EEE222 – ECA-II

LAB # 9
To design and construct RL Low and High pass Filter by selecting appropriate
components using LTspice

Name M FAIZAN NASIR

Registration Number FA19-BCE-090
Class ECA II
Instructor’s Name Sarmad Hassan

Objectives:
• To analyze and measure the cutoff frequency of series RL low pass and high pass filters using
Ltspice.

• To design and construct a simple RL low and high pass filter for cut off frequency of 4.8kHz using
Ltspice. .

• To sketch the Bode plot for low and high pass RL filters using graphical techniques.

Filter:
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass the certain range of frequency signals and reject or
attenuate others.

Passive Filters:
Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors. The gain of passive filters is
unity.

Low Pass Filter:

A low pass filter passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies. The simplest filters can be
implemented with RC and RL circuits. The key to analysing them by inspection is to remember the
behaviour of inductors and capacitors.
Frequency Response:
The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behaviour with change in signal frequency.

Transfer Function:
The transfer function 𝐻(𝜔) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of a phasor output y (𝜔) to
a phasor input X (𝜔). 𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑌(𝜔) 𝑋(𝜔) Bode Plots: Bode plots are semi-log plots of the
magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees)of a transfer function versus frequency.

In Lab Tasks Lab

Task 1:
Design a RL Low Pass filter
As firstly we design the circuit as:

𝜔c=31410
Frequency(KHz) 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) Vo 𝐻(𝜔) = 𝜙 = −tan−1
( 𝜔 /𝜔𝑐 )
|𝐻(𝜔)| = 1

𝜔c ) 2 *𝑉𝑜/ 𝑉𝑖𝑛
/√(1) 2 + (𝜔/ 20𝑙𝑜𝑔

(𝑑𝐵)
0.01fc=50 314.15 0.999 4.99 -0.017 -0.57
0.1fC =500 3141.59 0.995 4.97 -0.052 -5.71
0.5fc =2500 15707.96 0.894 4.43 -1.051 -26.56
fc =5000 31415.92 0.707 3.53 -3.023 -45.01
2fc =10000 62831.85 0.447 2.23 -7.013 -63.43
4fc =20000 125663.7 0.242 1.20 -12.39 -75.96
6fc =30000 188495.6 0.164 0.819 -15.71 -80.53
8fc =40000 251327 0.124 0.626 -18.05 -82.88
10fc =50000 314159.3 0.099 0.515 -19.74 -84.29
100fc =500000 3141593 0.0099 0.085 -35.39 -89.43
Lab Task 2:
Design a RL High Pass filter

𝜔c=3141
 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) Vo 𝐻(𝜔) = 𝜙 = −tan−1
( 𝜔c /𝜔)
Frequency(KHz |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1

𝜔c/ 𝜔 ) 2 *𝑉𝑜/ 𝑉𝑖𝑛

) /√(1) 2 + (- 20𝑙𝑜𝑔

(𝑑𝐵)
0.01fc=50 314.15 0.010 49.91m -40.01 89.42
0.1fC =500 3141.59 0.099 497.52m -20.04 84.28
0.5fc =2500 15707.96 0.447 2.23 -7.013 63.43
fc =5000 31415.92 0.707 3.52 -3.048 44.99
2fc =10000 62831.85 0.894 4.45 -1.011 25.56
4fc =20000 125663.7 0.970 4.82 -0.318 14.03
6fc =30000 188495.6 0.986 4.91 -0.158 9.461
8fc =40000 251327 0.992 4.925 -0.131 7.123
10fc =50000 314159.3 0.995 4.927 -0.127 5.709
100fc =500000 3141593 0.999 4.948 -0.091 0.573

𝐻( 𝜔 ) = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 * 𝑉𝑜 / 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑑𝐵 )
0
50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
-5 fc= =5 =25 =50 100 200 300 400 500 000
1 C = = = =
0.
0
0.
1f 5f
c f c c c c c c= =5
-10 0. 2f 4f 6f 8f 10
f
0f
c
10
-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45
 𝐻( 𝜔 ) = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 * 𝑉𝑜 / 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑑𝐵 )
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
f c= =5 =25 =50 100 200 300 400 500 000
01 1f
C c c = = = = c= =5
0. 0. 5f f
2f
c
4f
c
6f
c
8f
c f c
0. 10 0f
10

Post Lab Task:

• After designing RC and RL filters, how will you differentiate between RC and RL filters

ANSWER:
The RLC filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the
circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation in circuit analysis. The three circuit
elements, R, L and C, can be combined in a number of different topologies.

An RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass filter.
The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering.

As rc and rl have different fiters in each circuit so this is the major difference in it

• Give suggestions to improve the performance of low pass and high pass filters.

Answer:
There are two types of pass filters . A high-pass filter (HPF) attenuates content below a cutoff
frequency, allowing higher frequencies to pass through the filter. A low-pass filter (LPF) attenuates
content above a cutoff frequency, allowing lower frequencies to pass through the filter.

A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted high
frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuits
designer