Focal point(Focus)

Lens Maker’s Formula

• Let a thin convex
lens of radius
curvature of
surfaces are R1 and O
R2 made of I1
P1 P2
material of
refractive index µ2 u v1
• Let O is a point µ2
µ1
object
• For refraction from
first surface
 The equation of refraction from the first surface
 2 1  2 − 1
− = − − − − −1
v1 u R1

The image I1 work

as virtual object for
second surface. O P1 P2 I1
For refraction from
the second surface u v1
1  2 1 −  2 v
− = − − − −2
v v1 R2
Adding eq.1 and 2, we get

• Or  2 1 1  2  2 − 1 1 −  2
− + − = +
v1 u v v1 R1 R2
1 1 1 1 
− = (  2 − 1 ) − 
v u  R1 R2 
1 1 2 1 1 
− = ( − 1) −  − − − −3
v u 1  R1 R2 
• Case I – when object lies on infinity then
image will be on principle focus.
• u= then v=f1
Putting value of u and v in the equation 3
• We get 1 − 1 = (  2 − 1) 1 − 1 
f1  1  
 R1 R2 
1 2 1 1 
= ( − 1) −  − − − 4
f1 1  R1 R2 

• Case II- when object on second focal point

then image will be on infinity.
• u= f2 then v=
• Putting these values in equation 3
 1 1 2 1 1 
We get − = ( − 1) − 
 − f2 1  R1 R2 
1 2 1 1 
Or = ( − 1) −  − − − 5
f2 1  R1 R2 

By equation 4 and 5,
f1 = f2 = f then
1 2 1 1 
= ( − 1) − 
f 1  R1 R2 
1 2 1 1 
= ( − 1) − 
f 1  R1 R2 
Q- A converging lens of radius of curvature 20 each is
med of material of refractive index 1.5.Find the focal
length of lens . If this lens is immersed in water then
calculate change in focal length of the lens. The
refractive index of water is 4/3.
• We know that 1 2  1 1 
= ( − 1) − 
f 1  R1 R2 

• µ1 = 1(air) , µ2 = 1.5 (material of lens)

• R1 = + 20 cm and R2 = - 20
1 1.5  1 1  1 2
=( − 1) −  = (0.5) 
f 1  20 − 20  f 20
• f = +20 cm.
When the lens immersed in water then
µ1 = µw = 4/3(water)
• Then 1 2  1 1 
=( 
− 1) − 
fw w  R1 R2 
1 1.5  1 1 
=( − 1) − 
fw 4/3  20 − 20 
1 4.5  2 
=( − 1) 
fw 4  20 
1 0.5  2 
= ( ) 
fw 4  20 
• fw = 80 cm
• Change in focal length = 80-20=60cm
Q- A convex lens of focal length of 40 cm is made of
glass (µg = 1.5 ). The lens is placed in a liquid of
refractive index 1.6.Calculate the focal length of lens
in liquid.
1 2  1 1 
• We know =(
1
− 1) − 
fa  R1 R2 
• µ1 = 1(air) , µ2 = µg =1.5
1  1 1 
= (  g − 1) −  − − − 1
fa  R1 R2 
• focal length in liquid
1 g  1 1 
=( − 1) −  − − − 2
fl l  R1 R2 
• Dividing eq.1 by eq.2
fl (  g − 1)
=
fa  g 
 − 1
 l 
fa= +40 cm, µl = 1.6(liquid) , µ2 = µg =1.5

• Then fl (1.5 − 1)
=
40  1.5 
 − 1
 1.6 
fl (0.5)
=
40  1.5 − 1.6 
 
 1.6 
fl (0.5)  1.6
=
40 − 0.1
fl
= −8.0
40
• f1 = −320cm
Q-Draw the refracted rays in the given when
(i) µ1 <µ2 , (ii) µ1 =µ2 and (iii) µ1 >µ2

• Sol.
µ1
µ2
F

• (i) µ1 <µ2
µ1
µ2
F
• (ii) µ1 =µ2 µ1
µ2
F

• (iii) µ1 >µ2 µ1
µ2
F
Q- when a convex is divided by a vertical line in two
parts , how it will affect the focal length of each part.

• For a lens in air the focal length is

1   1 1 
= ( 2 − 1)
 − 
f 1  R1 R2 


• R1 = +R and R2 = -R
1  1 1 
= ( 2 − 1) − 
f 1  R − R 
 2
• 1
= ( 2 − 1) 
1
----------(1)
f R
• By cutting through vertical line, the focal
length of each part
1  1 1 1  1
= −
• f = (  − 1) R −   f  
2
( 1)
 R  ---------(2)
2

1 1 1  1
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2

• Then 1  2
= ( 2 − 1) 
f 1 R
1  1
= ( 2 −) 
f1 1  R 
f1
=2
f

• f1 =2f
 Lens Equation
• Let a thin
convex lens of
B N
focal length f. F A1 2F
• let an object AB
A 2F C
is placed in front F
of lens. B1
• A1B1 is the real
image of the
object
In similar triangle ABC and A1B1C
AB/A1B1 = AC/A1C--1
In similar triangle
NCF and triangle B N
A1B1F F A1 2F
NC/A1B1 = FC/A1F A 2F F C
f B1
But AB =NC
AB/A1B1 = FC/A1F—2 u v
By eq 1 and 2
AC/A1C= FC/A1F
• A1F = A1C-CF hence AC
=
FC
A1C A1C − FC

• AC=-u , A1C= +v , FC= +f

−u + f
=
+v v− f
− uv + uf = + vf

• Dividing both side by uvf

− uv uf + vf −1 1 1
+ = + =
uvf uvf uvf f v u

1 1 1 1 1 1
− = − =
v u f v u f
Lens formula for convex lens when image is
virtual
B1
• When object AB is
placed between lens B N
and focal point.
• The image will be A1 F A C F
virtual.
• In similar ∆ ACB and
In similar ∆ FCN and
∆A1CB1 ∆ FA1B1
• AB/A1B1 =AC/A1C ---1 CN/A1B1= CF/FA1-------2
AB/A1B1= CF/FA1-------2
AC/A1C =CF/FA1 AC CF
=
A1C CF + A1C
AC = -u, A1C= -v, CF = +f
−u f
=
−v f −v
uf − uv = vf
uf uv vf
Dividing by uvf − =
uvf uvf uvf
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = − =
v f u v u f
Lens formula for concave lens
• Let a thin concave B
lens. B1 N
• AB is an object A F A1 c
Linear magnification by spherical lenses
• The ratio of size of
image formed by
the lens to the size B N
of the object is F A1 2F
called linear A 2F C
F B1
magnification. f
• m= I/O u v
• In similar ∆ ABC and A1B1/AB = A1C/AC
∆A1B1C -I /+O = +v/-u
m= +v/u
Other Formulae of Magnification
• The lens formula is 1 − 1 = 1 − − − − − −1
v u f
• Multiplying equation 1 both side by v
v v
1− =
u f
v v f −v
1− = =m
f u f
• Multiplying equation 1 by u
u u u u u f +u
−1 = or = 1 + or =
v f v f v f
f v f −v f
m= m= = =
f +u u f f +u
 Power of Lens
• The light bending ability of lens is called
power of lens.
• The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent
of the angle by which it converges or diverges
a beam of light parallel to the principal axis
falling at unit distance from the optical centre.
Let a ray parallel to the principle axis is
refracting from a convex lens of focal length ‘f’
• Tan δ =CN/CF N
• CN =1, CF = f δ
• Tan δ = 1 / f δ
• Tan δ = P C F

• P = 1/ f
• The S.I unit of power of Lens
• Is Dioptre.
Focal Length of Combination
of thin Lenses in contact
• Let two lenses L1 L1 L2
and L2 of focal
length f1 and f2 are
placed in contact O I1
to each other.
• Let a point object u v1
is placed at O, and
lens L1 is forms its
real image I1.
The lens equation for first lens
1 1 1
− = − − − − − −1
v1 u f1
I1
• The image form by I
first lens work as v v1
virtual object for O u
second lens.
• The lens eq. for
second lens
1 1 1
− = − − − − − −2
v v1 f2
 1 1 1 1
Adding eq. 1 and 2 − = + − − − − − −3
v u f1 f 2
• If the combined focal length of lenses is F then
1 1 1
− = − − − − − −4
v u F
1 1 1
• By eq. 3 and 4 = +
F f1 f 2
• If P1 and P2 are the power of lenses and P is
the power of combination , then
• P = P1 + P2
• If m1 and m2 are the magnification produced
by each lens. Then net magnification
• m = m1.m2
When the lens are separated by a
distance ‘d’
• The combined focal length of lenses separated
by distance ‘d’ is
1 1 1 d
= + −
F f1 f 2 f1 f 2
Q-Find the position of image formed by the lens
combination
f= +10, -10 +30
• For lens L1
• u= -30cm, f=+10
1 1 1
− =
v1 u f
1 1 1
− =
v1 − 30 10

• v1= +15cm For second lens Object

• The image formed by distance =(15-5)=10cm
first lens served as For Lens L2
object for second lens
For Lens L2
u= +10 , f=-10 then v2= ?
1 1 1
− =
v2 u f
1 1 1
− =
v2 10 − 10
1 −1 1
= +
v2 10 10
• v2 =
• For lens L3, u = , f = +30
1 1 1
• v u f
3
− = 1
v3
−
1

=
1
30
• v3= +30 cm
A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the
path of convergent beam 12 cm from P. at what point does
the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal
length 20cm. (b) a concave lens of focal length 16 cm.

• (a) for convex lens

• u= +12 cm, f=20 cm
1
−
1
=
1 I P
v u f
1 1 1
− =
v 12 20
1
=
1
+
1 1
=
8 12 cm
v 20 12 v 60
• v= 7.5 cm
(b) For concave lens

• u= +12 cm, f= -16 cm

1 1 1
− =
v u f
1
−
1
=
1 I
v 12 − 16
1 −1 1
= +
v 16 12 P
1 −3+ 4
= 12cm
v 48
1 1
=
v 48
v= +48
 Combination of lens and mirror
• An object is placed 30cm of a convex lens of focal
length 20 cm . A convex mirror is placed 30cm on the
other side of the lens, so that real image of the
object formed on the object. Find the focal length of
the mirror.
For convex lens
• u= - 30cm, f = +20cm
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = = −
v − 30 20 v 20 30
• v= +60cm
• The distance between lens and mirror =30 cm
• The distance between mirror and image
formed by lens is =60-30=30cm
• As the final image is formed on the object, so
the convex mirror reverse the incident rays.
• R = +30 cm , f =+ 15 cm.
Focal length of Concave lens by
concave mirror
• First find the
centre of
curvature of
concave mirror.
• OL = u, IL = v
• By using lens
equation we find
the value of
focal length