EXPERIMENT NO.

PASSIVE RL AND RC FILTERS

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I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the characteristics of passive filters by obtaining the frequency response of

low pass and high pass RC filters.

2. To study the characteristics of passive filters by obtaining the frequency response of

low pass and high pass RL filter.

3. To plot the common frequency of RC and RL low pass and high pass filter.

II. DISCUSSION:

The impedance of an inductor is proportional to frequency and the impedance of a capacitor

is inversely proportional to the frequency. These characteristics can be used to select or reject

certain frequencies of an input signal. This selection and rejection of frequencies is called filtering,

and a circuit which does the filtering is called a filter. If a filter passes high frequencies and rejects

low frequencies, then it is a high pass filter. Conversely, if it passes low frequencies and rejects

high ones, it is a low pass filter. Filters, like most things, are not perfect. They do not absolutely

pass some frequencies and absolutely rejects others. A frequency is considered passed it its

voltage magnitude is within 70.7% or 1/√2 of the maximum amplitude passed and rejected

otherwise. The 70.4% frequency is called corner frequency, roll-off frequency or half-power

frequency.

The corner frequency of RC and RL filter are as follows:

For RC filters:

1
fc = -----------------------
2πRC

For RL filters:
 R
fc = -----------------------
2πL

The circuit diagram for low pass RC filter is given in Figure 1.1. In the figure the capacitor serves

as the output of the circuit. If we reverse the connection as in Figure 1.2, the circuit will become

high pass RC filter.

C1 1 u
R1TP3
1k
TP1
TP2 TP4

Figure 1.1 Low Pass RC filter

R1 1 k
C C1 1u
TP3
TP1
TP2 TP4

Figure 1.2 High Pass RC filter

The circuit diagram for high pass RL filter is given in Figure 1.3. It is noticed that the inductor

serves as the output of the circuit. If we reverse the connection, the circuit will become low pass RL

circuit as in Figure 1.4.

 R1 1 k
L L11m
TP3
TP1
TP2 TP4

Figure 1.3 Low Pass RL filter

L 1 1m
TP3
R1 1k
TP2 TP4
TP1

Figure 1.4 High Pass RL filter

The frequency response is the graph of the magnitude of the output voltage of the filter as a

function of the frequency as seen in Figure 1.5. It is generally used to characterized the range of

frequencies in which the filter is designed to operate within. Figure 5 is the frequency response of a

typical low pass filter with cut-off frequency fc.

 Figure 1.5. Frequency Response of a Low Pass Filter

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

1 pc Oscilloscope

1 pc Function Generator

1 pc 1.1KΩ Resistor

1 pc 1uF Capacitor

1 pc 33mH Inductor

1 set Connecting wires

IV. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the low pass RC circuit as shown in Figure 1.6.

2. Adjust the AC source to 8V peak to peak square wave initially at a frequency of 50Hz.

Compute for the cut-off frequency.

3. Record the amount of voltage at the output using AC in the multimeter while maintaining the

input voltage at 8V peak to peak.

4. Increase the amount of frequency as seen in Table 1.1 and record the output voltage. Plot

the points as in Figure 1.5. the x axis is the frequency and the y axis is the output voltage.
5. Reverse the position of the capacitor and resistor in Figure 1.6. This circuit is the high pass

RC circuit.

6. Adjust the AC source to 8V peak to peak square wave at a frequency of 50Hz.

7. Record the amount of voltage at the output using AC the multimeter while maintaining the

input voltage at 8V peak to peak.

8. Increase the amount of frequency as seen in Table 1.2 and record the output voltage. Plot

the points as in Figure 1.5. the x axis is the frequency and the y axis is the output voltage.

9. Connect the low pass RL circuit as shown in Figure 1.7.

10. Adjust the function generator to 8V peak to peak square wave at a frequency of 1KHz.

Compute for the cut-off frequency.

11. Record the amount of voltage at the output using AC in the multimeter while maintaining the

input voltage at 8V peak to peak.

12. Increase the amount of frequency as seen in Table 1.3 and record the output voltage. Plot

the points.

13. Reverse the position of the inductor and the resistor in Figure 1.7. This is a high pass RL

circuit.

14. Repeat steps 10 to 12.

15. Calculate the roll-off frequency of each of the tables and compare it with your plotted values

and record it in table 1.5

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

IV. DATA AND RESULT:

Table 1.1
 FREQUENCY fC =

50Hz

100Hz

120Hz

130Hz

140Hz

150Hz

200Hz

250Hz

300Hz

500Hz

1000Hz

1500Hz

Table 1.2

FREQUENCY fC =

50Hz

100Hz

120Hz

130Hz

140Hz

150Hz

200Hz

250Hz
 300Hz

500Hz

1000Hz

1500Hz

Table 1.3

FREQUENCY fC =

1KHz

1.5KHz

2KHz

2.5KHz

3KHz

3.5KHz

4KHz

4.5KHz

5KHz

5.5KHz

6KHz

6.5KHz

Table 1.4

FREQUENCY fC =

1KHz

1.5KHz
 2KHz

2.5KHz

3KHz

3.5KHz

4KHz

4.5KHz

5KHz

5.5KHz

6KHz

6.5KHz

Table 1.6

Calculated From graph

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

V. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

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VI. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. Define low pass and high pass filter.

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2. Compare the graph of an RC low pass and high pass filter.

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3. Compare the graph of an RL low pass and high pass filter.

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4. From the data gathered from the experiment, at what frequency does the voltage between

high pass and low pass RC and RL become equal.

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5. Does varying the frequency of the AC source varies the output waveform? why?

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6. What are the practical uses of RC and RL circuits?

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VII. Conclusion:

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VIII. REFERENCES:

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CHECKED BY _______________________________

DATE;______________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

NATURAL RESPONSE OF RC AND RL CIRCUITS

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I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the natural response of simple RC and RL circuits.

II. DISCUSSION:

The transient response also known as the natural response is the way the circuit responds

to energies stored in the storage elements, such as capacitors and inductors. If a capacitor has

energy stored within it, then that energy can be dissipated or absorbed by the resistor. For the
given circuit as in Figure 2.1, there is a pulse, a resistor and a capacitor. Assume that the pulse

goes from 10V down to 0V at t=0. Assume also that the circuit is at steady state at t=0. This implies

that the capacitor is open at t=0. In order for the KVL to be true. The capacitor voltage must be 10V
R1 1kOhm
at t=0. That is because there is no current in the circuit, therefore the voltage across the resistor is VG1

C1 1uF
zero.

100

AC +
pulse 1mF

Figure 2.1

Note that since the Transient Response is the circuit's response to

energies stored in storage elements, we will 'kill' the pulse source.

This leaves us with a simple Resistor-Capacitor circuit with an initial

10V on the capacitor at t=0

Applying KCL to an RC circuit, we found out that the voltage across the capacitor is

V = Vo e-t/RC

Where RC is the time constant or the speed at which the capacitor charges or discharge from 10V

to 0V.

For the given circuit in Figure 2.2, there is a pulse, a resistor and an inductor wherein the

inductor is shorted at t=0 with pulse from -10V to 0V. in order for the KCL to be true at t=0, the

inductor current must be -1A at t=0 that is I L = -1A. Consider the circuit at t=0, the voltage across the

pulse is zero, but since IL = -1A then VR = -10V. therefore KVL to be true VL = +10V.
 L1 1m
R1 1kOhm
VG1

10

AC

+
pulse 1H

Figure 2.2

Note that since the Transient Response is the circuit's response to

energies stored in storage elements, we will 'kill' the pulse source.

This leaves us with a simple Resistor-Inductor circuit with an initial

-10A going through the inductor at t=0

Applying KVL to the RL circuit, we can determine the current flowing in the inductor to be

i(t) = ioe-Rt/L

where R/L is the time for which the inductor will charge or discharge from the given circuit and in

this case IO = -1A.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

1 pc Oscilloscope

1 pc Power Supply

1 pc 100KΩ, 100Ω, 10Ω, 70KΩ,420KΩ, 80KΩ, 20KΩ, 60KΩ Resistor

2 pcs 1MΩ Resistor

1 pc 1H Inductor

2 pcs 1uF Capacitor

1 pc 2uF Capacitor
 2 pcs SPST Switches

1 set Connecting wires

IV. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the RC circuit as shown in Figure 2.3 and adjust the power supply so that the

capacitor voltage is 10V.

2. With RC = 100KΩ, close the switch and observe, then draw the capacitor voltage waveform

as seen in the oscilloscope. Label your sketches and indicate all pertinent values.

3. Repeat procedure 1 and 2 when RC = 10KΩ.

4. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.4. Adjust the power supply so that 1V appears

across RL. Close the switch and observe, then draw the waveform of the voltage across R L

as seen in the oscilloscope. Label your sketches and indicate all pertinent values.

5. Repeat procedure 4 when RL = 100Ω.

6. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.5 and adjust the power supply so that 14V appear

across the switch.

7. Close the switch and observe, then sketch the waveform of the voltage across the 60KΩ

resistor as seen from the oscilloscope. Label your sketches and indicate all pertinent

values. This is known as the RC ladder circuit.

8. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.6. Measure and record the actual resistor and

capacitor values.

9. With S1 closed and S2 open, adjust the power supply so that 10V appear across C1.

10. Now open S1 and immediately close S2. Observe and sketch the voltage waveform across C 2

as seen from the oscilloscope. Label your sketches and indicate all pertinent values. This

circuit is known as multiple time constant RC circuit.

VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5
 Figure 2.6

IV. DATA AND RESULT:

Figure 2.3 with Rc = 100KΩ

Figure 2.3 with Rc = 10KΩ

Figure 2.4 with RL = 10Ω

Figure 2.4 with RL = 100Ω

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6
 V. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

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VI. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. Define time constant. What are the time constant of an RC and RL circuits.

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2. Compare the waveform of Figure 2.3 at different values of RC

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3. Compare the waveform of Figure 2.4 at different values of RL

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4. Does time constant affect the operation of the circuit? Explain.

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5. Are there any difference in the waveform observed from the RC and RL circuits?

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VII. Conclusion:

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VIII. REFERENCES:

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CHECKED BY _______________________________

DATE;______________________________________