ceramic
C3 = Low ESR Tantalum

Figure 20. Power Supply Solution for Maximum Output Power Schematic

10.2.3 TPS6109x Application Schematic of 5 Vout and Auxiliary 10 Vout With Charge Pump
VCC2 10 V
C5 DS1 Unregulated
C6 Auxiliary Output
0.1 µF 1 µF
L1
SW VOUT VCC1 5 V
6.8 µH Boost Main Output
C2 C3
Battery VBAT 2.2 µF 100 µF
Input R1
C1 EN
10 µF LBI FB R5
R2
SYNC
LBO LBO

GND PGND

List of Components: TPS61092

U1 = TPS6109xRSA
L1 = Sumida CDRH103R-6R8
C1, C2, C5, C6, = X7R,X5R Ceramic
C3 = Low ESR Tantalum
DS1 = BAT54S

Figure 21. Power Supply Solution With Auxiliary Positive Output Voltage Schematic

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10.2.4 TPS6109x Application Schematic of 5 Vout and Auxiliary -5 Vout With Charge Pump
VCC2 -5 V
C5 DS1 Unregulated
C6 Auxiliary Output
1 µF
0.1 µF
L1
SW VOUT VCC1 5 V
6.8 µH Boost Main Output
C2 C3
Battery VBAT 2.2 µF 100 µF
Input R1
C1 EN
10 µF LBI FB R5
R2
SYNC
LBO LBO

GND PGND
List of Components: TPS61092
U1 = TPS6109xRSA
L1 = Sumida CDRH103R-6R8
C1, C2, C5, C6 = X7R,X5R Ceramic
C3 = Low ESR Tantalum
DS1 = BAT54S

Figure 22. Power Supply Solution With Auxiliary Negative Output Voltage Schematic

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11 Power Supply Recommendations

The device is designed to operate from an input voltage supply range between 1.8 V and 5.5 V. This input supply
must be well regulated. If the input supply is located more than a few inches from the converter, additional bulk
capacitance may be required in addition to the ceramic bypass capacitors. An electrolytic or tantalum capacitor
with a value of 47 μF is a typical choice.

12 Layout

12.1 Layout Guidelines

As for all switching power supplies, the layout is an important step in the design, especially at high peak currents
and high switching frequencies. If the layout is not carefully done, the regulator could show stability problems as
well as EMI problems. Therefore, use wide and short traces for the main current path and for the power ground
tracks. The input capacitor, output capacitor, and the inductor should be placed as close as possible to the IC.
Use a common ground node for power ground and a different one for control ground to minimize the effects of
ground noise. Connect these ground nodes at any place close to one of the ground pins of the IC.
The feedback divider should be placed as close as possible to the control ground pin of the IC. To lay out the
control ground, it is recommended to use short traces as well, separated from the power ground traces. This
avoids ground shift problems, which can occur due to superimposition of power ground current and control
ground current.

12.2 Layout Example

VIA to Ground Plane Input

Capacitor
VIA to VBAT Plane
PGND

PGND

PGND
VBAT

Inductor

LBI
Resistors1
LBI SW

SYNC SW Output
LBI Exposed PAD Capacitor 2
Resistors2
EN NC

LBO VOUT

GND
VOUT
VOUT
GND

FB

Feedback
Feedback Output
Resistors2 Resistors1 LBO Resistor Capacitor 1

GND

Figure 23. Layout Example Schematic

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12.3 Thermal Considerations

Implementation of integrated circuits in low-profile and fine-pitch surface-mount packages typically requires
special attention to power dissipation. Many system-dependent issues such as thermal coupling, airflow, added
heat sinks and convection surfaces, and the presence of other heat-generating components affect the power-
dissipation limits of a given component.
Three basic approaches for enhancing thermal performance are listed below.
• Improving the power dissipation capability of the PCB design
• Improving the thermal coupling of the component to the PCB
• Introducing airflow in the system
The maximum junction temperature (TJ) of the TPS6109x devices is 150°C. The thermal resistance of the 16-pin
QFN PowerPAD package (RSA) isRΘJA = 38.1 °C/W, if the PowerPAD is soldered and the board layout is
optimized. Specified regulator operation is assured to a maximum ambient temperature TA of 85°C. Therefore,
the maximum power dissipation is about 1700 mW. More power can be dissipated if the maximum ambient
temperature of the application is lower.
T T
J(MAX) – A –
P = = 150°C 85°C = 1700 mW
D(MAX) R 38.1 k/W
θJA (9)
If designing for a lower junction temperature of 125°C, which is recommended, maximum heat dissipation is
lower. Using the above equation (8) results in 1050 mW power dissipation.

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13 Device and Documentation Support

13.1 Device Support

13.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
TI'S PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION REGARDING THIRD-PARTY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE AN ENDORSEMENT REGARDING THE SUITABILITY OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
OR A WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR ENDORSEMENT OF SUCH PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, EITHER
ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ANY TI PRODUCT OR SERVICE.

13.2 Related Links

The table below lists quick access links. Categories include technical documents, support and community
resources, tools and software, and quick access to sample or buy.

Table 5. Related Links

TECHNICAL TOOLS & SUPPORT &
PARTS PRODUCT FOLDER SAMPLE & BUY
DOCUMENTS SOFTWARE COMMUNITY
TPS61090 Click here Click here Click here Click here Click here
TPS61091 Click here Click here Click here Click here Click here
TPS61092 Click here Click here Click here Click here Click here

13.3 Trademarks
PowerPAD is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
13.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.

13.5 Glossary
SLYZ022 — TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.

14 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most
current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation.

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 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com 25-Dec-2014

TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION

*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package Package Pins SPQ Reel Reel A0 B0 K0 P1 W Pin1
Type Drawing Diameter Width (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Quadrant
(mm) W1 (mm)
TPS61090RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 330.0 12.4 4.3 4.3 1.5 8.0 12.0 Q2
TPS61091RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 330.0 12.4 4.3 4.3 1.5 8.0 12.0 Q2
TPS61092RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 330.0 12.4 4.3 4.3 1.5 8.0 12.0 Q2

Pack Materials-Page 1
 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com 25-Dec-2014

*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
TPS61090RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 338.1 338.1 20.6
TPS61091RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 338.1 338.1 20.6
TPS61092RSAR QFN RSA 16 3000 338.1 338.1 20.6

Pack Materials-Page 2
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