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Physics Project

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44 views10 pages

Physics Project

Uploaded by

vkanyalakshmeviiic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

Lenses are fascinating optical devices that have been


instrumental in shaping our understanding of light and its
interactions with matter. From the magnifying glass you
might use to read small text to the sophisticated lenses in
telescopes that unveil the mysteries of the cosmos, lenses
play a crucial role in a wide array of scientific endeavours
and everyday applications.
At its core, the study of lenses falls within the realm of
optics, a branch of physics concerned with the behaviour
and properties of light. In this class, we'll delve into the
fascinating world of lenses, beginning with the basics of
how light behaves when it encounters these transparent
objects.
First, let's consider the fundamental concept of refraction.
Refraction occurs when light waves pass from one medium
to another, such as from air into glass or water. As light
enters a denser medium, such as glass, it bends or
changes direction, a phenomenon known as refraction.
Understanding refraction is crucial to understanding how
lenses work, as lenses utilize this property to manipulate
light for various purposes.
Lenses come in different shapes and forms, but they can
be broadly classified into two main types: convex lenses
and concave lenses. Convex lenses are thicker at the
centre and thinner at the edges, while concave lenses are
thinner at the centre and thicker at the edges. Each type of
lens interacts with light in distinct ways, leading to different
optical effects.
Throughout this course, we'll explore the principles of
geometric optics, which describe how light rays propagate
through lenses and form images. We'll learn about focal
points, focal lengths, magnification, and the various factors
that influence the behaviour of light as it passes through
lenses.
TYPES OF LENSES
Lenses are broadly categorized into two types: convex
(converging) lenses and concave (diverging) lenses.
Convex lenses are thicker at the centre and thinner at the
edges, while concave lenses are thinner at the centre and
thicker at the edges.

 Two thin lenses of focal length f1 and f2


respectively which are in closed contact,
then the effective focal length of the
combination will be given by
1 1 1
= +
F F1 F 2
 And the total magnification of the lens
combination will be given by
M=m1*m2
 If the lenses of the focal lengths are
separated by an infinite distance d, the focal
lengths F of the equivalent lens is given by
1 1 1 d
= + −
F F1 F 2 F 1 ⋅ F 2

APPLICATIONS OF COMBINATION OF
CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS:
1.CHROMATIC ABERRATION: -
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration.
Ordinary light is a mixture of light of many different
colours, i.e., wavelengths. Because the refractive index of
glass to light differs according to colour, creating a blurring
of colours. The chromatic aberration can be cancelled out
by combining convex and concave lenses of different
refractive indices.

2.TELEPHOTO LENSES: -
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a
combination of convex and concave lenses. For example,
combining a single convex lens with a concave lens. For
example, combining a single convex lens with a single
concave lens enables distant objects to be seen in more
detail. This is because the light condensed by the convex
lens is once more refracted into parallel light by concave
lens. This arrangement made possible the Galilean
telescope, named after its 17th century inventor, Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces
a simple telephoto lens, with the front convex lens serving
to magnify the image while the rear convex lens condenses
it. Adding a further two pairs of convex/concave lenses and
a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the single
convex and concave lenses enables the modification of
magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom
lenses work.
Aim

“To determine the combined focal length of one


concave and one convex lens separated by a
finite distance.”

requirements

 An optical bench with three uprights (central

upright fixed, two outer uprights with lateral

movement).

 One convex lens

 One concave lens

 Two lens holders

 Two optical needles

 Half meter scales


PROCEDURE:
 Take one concave and convex lens.
 Find the rough focal length of the two lenses
L1(convex) and L2(concave) individually having
focal length of f1 and f2 respectively.
 Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a
sharp image of the object placed at infinity.
 Measure the distance between lenses and the
image formed with the help of scale.
 Now find the accurate focal length of the two
lenses L1 and L2 By using the experimental setup
individually and calculate its focal length reading.
 With left eye closed, see with the right eye open
from the other end of the optical bench. An
inverted and enlarged image of the object needle
will be seen. Tip of the image must lie in the
middle of the lenses.
 Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright
near the other end of the optical bench.
 Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip
is
 Remove the parallax tip to tip as described. seen in
line with the tip of the image when seen with the
right open eye.
 Move the eye towards right. The tips will get
separated. The image tip and the image needle
have parallax.
 Combine the two lenses together with the help of
the two-lens holder and find its accurate combine
focal length

OBSERVATIONS

S.NO LENSES ROUGH FOCAL RADIUS OF f=R/2


LENGTH (cm) CURVATURE (R) (cm)
1. Convex(L1) 9.5 20 10
2. Concave(L2) 8 18 -9

The separation between the two convex lenses =


7.2 cm

CALCULATIONS
1/F = 1/F1+ 1/F2- d/F1*F 2

1/F = 1/10 + 1/ (-9) - 7.2/ (10) * (-9)

1/F = -1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90

F = 90/6.2 cm
Therefore, F = 14.516 cm

PRECAUTIONS
 Tips of the object and image needles
should lie at the same height as the centre
of the lens.
 Parallax should be removed from tip to
tip by keeping eye at a distance at least
30cm away from the needle.
 The object needle should be placed at
such a distance that only real, inverted
image of it is formed.

SOURCES OF ERROR
 The uprights may not be the vertical.
 Parallax removal may not be perfect.

BIBLOGRAPHY
 Comprehensive Practical Physics
Class XII
 NCERT Physics Part – II
 Experimental Physics
 www.wikipedia.com
CONCLUSION

1.The combined focal length of one convex and

one concave lens having focal length 10 cm

and 9 cm respectively and separated by a

distance of 7.2 cm is 14.516 cm.

2.So, on combination of the one convex and

one concave lens the effective focal length

increases and hence its effective power

decreases.

3. The effective nature of the combined lens

system is converging i.e., convex lens since

focal length for the system comes out to be

positive.

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