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(Lecture Summary) Lecture 5

The document discusses inverse functions, including their definition, properties, and the derivative rule for inverses. It also covers natural logarithms, their properties, and applications in calculus, particularly in relation to derivatives and integrals. Key concepts include the definition of one-to-one functions, the significance of Euler's number, and specific integral results involving natural logarithms.

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38 views10 pages

(Lecture Summary) Lecture 5

The document discusses inverse functions, including their definition, properties, and the derivative rule for inverses. It also covers natural logarithms, their properties, and applications in calculus, particularly in relation to derivatives and integrals. Key concepts include the definition of one-to-one functions, the significance of Euler's number, and specific integral results involving natural logarithms.

Uploaded by

kaistandsnu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus

#5 Inverse Function and


Logarithmic Function
Contents
• Inverse functions
• The derivative rule for inverses
• Natural logarithms
• Properties of natural logarithms
• Natural logarithms –
application to Calculus
Inverse functions
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function. We say that 𝑓(𝑥) is one-to-one if
𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2

whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .
In order to verify that 𝑓(𝑥) is one-to-one, we may use “the horizontal line test”.
Inverse functions
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a one-to-one function and suppose that 𝐷, 𝑅 are domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥),
respectively.
The inverse function of 𝑓(𝑥), denoted by 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙), is defined by

𝑓 −1 𝑎 = 𝑏

if 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑎.

Recall that the domain and range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) are 𝑅, 𝐷, respectively.


The derivative rule for inverses
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a one-to-one function.
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) has an interval 𝐼 as domain and assume that 𝑓′(𝑥) exists and 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ≠ 0
for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼.
Then the inverse function 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is differentiable on its domain (that is, the range of 𝑓(𝑥)) and
1
𝑓 −1 ′
𝑏 =
𝑓′(𝑎)

where 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏.
The derivative rule for inverses - Exercise
Q: Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a one-to-one odd function and 𝑓 ′ 0 = −1. What is the value of 𝑓 −1 ′ (0)?
Recall that 𝑓(𝑥) is odd if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥).
(Solution)
1. Since 𝑓(𝑥) is odd, 𝑓 0 = 0.
2. So, by the derivative rule for inverses, we have
1
𝑓 −1 ′ 0 = = −1
𝑓′(0)
Natural logarithms
The natural logarithm is the function defined by
𝑥
1
ln 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑡 ,
1 𝑡

where 𝑡 > 0.
1
By definition, ln 𝑥 is one-to-one (since > 0).
𝑡
We define a special (and very important) number, written by 𝑒, by the constant satisfying
𝑒
1
ln 𝑒 = න 𝑑𝑡 = 1.
1 𝑡
The number 𝑒 is called the Euler’s number.
Properties of natural logarithms
Here are elementary properties of natural logarithms (assume 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0).

• ln 𝑥𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦
𝑦
• ln( ) = ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑥
𝑥
• ln 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟 ln 𝑥, if 𝑟 is rational.
• lim ln 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞
• lim+ ln 𝑡 = −∞
𝑡→0
Natural logarithms – application to Calculus
Here are elementary derivative rules of natural logarithms.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
• ln 𝑢(𝑥) = where 𝑢 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
This derivative tells us that
𝑢′(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢 𝑥 | + 𝐶.
𝑢(𝑥)
• Similarly, when 𝑥 ≠ 0,

𝑑 1
ln |𝑥| = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Natural logarithms – application to Calculus
From the integral
𝑢′(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑢(𝑥)

we have the following results.


• ‫׬‬tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
• ‫׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
• ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
• ‫׬‬csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln | csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶

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