Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE COLLEGE

Engineering-Architecture Department
Sorsogon City

Building Utilities 1

THE WASTE PIPE

B.S. ARCHITECTURE 2
1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024-2025

PREPARED BY:
ARCH’T. JERMEL DICHOSO-GRULLA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR III
At the end of this discussion, the
student is expected to:
1. Differentiate the 3 different
components of the plumbing
system,
2. General Conditions for a
Good Waste Pipe Installation,
and
3. Design a sanitary layout with
pipe sizes that are properly
computed.
▪ The drainage installation of a plumbing system is
subdivided into three component parts namely:
drainage, waste & vent tor simply called DWV.
1.Drainage Pipe –
refers to the
installation which
receives and
conveys water closet
discharges with or
without waste
coming from other
fixtures.
2. Waste Pipe – refers
to that installation
which conveys
discharges of
fixtures other than
water closet such as
lavatories, slop sink,
urinals, bath tubs,
and other similar
fixtures to soil,
branch, soil stack or
house drain.
3. Vent Pipe –
functions as air
passage or conduit
to ventilate the
drainage and waste
pipe installation
Solid human waste is discharged
by water closet to either:

1.Soil Pipe – any pipe which receives

and convey human waste
2.Soil Branch – refers to horizontal
pipe installed which receives
discharges from water closet
▪ Called waste pipe if does not
receive water closet discharges
3. Soil Stack – a vertical pipe
installation where the soil
branch terminate
▪ Called waste stack if not
receiving human waste
4. House Drain – that portion
of the plumbing system
which receive discharges
of all soil and waste pipe
lines within the building
and conveys the same to
the house sewer.
1. Right choice of materials
2. Conservative use of fittings
3. Location of cleanout
4. Right slope of pipe
5. Right size of the pipe
6. Manner of joining pipes
- The materials intend for waste pipe
installation could be well selected from the
enumerated kind of pipes
- The character of the waste to be drained and
the service for which it is intended for
dictates the kind of materials to be used. For
instance, any waste line that conveys large
quantities of acid must specify acid resistant
materials.
- Refuse from domestic and commercial
kitchen contain acid of various kinds but
considerably in small and negligible
quantities and therefore does not require
the use of an acid resistant pipe.
- Refers to the proper choice of the right
kind of fittings for a particular change of
directions, turns or offsets.
- The smooth flow of the waste inside the
pipe is a primary consideration in all
plumbing installations. Since most of the
failure in the waste pipe line system are
the result of unwarranted use of fittings.
- Fittings are designed to make smooth changes in directions,
turns or offsets but their use may not be in accordance with the
purpose for which they are designed.
- Injudicious use of fittings should not be allowed in plumbing
installations. Short cuts that will not allow smooth passage of
waste should not be permitted.
 Pipe installations that fail or break
too soon may have been due to any of the
following causes:

1.The use of too many fittings

2.The use of wrong type of fittings in a
particular location
 Recommendations:
1.Do not use fittings of short radius on vertical to horizontal
directions or horizontal to horizontal changes
2.Use long sweep fittings on horizontal changes
3.For vertical to horizontal direction of changes, the Y and 45°
fittings are the most appropriate
4.The T fittings are designed for use on vertical run with lateral
branches only. Their use on horizontal installation will
produce tilted or crooked joint connections which is called
“premature line defects”.
➢Cleanout – a pipe fitting with a
removable plug which provides access
for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run
➢A receptacle of the plumbing system
which should be accessible to the floor,
walls or ceilings
- Intended to be opened in case of pipe
trouble
- Equipped with a plug or flush plate,
so designed so as not to impair the
aesthetic view of the room
- Location must be located properly in
the plan
- Must be extended and readily
accessible to the plumber in case of
waste line stoppage
- The ideal position of the horizontal
waste pipe lines are those installed at
2% slope
- Scientific tests and experiments
conducted revealed that trap seal loss
occurs when the grade or slope is
increased from 2% to 4%.
➢Trap seal – the maximum vertical
depth of liquid that a trap will
retain measured between the
crown weir and the top of the dip
of the trap
➢ Trap seal loss – means the loss of
the water seal inside the trap.
Caused by siphonage induced by
rapid flow of waste inside the
pipe. Also referred to as water
seal escape due to the suction of
waste rapidly flowing inside the
pipe.
➢Siphonage – the result of minus
pressure in the drainage system. If
the trap of a common seal is open
and exposed to the atmosphere, the
inlet and the outlet orifices will be
under atmospheric pressure.
Under such condition, the tendency
of the water seal to move is remote
because of the balanced atmospheric
pressure on both ends of the seal.
Thus, the water seal will be in a
steady or neutral position.
- The size of the pipe intended to
receive fixture wastes must be of
sufficient diameter to accommodate
velocity of flow making them as nearly
as scouring as necessary to prevent
siltation of waste inside the pipe.

➢Scouring – to flush or wash to remove

dirt and grease by flowing through
Uniform Plumbing Code
Committee conclusions
enumerates:
1.Increasing the size of drainage pipe does not
guarantee effective scouring action
2.Water flow in a larger pipe is relatively shallow. Solid
waste do not flow on shallow water but tend to
remain at the bottom of the pipe which usually is the
common cause of clogging.
3.Drainage pipe must be of proper size to have a
liquid flow of about 50% of the pipe diameter.
- Meaning, the water flowing inside the pipe
must have a depth equal to ½ the diameter of
the pipe
- i.e. if the pipe is 4” in diameter the water flow
inside the pipe must have a depth of 2” to
attain scouring action.
4. On the other hand, installations which are too small in
size is subject to overtax by the flow. The tendency is to
create back pressure, siphonage and floor flooding

➢Back pressure – caused by a plus pressure. When a

large amount of water-flow drops downward the
installation forming like a slug, the air inside the pipe will
be compressed. In the absence of adequate ventilation,
the compressed air will be forced to find its way out
through a weaker point. The trap seal being the weakest
point will give way and blow out of the fixture.
The National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines strongly endorsed the use of
fixture unit value as waste load in
determining the size of the waste pipe
and the manner of its installation.
The basis of the so-called “fixture unit”
was the wash basin or the lavatory,
chosen being one of the smallest fixture.
Through a test, it showed that a wash
basin discharges waste at approximately
1ft3 of water per minute interval.

➢One fixture unit = 1ft3 or 30 liters of

waste discharge in one minute interval
 FIXTURE UNIT VALUES
Kind of Fixture Fixture Unit
- Bathtub / shower 2
- Floor Drain 1
- Kitchen Sink 2
- Residential Sink 1.5
- Lavatory or Wash Basin 1
- Laundry Tub 2
- Shower Bath 2
- Slop Sink 3
- Sink, Hotel or Public 2
- Urinal 5
- Water Closet 6
- Combination Fixture 3
- One bathroom group consisting of water closet, lavatory, bathtub 8
& overhead shower, or water closet, lavatory & shower compartment
- For every 15ft2 roof drain 1
 SIZE OF HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCH & STACK
Stack w/3 or more branch
Diameter of Pipe
One Horizontal Not over 3 intervals
Branch branches In 1 branch
mm inches Total in stack
interval
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
38 1½ 3 4 2 8
50 2 6 10 6 24
63 2½ 12 20 9 42
75 3 20 30 20 60
100 4 160 240 90 500
125 5 360 540 200 1100
150 6 620 960 350 1900
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
300 12 3900 6000 1500 8400
 Sample problem:
Determine the size of a horizontal waste pipe required to
serve 5 urinals, 3 lavatories, 8 showers and
2 slop sinks.
Solution:
Solve for the fixture units:
5 urinals x 5 = 25
3 lavatories x1 = 3
8 showers x2 = 16
2 slop sinks x3 = 6
-------------
50 fixture units
 SIZE OF HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCH & STACK
Stack w/3 or more branch
Diameter of Pipe
One Horizontal Not over 3 intervals
Branch branches In 1 branch
mm inches Total in stack
interval
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
38 1½ 3 4 2 8
50 2 6 10 6 24
63 2½ 12 20 9 42
75 3 20 30 20 60
100 4 160 240 90 500
125 5 360 540 200 1100
150 6 620 960 350 1900
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
300 12 3900 6000 1500 8400
- Injudicious connection of fittings
should not be permitted in any
plumbing installation.
- Each kind of pipe has its own manner
of joining as recommended and
specified by the manufacturers.
- Deviation from the manufacturer’s
specifications will endanger the
effectiveness of the pipe.
caulking
- a type of joint used for cast-iron pipe having hub and
spigot ends.
- After the spigot end of one pipe is
placed inside the hub-end of the
other, rope of oakum or hemp is
packed into the annular space;
around the spigot end until the
packing is about 1” below the top.
- Then molten lead is poured into the
annular space on top of the rope.
- Finally, the lead is poured farther
into the joint with a caulking iron.
Classification of Waste Pipe
Depending Upon the Kind of Fixtures it Will Serve:

1.DirectWaste – one with terminal directly connected to the

plumbing system.
–Different type of fixtures served by direct waste:
– Sink, shower, lavatory, urinal, bathtub, laundry, and
laboratory & hospital fixtures
2. Indirect Waste – one with a terminal not directly connected
to the plumbing system
– Fixtures served by indirect waste
– Soda fountain, bar waste, drinking fountain, &
refrigerator
 QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATIONS?
THANK YOU!