Module No.

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW
HYDRAULICS

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO

Department of Engineering & Architecture
HYDRAULICS/ Module 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOWS 1
ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or distributed in
any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the College or the Author.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 COURSE OUTLINE

Course Information

1. Course title : HYDRAULICS

2. Program : Civil Engineering
3. Course Code : hyd
4. Credit Units : 3 units ; lec: 2 units ; lab: 1 unit
5. Prerequisite : Fluid Mechanics

Instructor Information

1. Name: Engr. Janet S. Crisostomo

Master in Structural Engineering, PLM - Manila Batch 2015
Dean, Department of Engineering & Architecture (DEA), BHC
Program Head, CE Department, BHC

2. Contact Information
a. Facebook page: facebook.com/bhc_civil
b. Email: janet.crisostomo@heroes1979.edu.ph

Course Purpose and Description

The Course deals with the Fundamental Principles of Fluid at Rest and in motion. This
includes:
Familiarization of the properties of common liquids.
Application of fundamental principles to solve problems involving liquid pressure and
corresponding forces resulting from this pressure.
Determination of Fluid flows through different devices such as Orifices and Pipes.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Intended Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students are expected to be able:

1. To identify the Fluid properties that are involved in the determination of pressure and
forces acting on a body.
2. To apply knowledge of Solid Geometry, Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies and
Deformable Bodies in solving complex Civil Engineering problems related to Fluid
Mechanics.
3. To perform calculations related to fluid pressure and forces of the liquid at rest and in
motion.
4. To conduct laboratory experiments involving fluids, as well as to analyze and interpret its
results.
5. To describe and predict the conditions of bodies under the action of hydrostatic forces.
6. To calculate fluid flows through Orifices and Pipes.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Course Schedule
Module
Weeks Topic/Module ILO
No.
INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS
1st 0 Review in Fluid Mechanics, Rectilinear and Curvilinear
Motion
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
2nd 1.0 A. HORIZONTAL MOTION
B. VERTICAL MOTION
3rd C. INCLINED PLANE/MOTION
2.0 ROTATION OF LIQUID MASS
4th
2.1 A. OPEN CYLINDER
5th PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
6th 2.2 B. CLOSED CYLINDER
7th 3.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
ENERGY AND HEAD
8th 4.0
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
VENTURI METER
9th 5.0
MIDTERM ASSESSMENT
10th 6.0 ORIFICE
PIPES
11th 7.0
HEADLOSSES
12th 8.0 PIPING SYSTEM
13th 9.0 THREE RESERVOIRS
WEIRS
14th 10.0
SEMI-FINAL ASSESSMENT
15th 11.0 OPEN CHANNEL
16th 11.1 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION OF OPEN CHANNEL
UNSTEADY FLOW/ DISCHARGE UNDER FALLING
17th 12.0
HEAD
18th FINAL ASSESSMENT

References: Hydraulics by King

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Module 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

MODULE DESCRIPTION:

Module 3 deals with the Fundamentals of Fluid flows such as types of flow, Energy &
Head and the application of Bernoulli’s Theorem.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the fundamentals of fluid flows.
2. Compute Discharges, velocity and pressures at any point along the closed conduit.
3. Explain why some of the actual circumstances are happening pertaining to fluid flows.

3.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLOW

A fluid in motion can be considered to consist of a great number of individual particles all
of which move in the general direction of flow but usually not in parallel lines or even with
continuous motion.

Streamlines (Path-line) are imaginary curves drawn thru a fluid to indicate the direction
of motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system as shown in figure 3.01.

Direction of flow

Stream lines

Liquid particle

fig. 3.01
Stream-tubes represent elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of
streamlines which confine the flow.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Types of Flow

1. Laminar flow – the paths of the individual particles do not cross or intersect. Path-lines
are parallel. This flow occurs at lower Reynolds number (Re < 2000) where viscous
forces dominate.

2. Turbulent flow – path-lines are irregular curves which continually cross each other and
form a complicated network. This flow occurs at higher Reynolds number (Re > 4000)
where inertia forces dominate.

Transition flow has Reynolds number ranges from 2000 to 4000.

The Reynolds number is the dimensionless parameter that relates inertia forces to
viscous forces. It helps predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At low
Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar flow, while at high Reynolds
numbers flows tend to be turbulent.

ink
valve Laminar flow

water
janet c.
inlet outlet
Reynolds Apparatus

figure 3.02-a

ink
Turbulent flow
valve

water
inlet janet c.
outlet
Reynolds Apparatus

figure 3.02-b

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Reynolds apparatus is used to describe the type of flow of liquid as shown in figure
3.02-a and 3.02-b. This is composed of a horizontal cylindrical fiber glass, where inlet pipe
and outlet pipe is attached at both ends. It also has funnel to place the ink.
The cylindrical fiber glass is filled with water allowing water to continuously flow
from inlet pipe to the outlet pipe. The red ink is poured to the funnel and release it using
the valve attached on it. The ink particles will flow through the connected pipe on the inlet
pipe and enters the fiber glass.
The flow of water is controlled in the valve connected in the inlet pipe. At low rate of flow,
the ink particles move along the path of its preceding particle or parallel on it but not
intersecting or crossing this is called Laminar flow as shown in figure 3.02-a. Increasing
the flow rate will tends the individual particles to cross each other this is called Turbulent
flow as shown in figure 3.02-b.

SC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A-uUG0WR0w

3.1 DISCHARGE:

Discharge or flow rate is a volume of fluid passing a cross section of a stream in unit time.
In symbol,
𝑉
𝑄 = → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3.11
𝑡 direction of flow Discharge, Q

Also, A
janet c.

𝑄 =𝐴𝑣 → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3.12

fig. 3.11
Where: A – cross-sectional area of flow (m2, ft2)
v – mean velocity of flow (m/s, ft/s)

Units of discharge:
CFS – cu. ft / sec. GPM – gallons / min MGD – millions of gallons daily
CFM – cu. ft / min. GPD – gallons / day LPS – Liter/ second

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Classification of flow

1. Steady flow – the discharge passing a given cross section of a stream is constant with
time.
a. Uniform flow – when velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid.
b. Non-uniform flow – when velocity, cross section change from point to point in
the fluid flow.

A1 A1 = A2 ∴ v1 = v2 A2 A1 A1 > A2 ∴ v1 < v2
A2
Q1 = Q2 Q1 = Q 2
v1 v2 v2
v1

fig. 3.12-a: Uniform flow fig. 3.12-b: Non-uniform flow

2. Unsteady flow – the discharge at that cross section varies with time.

Inflow = Outflow Inflow < Outflow

L.S. at any time

L.S. at start of flow
Δh
L.S. after a period of time
steady
h Unsteady
head h
outflow head outflow
janet c. janet c.

fig. 3.13-a: Steady flow fig. 3.13-b: Unsteady flow

Velocity diagram inside the pipe on a laminar flow:

Pipe wall
Because of varying effects
(friction, viscosity and surface tension) v
D vmax
the individual particles in a stream have
v
different velocities.

fig. 3.14

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Continuous Flow
Q3
There is a continuity of flow when the
number of particles passing every cross
section of the stream is the same. Q2

Q1
fig. 3.15
Continuity Equation:

a. Incompressible fluids:

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸 𝟑 = ⋯ → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3.13

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = ⋯

b. Compressible fluids:

𝝆𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑸𝟐 = 𝝆𝟑 𝑸𝟑 = ⋯ → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3.14

𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝜌3 𝐴3 𝑉3 = ⋯

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS:

1. If the velocity in a 12 in. pipe is 1.65 ft/s, what is the velocity in a 3 in. diameter jet
issuing from a nozzle attached to the pipe?

Given:
V = 1.65 ft/s
3 in Ø jet
Q
12 in pipe v

Required: velocity in the jet

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Solution:
Use Continuity Equation:
For Incompressible fluids/ Liquid:

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2

Let pipe 1 be at point 1 and the nozzle is at point 2:

Substitute all given values:

𝜋 𝑓𝑡 𝜋
(12 𝑖𝑛)2 (1.65 ) = (3 𝑖𝑛)2 (𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 )
4 𝑠 4
𝒇𝒕
𝒗𝒋𝒆𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒
𝒔

2. The water tank in figure is being filled through section 1 at 6 m/s, through section 3 at
15 LPS. If water level is constant, determine the exit velocity.

3: 15 LPS
Q3

1: 40 mmØ
Q1

2: 60 mmØ
janet c.
Q2

Required: exit velocity, v2

Solution:
Conversion:
𝐿𝑖. 1 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄3 = 15 𝑥 = 0.015
𝑠 1000 𝐿𝑖. 𝑠
1𝑚
𝐷1 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 0.040 𝑚
1000𝑚𝑚
1𝑚
𝐷2 = 60 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 0.060 𝑚
1000𝑚𝑚

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Use Continuity Equation:
𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝐴1 𝑣1 + 𝐴3 𝑣3 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋 𝑚 𝑚3 𝜋
(0.04 𝑚)2 (6 ) + 0.015 = (0.06 𝑚)2 (𝑣2 )
4 𝑠 𝑠 4
𝒎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟕 → 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝒔

3. A vertical circular stack 100 ft high converges uniformly from a diameter of 20 ft at

the bottom to 16 ft at the top. Coal gas with a unit weight of 0.03 pcf enters the bottom
of the stack with a velocity of 10 ft/s. The unit weight of the gas increases uniformly to
0.042 pcf at the top. Compute the mean velocity every 25 ft up the stack.

16 ft Ø
Given: ∂4 = 0.042lb/ft3
4

25 ft
3

25 ft
100 ft 2

25 ft
1

25 ft
0
∂O = 0.03 lb/ft3 ; v = 10 ft/s
20 ft Ø

Required: mean velocity every 25 ft up the stack

Solution:
a. Solve for the diameter at any point:
Based on the figure, the diameter at point 0 is decreased by a constant amount
of ΔD at every 25 ft. The 16 ft diameter resulted by decreasing the 20 ft diameter
4 times of ΔD. This will form an equation:
16 ft = 20 ft – 4 (ΔD)
ΔD = 1 ft

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 D1 = 20 ft – 1 ft =19 ft
D2 = 20 ft – 2(1 ft) =18 ft
D3 = 20 ft – 3(1 ft) =17 ft
D4 = 20 ft – 4(1 ft) =16 ft

b. Solve for the weight density at any point:

The weight density at point 0 is increased by a constant amount of Δ∂ at every
25 ft. The 0.042 lb/ft3 weight density resulted by increasing the 0.03 lb/ft 3
weight density 4 times of Δ∂. This will form an equation:
0.042 lb/ft3 = 0.03 lb/ft3 + 4 (Δ∂)
Δ∂ = 0.003 lb/ft3
∂1 = 0.03 + 0.003 = 0.033 lb/ft3
∂2 = 0.03 + 2 (0.003) = 0.036 lb/ft3
∂3 = 0.03 + 3 (0.003) = 0.039 lb/ft3
∂4 = 0.03 + 4 (0.003) = 0.042 lb/ft3

c. Solve for velocity at any point:

Use Continuity Equation:
For Compressible fluids/ Gas:
𝜕0 𝑄0 = 𝜕1 𝑄1 = 𝜕2 𝑄2 = 𝜕3 𝑄3 = 𝜕4 𝑄4 …
𝜕0 𝐴0 𝑉0 = 𝜕1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜕2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝜕3 𝐴3 𝑉3 = 𝜕4 𝐴4 𝑉4 …

𝜕0 𝐴0 𝑉0 = 𝜕1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜕2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝜕3 𝐴3 𝑉3 = 𝜕4 𝐴4 𝑉4 …
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 2 (10
𝑓𝑡 𝜋 2
𝒇𝒕
0.03 ( ) (20) ) = 0.033 ( ) (19) 𝑣1 ; 𝒗 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑
𝑓𝑡 3 4 𝑠 4 𝒔
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 𝒇𝒕
0.03 3
( ) (20)2 (10 ) = 0.036 ( ) (18)2 𝑣2 ; 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟖
𝑓𝑡 4 𝑠 4 𝒔
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 𝒇𝒕
0.03 3
( ) (20)2 (10 ) = 0.039 ( ) (17)2 𝑣3 ; 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟕
𝑓𝑡 4 𝑠 4 𝒔
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 𝒇𝒕
0.03 3
( ) (20)2 (10 ) = 0.042 ( ) (16)2 𝑣4 ; 𝒗𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝟏
𝑓𝑡 4 𝑠 4 𝒔

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 EXERCISES 3.1:

1. When 500 gpm flow thru a 12” pipe which later reduces to a 6” pipe, calculate the
average velocities in the two pipes. 3.545 ft/s
2. What average velocity in a 6” pipe will produce a flow of 1.0 mgd of water?
3. What size pipe can carry 70.7 cfs at an average velocity of 10 ft/sec?
4. A 6” pipe carries 2.87 cfs of water. The pipe branches into two pipes, one 2” in diameter
and the other 4” in diameter. If the velocity in the 2” pipe is 40 ft/sec, what is the
velocity in the 4” pipe? 22.89 ft/s
5. The diameter of a 6-ft length of pipe decreases uniformly from 18 in. to 6 in. With a
flow of 5 cfs of oil compute the mean velocity at cross sections 1ft. apart along the
pipe. 3.58, 4.68, 6.37, 9.17, 14.32, 25.46
6. A city requires a flow of 25 mgd for its water supply. Compute the diameter of pipe
required if the velocity of flow is to be (a) 2 ft/s (b) 6 ft/s. 59.55”, 34.38”

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO