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Chemical Structures
●​ Problems with Lewis structures
○​ Some atoms do not tend to follow the octet rule
■​ B and Be often found octet-deficient
■​ Elements in the 3rd period or below often have expanded octets
■​ Examples of odd-electron molecules
●​ NO
●​ OH
■​ How white blood cells destroy bacteria, they try to pull electrons away
from it.
○​ Resonance
■​ When there are multiple Lewis structures of a molecule that differ only in
the position of the electrons they are called resonance structures
●​ Lone pairs and multiple bonds have different positions
●​ Bonding vs non-bonding domains
○​ Bonding domains are electrons that bond two atoms together. It can consist of a
single, double, or triple bond
○​ Non-bonding domains consist of lone pairs of electrons connected to the central
atomphet
●​ 5 main types of molecular shapes
○​ linear
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●​ Intramolecular or bonding force

●​ Interactions between of Nonpolar Molecules
○​ Dispersion (london) forces
■​ Dispersion = memntary shift in e- density

■​
○​ Temporary dipole(induced dipole)
○​ Polarizability
■​ Proximity of dipole = dipole - induced dipole
○​ Strength of dispersion force
■​ Size of atoms
●​ Larger = more polarizable than smaller atoms
●​ Dispersion increases with polarizability
■​ Shape of molecules
●​ Increased surface area = increased interactions between
molecules
●​ Linear molecules have higher dispersion than branched loecules
of similar MW
○​ Polar molecules can be with polar molecules, nonpolar cannot
●​ Interactions involving polar molecules
○​ Dipole-dipole interactions
■​ dipole -dipole
●​ Attractive force between polar molecules
●​ Typically stronger than London dispersion forces
■​ Hydrogen bond
●​ Strongest dipole-dipole interaction
●​ Occurs between H atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative
element (F, O, N) and an atom of oxygen O or N in another
molecule
○​ The three most electronegative elements
○​ H-bonding
■​ Acetone in water
■​ Methanol
■​ The only thing holding ethane together is London's dispersion forces
■​ Formaldehyde does is not able to hydrogen bond
●​ Is mainly dipole-dipole
■​ Methanol can hydrogen bond
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○​ Monopole
■​ Ions
●​ Practice
○​ Which compound will experience a stronger London dispersion forces
■​ CH4
■​ C3H8
●​ This is in a longer chain meaning more London dispersion forces
you can have so they are stronger

■​ CCl4
●​ Bigger atom so larger dispersion forces
■​ CF4

○​ Most polar
■​ H2O
●​ It has more electronegativity meaning it is more polar
■​ H2S
■​ H2Se
○​ What is the strongest intermolecular force between a molecule of CH2O and
H2O?
■​ Longdon Dispersion forces
■​ Dipole-Dipole forces
■​ Hydrogen Bonds
●​ Oxygen next to hydrogen next to oxygen

○​ CCl4 and CO2

■​ A
●​ Doesn’t have hydrogen and is non-polar
■​ B
■​ C
○​ H2S and CO2
■​ A
●​ The second one isn’t a dipole
■​ B
■​ C
○​ Which chemical has the lowest boiling point between H2S and CO2
■​ H2S is a dipole so it takes more energy to separate it so CO2 has the
lowest boiling point
●​ Vapor pressure
○​ The pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium with its liquid
○​ Factors in evaluating vapor pressure
■​ Vapor pressure
■​ Temperature
■​
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●​ Nomenclature
○​ Classify the compound
■​ Binary compound - only 2 different parts
●​ Three important areas in the periodic table
○​ Alkaline earth metals
○​ Transition metals
○​ Alkali metals

○​ Type 1 contains a metal (static charge) and a nonmetal

○​ Metal name listed first in the formula
○​ Name nonmetal anion second
○​ Examples
■​ NaCl-Sodium chloride
■​ CaBr2-
■​ Magnesium oxide
■​ Potassium oxide

■​ Polyatomic ions
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Practice Test notes:

●​ Intermoleculer forces
○​ Intermolecular forces (IMF) are the attractive and repulsive forces that
exist between molecules, influencing the physical properties of
substances. They include forces like hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole
interactions, and London dispersion forces, and can be categorized into
short-range and long-range interactions.
●​ Dispersion force/london dispersion force
○​ Dispersion forces, also known as London dispersion forces, are temporary
attractive forces that occur between atoms and molecules due to the
formation of temporary dipoles. These dipoles arise from the
momentaneous variation in electron distribution around atomic nuclei,
leading to a brief uneven charge that can induce similar dipoles in
neighboring atoms or molecules.

●​ Dipole
○​ A dipole is an electromagnetic phenomenon characterized by the
separation of opposite electrical charges, resulting in a dipole moment.
This moment quantifies the strength and orientation of the dipole, typically
represented as the product of the charge and the distance between the
charges. Principally, there are electric dipoles, which involve charged
particles, and other forms like magnetic dipoles.
●​ Dispersion forces (London forces) are the weakest and exist in all molecules, but
they are the only forces in nonpolar molecules (molecules that don’t have a clear
positive and negative side). (equal/symmetrical)
●​ Dipole-dipole forces occur in polar molecules (molecules with one side slightly
more positive and the other side slightly more negative).
●​ Hydrogen bonding is a special strong dipole-dipole force that happens when
hydrogen is bonded to N, O, or F.

Question 1: Which of the following has dispersion forces as its only

intermolecular force?
Answer: CH4

Question 2: The predominant intermolecular force in NCl3 is ________.

Answer: Dipole-dipole forces
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Question 3: Of the following substances, only ________ has London dispersion

forces as the only intermolecular force.
Answer: Kr

Question 4: In which of the following molecules is hydrogen bonding likely to be

the most significant component of the total intermolecular forces?
Answer: C5H11OH

Question 5: The correct name for CCl4 is ________.

Answer: Carbon tetrachloride

Question 6: The correct name for N2O5 is ________.

Answer: Dinitrogen pentoxide

Question 7: The name of PCl3 is ________.

Answer: Phosphorus trichloride

Question 8: The molecular geometry of the PF3 molecule is ________, and this
molecule is ________.
Answer: Trigonal pyramidal, polar

Question 9: Of the following molecules, only ________ is polar.

Answer: NCl3

Question 10: The molecular geometry of the CHF3 molecule is ________, and the
molecule is ________.
Answer: Tetrahedral, polar

Question 11: The electron-domain geometry of ________ is tetrahedral.

Answer: All of the above except BF3

Question 12: The molecular geometry of the BrO3⁻ ion is ________.

Answer: Trigonal pyramidal

Question 13: The molecular geometry of the left-most carbon atom in the
molecule below is ________.
Answer: Trigonal planar

Question 14: The correct Roman numeral for the chromium ion in the compound
CrCl3 is ________.
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Answer: III

Question 15: Which of the following formulas is incorrect for a cobalt(III)

compound?
Answer: CoCO3

Question 16: What is the formula of the nitrate ion?

Answer: NO3⁻

Question 17: What is the formula of the sulfite ion?

Answer: SO3²⁻

Question 18: Which is the correct formula for the ionic compound containing
iron(III) ions and oxide ions?
Answer: Fe2O3

Question 19: A formula unit of the ionic compound copper(II) carbonate consists
of ________ copper(II) ions and ________ carbonate ions.
Answer: One; two

Question 20: What is the formula for calcium phosphate?

Answer: Ca3(PO4)2

Question 21: What is the name of K2S?

Answer: Potassium sulfide

Question 22: The formula for ammonium hydroxide is ________.

Answer: NH4OH

Question 23: Which of the following is a molecular compound?

Answer: CH3Cl

Question 24: Which of the following is an ionic compound?

Answer: Mg3(PO4)2

Question 25: Determine the name for aqueous HBr.

Answer: Hydrobromic acid

Question 26: Identify the formula for nitric acid.

Answer: HNO3
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Question 27: Determine the name for HClO3.

Answer: Chloric acid

Question 28: The compound ClO⁻ is named ________.

Answer: Hypochlorite

Question 29: The phosphorus atom in PCl3 would be expected to have a

________.
Answer: Partial positive (δ⁺) charge

Question 30: Which of the following represent the Lewis structure for N?
Answer: Can't answer (depends on image choices)

Question 31: In the Lewis structure of CH3OH, how many lone pairs of electrons
are there?
Answer: 2

Question 32: Place the following elements in order of decreasing

electronegativity: S, Cl, Se.
Answer: Cl > S > Se

Question 33: Choose the bond below that is most polar.

Answer: C-F

Question 34: Which molecule or compound below contains a polar covalent

bond?
Answer: NH3

Question 35: Which molecule or compound below contains an ionic bond?

Answer: NH4NO3

Question 36: Choose the best Lewis structure for OCl2.

Answer: Can't answer (depends on image choices)

Question 37: Which of the following represent the Lewis structure for Br⁻?
Answer: Can't answer (depends on image choices)

Question 38: Choose the best Lewis structure for BF3.

Answer: Can't answer (depends on image choices)
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Question 39: Choose the best Lewis structure for NO3⁻.

Answer: Can't answer (depends on image choices)

Question 40: Use the common ion charge to determine the chemical formula for
the compound formed between Ca and N.
Answer: Ca3N2

Test:
1.​ When a metal and a nonmetal react, the ___ tends to lose electrons and the
___ tends to gain electrons
metal,nonmetal
2.​ The formula of salt is XCl2. The X-ion in this salt has 28 electrons. The
Metal X is ___.
Ni
3.​ The molecular geometry of the SF2 molecule is ____.
bent
4.​ The molecular geometry of PHCl molecules is ____.
Trigonal pyramidal
5.​ Of the molecules below only ____ is polar.
PCl3
6.​ Of the molecules below ____ is nonpolar
BF3
7.​ The molecular geometry of the PF3 molecule is ___, and the molecule is
____.
Trigonal pryimidal, polar
8.​ The molecular geometry of the CHF3 molecule is ___, and the molecule is
____.
Tetrahedral, polar
9.​ Which of the following has dispersion forces as its only intermolecular
force
CCl4
10.​The electron configuration of the P^3- ion is
[Ne]3s2 3p6
11.​The formula of palladium (IV) sulfide is _____.
PdS2
12.​ Using the VSEPR model, the molecular geometry of the central atom in
SO3 is ___.
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13.​Using the VSEPR model, the molecular geometry of the central atom in
ClO2 is ___.

14.​Which of the compounds below is most likely to be ionic

15.​An atom with 3 valence electrons will most likely___

16.​What fourth period(row) element is represented by the dot structure shown

below?

17.​In order to form an octet, an atom of selenium will ___

18.​Choose the compound that exhibits hydrogen bonding as its strongest

intermolecular force

19.​Place the following compounds in order of decreasing strength of the

intermolecular forces

20.​Choose the substance with the lowest boiling point

21.​Place the following substances in decreasing boiling point: H2O, N2, CO

22.​ What is the strongest type of intermolecular force present in a sample of

CHF3

23.​Which of the following is a molecular compound

24.​Write the formula for the compound formed between potassium and sulfur.

25.​What is the correct chemical name for Sn(SO4)2? Remember that Sn forms
several ions.

26.​ What is the correct chemical name for Ca3(PO4)2

27.​What is the correct chemical name for aqueous HBr

28.​ What is the correct chemical formula for sulfurous acid

29.​What is the correct chemical formula for nitric acid

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30.​Which of the following contains BOTH ionic and covalent bonds

31.​What is the correct chemical name for N2O5?

32.​What is the correct chemical name for Cl2O

33.​What type of binding is found in the compound OF2

34.​What is the correct chemical name of Rb2S?

35.​What is the correct chemical formula for calcium hydroxide?

36.​Olace the following elements in order of decreasing electronegativity

37.​Choose the bond below that is least polar

38.​Choose the best lewis structure for NH4^+

39.​ Which of the following represents the lewis structure S^2-

40.​The lewis structure of the CO3^2-

1.​ C
2.​ B
3.​ B
4.​ E
5.​ D
6.​ B
7.​ D
8.​ C
9.​ E
10.​B
11.​A
12.​A
13.​C
14.​D
15.​E
16.​E
17.​C
18.​B
19.​B
20.​B
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21.​B
22.​D
23.​B
24.​A
25.​B
26.​D
27.​E
28.​A
29.​D
30.​B
31.​E
32.​C
33.​C
34.​A
35.​B
36.​C
37.​A
38.​C
39.​C
40.​D