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L1 - Thermodynamic Cycle

The document provides an overview of thermodynamic cycles, focusing on gas power cycles and the Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient heat engine operating between two temperatures. It discusses the air standard assumptions used to simplify analysis and the kinetic molecular theory that describes the behavior of gases. Additionally, it includes specific heat properties of air at room temperature and the universal gas constant.

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Mark Harvey Ambrocio Rivera
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11 views5 pages

L1 - Thermodynamic Cycle

The document provides an overview of thermodynamic cycles, focusing on gas power cycles and the Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient heat engine operating between two temperatures. It discusses the air standard assumptions used to simplify analysis and the kinetic molecular theory that describes the behavior of gases. Additionally, it includes specific heat properties of air at room temperature and the universal gas constant.

Uploaded by

Mark Harvey Ambrocio Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

1/13/24

Thermodynamic
Cycle

Combustion Engineering
Lecture 1

Engr. Emmanuelle R. Biglete, MSME, CSSYB


Mechanical Engineering Department

Topic Outline
• Thermodynamic Cycle
• Carnot Cycle
• Air Standard Assumption

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Thermodynamic Cycle
Our study of gas power cycles will involve the study of those heat engines in which
the working fluid remains in the gaseous state throughout the cycle. We often study
the ideal cycle in which internal irreversibilities and complexities (the actual intake of
air and fuel, the actual combustion process, and the exhaust of products of
combustion among others) are removed.
We will be concerned with how the major
parameters of the cycle affect the
performance of heat engines. The
performance is often measured in terms of
the cycle efficiency.

Wnet
h th =
Qin

Carnot Cycle
The Carnot cycle was introduced as the most efficient heat engine that can operate
between two fixed temperatures TH and TL. The Carnot cycle is described by the
following four processes.

Carnot Cycle
Process Description
1-2 Isothermal heat addition
2-3 Isentropic expansion
3-4 Isothermal heat rejection
4-1 Isentropic compression

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Carnot Cycle
The areas under the process curves on the P-v diagram represent the work done for
closed systems (Work Non-flow). The net cycle work done is the area enclosed by
the cycle on the P-v diagram. The areas under the process curves on the T-s
diagram represent the heat transfer for the processes. The net heat added to the
cycle is the area that is enclosed by the cycle on the T-s diagram. For a cycle we
know Wnet = Qnet; therefore, the areas enclosed on the P-v and T-s diagrams are
equal.

TL
h th , Carnot = 1 -
TH
We often use the Carnot efficiency as a mean to think about ways to improve the
cycle efficiency of other cycles. One of the observations about the efficiency of both
ideal and actual cycles comes from the Carnot efficiency: Thermal efficiency
increases with an increase in the average temperature at which heat is supplied to
the system or with a decrease in the average temperature at which heat is rejected
from the system.

Air Standard Assumptions


In our study of gas power cycles, we assume that the working fluid is air, and the air
undergoes a thermodynamic cycle even though the working fluid in the actual power
system does not undergo a cycle.

To simplify the analysis, we approximate the cycles with the following assumptions:
•The air continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas
(EOS).

•All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible (dissipative effects
are neglected).

•The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an external


source.

•A heat rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state replaces the
exhaust process.

•The cold-air-standard assumptions apply when the working fluid is air and has
constant specific heat evaluated at room temperature (25oC or 77oF).

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Kinetic Molecular Theory


1.A gas is composed of molecules that are separated by average distances that
are much greater than the sizes of the molecules themselves. The volume
occupied by the molecules of the gas is negligible compared to the volume
of the gas itself.
2.The molecules of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other, or on
the walls of the container.
3.The molecules are in constant random motion, and as material bodies, they
obey Newton's laws of motion.
4.Collisions are perfectly elastic; when two molecules collide, they change their
directions and kinetic energies, but the total kinetic energy is conserved.
5.The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature. This implies that all molecular motion would cease
if the temperature were reduced to absolute zero.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Real gases deviate from ideal gases at


high P and low T

10

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Specific Heat Variation

11

Cold-Air Standard Assumptions


Properties of Air at 25 degree C:
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑘𝐽
𝐶! = 1.004 𝐶! = 0.24 𝑅 = 0.287
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑅 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝐶" = 0.717 𝐶" = 0.171 𝑅 = 53.34
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑅

Universal Gas Constant: 𝑘 = 1.4


𝑘𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑅 = 1545
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝑅

12

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