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Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

The Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial covers fundamental to advanced topics including pipelining, microprogrammed control, and instruction design. It explains the design and operational aspects of computer systems, focusing on components like CPU, memory, and I/O devices. The tutorial also includes practical programming examples and quizzes to reinforce learning.

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ezekiel nyamu
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138 views

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

The Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial covers fundamental to advanced topics including pipelining, microprogrammed control, and instruction design. It explains the design and operational aspects of computer systems, focusing on components like CPU, memory, and I/O devices. The tutorial also includes practical programming examples and quizzes to reinforce learning.

Uploaded by

ezekiel nyamu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and Architecture

Tutorial
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-
organization-and-architecture-tutorials/?
ref=header_outind

Last Updated : 23 Jan, 2025




In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn


all the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed
control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format.
Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer
systems.
 Computer architecture is about designing a computer
system to balance performance, efficiency, cost, and
reliability. It describes how a system is built from its
components. This can be a high-level overview or a detailed
explanation, including the instruction set architecture,
microarchitecture, logic design, and implementation.
 Computer Organization is about how the components of a
computer system, like the CPU, memory, and input/output
devices, are connected and work together to execute
programs. It focuses on the operational aspects and how
hardware components are implemented to support the
architecture.
Introduction and Basics
1. A simple understanding of Computer
2. Issues in Computer Design
3. Computer System Level Hierarchy
4. Assembly language and High level language
5. Von Neumann architecture
6. Harvard Architecture
7. Computer Architecture and Computer Organization
Computer Instructions Set and Addressing
Modes
1. Basic Computer Instructions
2. Representing Instructions in Computer
3. Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
4. Instruction Set used in simplified instructional Computer
(SIC)
5. Instruction Set used in SIC/XE
6. Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
7. Addressing Modes
8. Single Accumulator based CPU organization
9. Stack based CPU Organization
10. General Register based CPU Organization
11. Memory based Vs Register based addressing modes
12. RISC and CISC
13. RISC and CISC | Set 2
14. Data Manipulation Instructions
15. Machine Control Instruction
16. Data Transfer instructions in AVR microcontroller
17. Arithmetic instructions in AVR microcontroller
18. Conditional Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
19. CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
20. Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
21. Logical Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
Instruction Design and Format
1. Different Instruction Cycles
2. Machine Instructions
3. Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address
Instruction)
4. 2-address instruction and 1-address instructions
5. 3-address instruction and 0-address instruction
6. 3-address instruction and 2-address instructions
7. Register content and Flag status after Instructions
8. Debugging a machine level program
9. Vector Instruction Format
10. Vector instruction types
11. Instruction Word Size

>> Problem Solving on Instruction Format

Computer Arithmetic
1. Computer Arithmetic | ALU and Data Path
2. Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
3. Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
4. Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
5. Restoring Division Algorithm For Unsigned Integer
6. Non-Restoring Division For Unsigned Integer
7. Booth’s Algorithm
8. Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
9. How the negative numbers are stored in memory?
Microprogrammed Control
1. Micro-Operation
2. Microarchitecture and Instruction Set Architecture
3.Types of Program Control Instructions
4.Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions
5.Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit
6.Implementation of Micro Instructions Sequencer
7.Performance of Computer
8.Control Unit and design
9.Horizontal micro-programmed Vs Vertical micro-
programmed control unit
10. Comparison between Hardwired Vs Micro-programmed
Control unit
11. Computer Organization | Subprogram and its
characteristics
Memory Organization
1. Introduction to memory and memory units
2. Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
3. Read and Write operations in memory
4. Difference between Byte Addressable Memory and Word
Addressable Memory
5. Difference between Simultaneous and Hierarchical Access
Memory Organizations
6. Register Allocation
7. Cache Memory
8. Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)
9. Write Through and Write Back Cache
10. Multilevel Cache Organization
11. Locality and Cache friendly code
12. Locality of Reference and Cache Operation
13. What’s difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
14. Types of Cache Miss
15. Amdahl’s law and its proof
16. Subroutine, Subroutine nesting and Stack memory
17. Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)
18. RAM vs ROM
19. Different Types of RAM
20. Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
21. Introduction to solid-state drive (SSD)
Input and Output Systems
1. Introduction to I/O Interface
2. I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
3. Interrupts
4. Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
5. DMA
6. Modes of DMA Transfer
7. Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining)
8. Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237
9. Asynchronous input output synchronization
10. Programmable peripheral interface 8255
11. Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s
complement of a number
12. 8255 (programmable peripheral interface)
13. Microcomputer system
14. Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
15. Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
16. Synchronous Data Transfer
17. Input-Output Processor
18. MPU Communication
19. BUS Arbitration
Pipelining
1. Instruction Level Parallelism
2. Execution, Stages and Throughput
3. Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture
4. Types and Stalling
5. Dependencies and Data Hazard
6. Branch Prediction in Pentium
Number System and IEEE Number Standards
1. Fixed Point Representation
2. Introduction to Floating Point Representation
3. IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers
4. Number System and Base Conversions
>> Quiz on Number Representation

Miscellaneous
1. Microprocessor
2. Microprocessor | Externally Initiated Operations
3. Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor
4. Timing diagram of MOV Instruction in Microprocessor
5. Interaction of a Program with Hardware
6. Generations of computer
7. Intel x86 evolution and main features
8. Memory Banking
9. Introduction to quantum computing
10. Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing
11. Vector processor classification
12. Rethinking binary with Quantum computers
13. Flynn’s taxonomy
14. Clusters In Computer Organisation
15. Parallel processing – systolic arrays
16. 8259 PIC Microprocessor
17. Block Diagram of 8259 Microprocessor
18. Microprocessor | 8251 USART
19. Evolution of Microprocessors
20. Human – Computer interaction through the ages
21. Computer Ports
22. Introduction to Parallel Computing
23. Hardware architecture (parallel computing)
24. Computer Architecture | Multiprocessor and
Multicomputer
25. Timing diagram of INR M
26. 2D and 2.5D Memory organization
Programs
1. Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
2. Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
3. Program for decimal to octal conversion
4. Program for octal to decimal conversion
5. Program for hexadecimal to decimal
Quick Links
 ‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !
 ‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and
Architecture !

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