Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 1273

Amit Kumar
Vinit Kumar Gunjan
Sabrina Senatore
Yu-Chen Hu Editors

Proceedings of the
5th International
Conference on Data
Science, Machine
Learning and
Applications; Volume 1
ICDSMLA 2023, 15–16 December,
Hyderabad, India
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 1273
Series Editors
Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of
Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Coyoacán, Mexico
Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, München,
Germany
Shanben Chen, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore, Hong Kong
Rüdiger Dillmann, University of Karlsruhe (TH) IAIM, Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Sede Scientifica Università degli Studi di
Parma, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing,
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Janusz Kacprzyk, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El
Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Intrinsic Innovation, Mountain View, USA
Yong Li, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
Ferran Mart́n, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
Spain
Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, USA
Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New Zealand
Cun-Zheng Ning, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, China
Toyoaki Nishida, Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Genova, Genova, Italy
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New Delhi, India
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Singapore, Singapore
Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Germano Veiga, FEUP Campus, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District Beijing, China
Walter Zamboni, Department of Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics,
DIEM—Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
Kay Chen Tan, Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Amit Kumar · Vinit Kumar Gunjan ·
Sabrina Senatore · Yu-Chen Hu
Editors

Proceedings of the 5th

International Conference
on Data Science, Machine
Learning and Applications;
Volume 1
ICDSMLA 2023, 15–16 December, Hyderabad,
India
Editors
Amit Kumar Vinit Kumar Gunjan
BioAxis DNA Research Centre Private Ltd. Department of Computer Science
Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Sabrina Senatore Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Department of Computer Engineering,
Electrical Engineering and Applied Yu-Chen Hu
Mathematics Providence University
University of Salerno Taichung, Taiwan
Fisciano, Salerno, Italy

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

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 Contents

Adversarial Training of Logistic Regression Classifiers for Weather

Prediction Against Poison and Evasion Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
P. Lourdu Mahimai Doss and M. Gunasekaran

Enhancing Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation of Classification Models

and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ratnam Dodda, Pooja Reddy Putta, Elthuri Chelsi Shulamite,
and Kalmuri Ashwini

A Comparative Analysis of ResNet and MobileNet for Classifying MRI

Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
D. Lakshmi Padmaja, B. Nikhil, Banda Sai Akshaya,
and G Surya Deepak

Digitization of Monuments – An Impact on the Tourist Experience

with Special Reference to Hampi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Monika B. Ashok and Joby Thomas

Resume Parser Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

M. Srinitha, N. Mounika, K. Sai Kiran, V. Sathya Priya,
and Pallavi Lanke

IOT Based Smart Hydroponics System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

M. Shanthalakshmi, Shobhanjaly P. Nair, Uma Perumal,
Ajoe Sweetlin Jeena, and A. Sathya Sofia

Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

for Cancer Disease Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Rajitha Ala, Leema Nelson, Muktha Jagdish,
and Vasantha Sandhya Venu

High Thruput Modulation Approaches Used in Next Generation WiF’s

Under Multi-impairments Environments with MATLAB Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Saba Dhey Abed, Nadia Mahmood Ali, Israa Ali Abdulghafor,
and Fatima Faydhe Al-Azzawi

Skin Disease Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Sagar Janokar, Kalpesh Joshi, Rajesh Raikwar, Sahil Kumbhar,
Akshay Kumbhar, and Shashank Kumbhar
vi Contents

Root Vegetable Crop Recommendation System Based on Soil Properties

and Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Mahadev Ajagalla, Manish Pandey, Jaytrilok Choudhary,
and Lalit Kumar

Deep Learning Model Development for an Automatic Healthcare Edge

Computing Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Hadi Talal, Ruaa Ali Khamis, and Laith AL-Frady

Empathetic Conversations in Mental Health: Fine-Tuning LLMs

for Supportive AI Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Zarinabegam Mundargi, Siddhi Patil, Mrunmayee Phadke,
Rahul Sundkar, Rajkumar Dongre, and Atharva Raut

Exploring Block Chain Technology with Applications, and Future

Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Vankudoth Ramesh and K. Govardhan Reddy

A Comprehensive Review of Soft Computing Enabled Techniques

for IoT Security: State-of-the-Art and Challenges Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Sriram Parabrahmachari and Srinivasan Narayanasamy

Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms on Imbalanced

Datasets Using SMOTE Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Bala Santhosh Kumar, Pasupula Praveen Yadav,
and P. Penchala Prasad

An AI Based Nutrient Tracking and Analysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Ashwin Kumar Uppala, Ella Sanjana Reddy, Raveena Ganji,
and K. Sateesh Kumar

Power Saving Mechanism for Street Lights System Using IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
K. V. Dhanalakshmi, G. Naga Mallika, E. Sai Sruthi, V. Prathika,
R. Susmitha, and G. Bhargavi

Automatic Login System Using ATTINY85 IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Puja Chavan Cholke, Ruturaj Patil, Sujay Patil, Vijay Mathe,
and Abhay Pandhare

Forecasting Stock Prices: A Comparative Analysis of Machine

Learning, Deep Learning, and Statistical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Kimi Gajjar and Ami Tusharkant Choksi
 Contents vii

Smart Vision Bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Vikas J. Nandeshwar, Om Borse, Prateek Buthale, Chirayu Borse,
Bharati Borhade, and Sayali Borse

Robots in Logistics: Apprehension of Current Status and Future Trends

in Indian Warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Kalya Lakshmi Sainath

Smart Healthcare: Enhancing Patient Well-Being with IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Swathi Tejah Yalla, Sanjana Mamidala, Deviprasanna Ganji,
and G. A. Keerthi

Detection of B-ALL Using CNN Model and Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Shital Dongre, Yash Chindhe, Mayur Dabade, Savani Bondre,
and Anannya Chaudhary

A Comprehensive Analysis for Advancements and Challenges in Deep

Learning Models for Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Ravikumar Ch, Kalvog Prakasha Chary, S. Srinivas, Tedla Bhavani,
and Veeranna

A Comprehensive Survey on Enhancing Patient Care Through Deep

Learning and IoT-Enabled Healthcare Innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Sabitha Valaboju, T. Rupa Devi, D. Gayathri Devi, and P. Sudheer

A Comprehensive Review on Bio-Inspired Optimization Techniques . . . . . . . . . 245

Satyanarayana Nimmala, Banoth Samya,
Jakkala Ravichandra Reddy, T. Venkata Ramana, and Ravikumar Ch

Study on Automatic Software Test Case Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Nilofar Mulla, Naveenkumar Jayakumar, Shashank Joshi,
and Deepali Godse

An AI-Based Neuroevolution Scaffolding for Detecting

Neovascularization in Retinal Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Shaik Jaheda, Shaik Farhana, and Jannam Sadana

Optimization of Placement and Routing Techniques: Congestion

Estimation and Control in VLSI Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Vanganuru Nagendra and Saravanan Manavalan

Blockchain-Based Digital Identity Management System

for Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Mallellu Sai Prashanth, Ramesh Karnati, Muni Sekhar Velpuru,
and H. Venkateshwara Reddy
viii Contents

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover (LU/LC)
Analysis by Supervised Classification of Landsat Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Yedla Suneetha and M. Anji Reddy

An Enhanced Deep Learning Model to Detect Lung Diseases

from Chest-Xrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Thudum Venkatesh and Dantam Ramesh

Exploring Cold Start Challenges in Recommender Systems Using Deep

Learning Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Vinay Kumar Matam and N. Madhusudhana Reddy

Accident Severity Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 324

B. Naveen Kumar, N. Sunil Kumar, and U. Naresh Kumar

E2M: Emerge Energy Management Framework for Multimedia Data

Transmission in WMSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Ch. Janakamma and Nagaratna P. Hegde

Power Utilization of Different EV Users Under Energy Management

System Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Rajesh Kumar Prakhya

Unveiling ChatGPT’s Scholarly Journey: A Comprehensive

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Impact and Collaboration Dynamics . . . . . . 353
Md. Nurul Islam and Md.Tarik Been Aziz

Attention-Based Image Caption Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

M. Manasa, D. Sowmya, Y. Supriya Reddy, and Pogula Sreedevi

EventBoost: Enhancement of Twitter Event Detection Using Social

Features and Word Embeddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Abhaya Kumar Pradhan, Hrushikesha Mohanty,
and Rajendra Prasad Lal

Customer-Based Opinion Analysis Using Clustering and Classification

Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Abdul Ahad, Riyazuddin, Jaffar Sadiq, Basava Raju, and Rama Lakshmi

Forecasting Pupils Performance through Machine Learning Approaches . . . . . . 389

Amara Rithik Raj, Ganesh B. Regulwar, and Rangineni Anvitha

Leaf Disease Detection and Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

P. Indrani, Ganesh B. Regulwar, Md Sohel Ahmed, and K. Sneha Reddy
 Contents ix

Securing Data in Image Using Advanced Encryption Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Puja Chavan, Aditya Pagar, Sanket Pote, Avdhoot Fulsundar,
Piyush Ghante, Phinehas Mane, and Raj Sonawane

Development of Enhance-Net Deep Learning Approach for Performance

Boosting on Medical Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Geetha Manoharan, D. R. Solanke, Purnendu Bikash Acharjee,
Chinmaya Kumar Nayak, Mukesh kumar Sharma,
and Dillip Narayan Sahu

Application of Crawler Algorithm for Situational Awareness in Network

Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Sripelli Jagadish and Mukesh Madanan

Forecasting the Cultivation in Rural Area Using Machine Learning

Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Abdul Ahad, L. Bujjibabu, K. Surya Ram Prasad, K. Basava Raju,
and K. V. Raghavender

WhatsApp Chat Analysis and Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Ashraf Syed, Karthikeya Uppu, Pentala Srinith Reddy,
and Ganesh B. Regulwar

Food Spoilage Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Vulugundam Anitha, W. Harshavalli, K. Shreya, N. Deetya Reddy,
and M. Varsha

Business Analytics: Prospectivness and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Sudhir A. Atwadkar and Umeshwari P. Patil

Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Histogram

Gradient Boosting Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
M. Supriya and T. Adilakshmi

Mitigating Credit Card Fraud Through Behavior-Based Classification

and Anomaly Elimination Using Support Vector Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Katta Gouthami Manohari, Samana Sravya, Vorus Nandini,
Konkini Vinnie Joy, Chanda Raj Kumar, and Pavan Kumar Pagadala

OurRealtySpace -A Machine-Learning Based Investment

Recommendation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
N. Divya, Soma Sindhuja, Sripada Vineela,
Thota V. N. Reva Shreeya, and Mandela Abhinaya
x Contents

Machine Learning Approaches for Forecasting Individual Mental

Wellbeing: A Comprehensive Study on Depression, Anxiety, Stress,
and Loneliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Kurupati Sri Vidya, Meenavalli Sindhura, Kyasani Poojitha,
Kakumanu Sruthi Vennela, Chanda Raj Kumar,
and Pavan Kumar Pagadala

Vehicle Crash Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Vikas J. Nandeshwar, Rachit P. Chandawar, Swayam S. Chandak,
Aryan P. Chalpe, Chandrashekhar S. Chandekar,
Suyash S. Chandolikar, and Zulfikar S. Charoliya

Enhancement of Privacy and Trust Through Interpretable Artificial

Intelligence: Unlocking Algorithm Black Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
R. Vijay Prakash, Kishor Kumar Dash, R. V. L. S. N. Sastry,
Shilpa Tandon, and Makarand Upadhyaya

Technical Concepts on Cloud Security and Privacy Using Deep

Learning Techniques and Hybridized Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
K. Rajchandar, Mukesh Madanan, R. V. L. S. N. Sastry,
and Monika Saxena

Wireless Sensor Network for Fault Detection Using Block Chain

Technology Based Smart Grid Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
A. V. V. Sudhakar, Chandrshekhar Goswami, B. Neeraja,
Amit Kumar Jain, Sandeep Gupta, and G. Gowri

Exploring the Potential of GANs, LSTM, and VAEs in Advancing

Music Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
G. Sai Ram Pavan, Akash Varma Kucharlapati, N. Moneesh,
S. Abhishek, and T. Anjali

Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Uzama Sadar, Parul Agarwal, Suraiya Parveen, Sapna Jain,
and Ahmed J. Obaid

Malware Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms in Android . . . . . . . . . 561

Kovvuri Ramya Sri

Transforming Coupon Service with Blockchain:-Reinventing Security . . . . . . . 569

Shrenika Neeli, B. Vijay Kumar, Siddartha Kommu, and Harini Yerra
 Contents xi

Unraveling Twitter Hate Speech: A Comparative Analysis Using LDA

and QDA Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
J. Divya Udayan, Veerababu Addanki, Nagireddy Moneesh,
Gandham Sai Ram Pavan, and Challamalla Satya Srinivas

Progressive Feature Fusion for Enhanced Foreground Segmentation . . . . . . . . . 589

Sudam Rachana, Shrenika Neeli, Gurrampally Kumar,
and Harini Yerra

Real Time Monitoring for Efficient Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

K. Pranathi, Nabi Unissa, Nigama Srivatsava, Aakanksha Gaikwad,
and N. Haveela

Convergence of Blockchain and Iot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Gopichand G., Rajashekar Aleti, Ranjana Tarini R., Rahul Tallam,
and Venislaus Ashish Yenigandla

Evaluation of Blockchain Security for IoT Technology Services: Survey . . . . . . 612

Nuras Naser Saeed Hizam and Madhukar Shelar

Hand Gesture Recognition for Smart Television Using GRU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Garugu Yaswanth Lakshmi Suresh
and Ravinuthala Gayatri Venkata Sravani

Automated Segmentation and Classification of Magnetic Resonance

Imaging Modalities for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis on Employing
Deep Learning Frameworks: A Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Palaniappan Ramya and R. Siva

Lung Cancer Prediction Using Variational Autoencoders and Early

Stopping for Neural Network Clustering and Optimal Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Christopher Francis Britt

FastText and Extremely Randomized Trees for Language Detection:

A Powerful Duo for Multilingual Text Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Suvankar Das and Uddalak Mitra

Predicting the Need for Mental Treatment Across Various Age Groups
Using Machine Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Surya Kant Pal, Himani Rawat, Rita Roy, Ameer Lareb Khan,
Nisha Kumari, and Prashasya Srivastava
xii Contents

Guarding Identities on the Blockchain: A Privacy-Centric Approach

Leveraging ZK-SNARK and Shamir Secret Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Siddartha Kommu, Rachana Sudam, L. Sridhara Rao,
and Shrenika Neeli

Clustering Mixed Data: Bridging the Gap with Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Harini Yerra, Siddartha Kommu, B. Vijay Kumar, and Rachana Sudam

Digital Recipe Sharing and Copyright Protection Using Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . 703

G. Sowmya, G. Roja, G. Uma Maheswari, Thota Nagini,
and Potnuru Lakshmi Prasanna

Secure Multi Factor Authentication in Banking Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

K. Sridevi, Mathi Majulatha, and Mutakuduru Vidya

Detecting Credit Card Theft with Various Machine Learning Methods . . . . . . . . 721
G. Sravani, Ganesh B. Regulwar, G. Sairam, M. Nikitha,
Ch. Sowmya, and Bhaskerreddy Kethireddy

Performance Enhancement of FBMC-OQAM System for 5G Wireless

Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
M. Vijaya Lakshmi and Venkata Nagamani Reddi

Classification and Segmentation of Intracranial MRI Tumor Images . . . . . . . . . . 737

Ma Sheila A. Magboo and Vincent Peter C. Magboo

Seeding the Future: A Comprehensive Solution for Agriculture-Moisture

Monitoring, Seed Sowing, and Remote Irrigation via Mobile App . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Ambidi Naveena, Doniparthi Ishitha, and S. Vathsalya

Ground Plane Synchronization in VR Applications Using Indoor

Robots for Enhancing Immersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Udayan J. Divya, P. Hrishikesh, Nithin Sylesh, Madhav M. Menath,
and Yadukrishnan

Forecasting Crude Oil and Petroleum Oil and Lubricants Production

and Imports Using ARIMA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
N. Chandan Babu, Chakravadhanula Naga Pranav, L. Ganesh,
and Pasupuleti Triveni Nagamani

Enhancing Road Safety: Predicting Severity of Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

A. Deepthi, B. Chaithrika, Ch. Teena, G. Manvitha,
and G. Sree Keerthana
 Contents xiii

Implementation of Five Finger Rake Receiver for MC-CDMA System

Over Various Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
P. Sreesudha

InternEase: Creating Pathways to Professional Success for Students

and Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
J. R. V. Jeny, G. Bharath Babu, S. Jaganmohan Reddy, and K. Abhiram

Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual Information

with Morse Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Bh. Prashanthi, A. Nikhil Datta Sai, A. Joganandha Sai Sravan,
M. Sohan, and G. Rohit

A System Module of Sentence Translator Using Neural Machine

Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Sadula Vaishnavi and D. Ramesh

Car Price Prediction Web Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

Kasthuri Venkata Ramana, Mohammad Ali Ahmed,
Mohammed Adnan, Ganesh B. Regulwar, Thokala Ganesh Reddy,
and Ashamshetty Aravind

Silent Speech Recognition: Automatic Lip Reading Model Using 3D

CNN and GRU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
T. Mallika Devi, Siripurapu Keerthana, Pentyala Santhi,
Puram Pravallika, and Sama Rajeshwari

Lexical Interpretation of Visual Cues Using Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

Amrita Budarapu, Komal Jain, S. Bindu Sree, T. Varshitha,
and B. Niveditha

IoT Enabled Smart Street Light and Air Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Aby K. Thomas, Himanshu Shekhar, L. Bhagyalakshmi,
Sanjay Kumar Suman, R. Sreelakshmy, and Amudala Bhasha

Motor Control in Smart Home Using Raspberry Pi and Node Red . . . . . . . . . . . 854
M. Prasanna and I. V. Subba Reddy

Social Media Hate Speech Detection Using Machine Learning

Algorithms: Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
P. Dharani, Nidhi Bagade, Sripriya Nittala, Sowmya Konkala,
and B. Sasidhar
xiv Contents

Text Detection and Recognition of Characters in Medical Prescription . . . . . . . 871

Moinuddin Ahmed Shaik, Himanshu Shekhar, L. Bhagyalakshmi,
P. Santosh Kumar Patra, Sanjay Kumar Suman, and G. Prabakaran

Cloud Load Balancing Through the Cloud Armor in HTTP Load

Balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Mallellu Sai Prashanth, Ramesh Karnati, Muni Sekhar Velpuru,
and H. Venkateshwara Reddy

Machine Learning Approaches for Dairy(Milk) Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . 896

A. Rajini and T. Sravani

Opinion Mining for Online Customer Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

Ashok Kumar Nanda, Chaitra Sai Jalda, V. Pradeep Kumar,
Venkata Sai Varun Chakali, Krishnaveni Munavath,
Srihari Prasad Reddy Marukanti, and Divya Boreda

Design and Performance Analysis of a Compact S-Band Antenna

Design for Wireless 5G Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Sravan Kumar Talusani, V. S. S. N. Srininivasababa, and G. Srivalli

SSDP DDoS Attacks Detection with Machine Learning Classification

Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Kishorebabu Dasari, Siddharth Reddy, and G. Sharon Shirley

A Comprehensive Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Bug

Prediction in Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Ch Ravikumar, Kotha Harish Kumar, Nandigama Sathish,
S. Suhasini, and Satyanarayana Nimmala

Automatic Alcohol Sensing Engine Locker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

Sunitha Tappari, Aishwarya Rao, Kalyani Boddulah,
Ojaswi Cheekati, and Varsha Vadla

Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Food Delivery Network

in the Local Food Supply Chain with Multiple-Channel Multi-Objective
Fresh Food Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
Hritobroto Sanyal, Soham Bhattacharyya, L. Jani Anbarasi,
Modigari Narendra, and Benson Edwin Raj

A Hybrid Approach for Diabetes Detection: Ensembling Deep Belief

Network with Voting Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
Vadde Usha, T. Ammannamma, Katepogu Surendra,
and Divya Gudibandla
 Contents xv

A Comprehensive Exploration of Complex Emotions and Their

Simplification for Enhancing Sentiment Analysis Through Explainable
AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
P. Sudheer, J. Manoranjini, Naika Suman,
Eedunuri Muralidhar Reddy, and puligilla Sridevi

A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Algorithms for Glaucoma

Classification Using Retinal Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
T. Swapna, Y. Sai Raja Varshitha, K.L. Sudeepthi, B. Manavika,
and T. Saishree

Speaker Recognition Using Dl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

Avinash Dhole and Vijaylaxmi Kadroli

IoT Enabled Smart Emergency Response System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

C. Padmaja

EdDSA Shield: Fortifying Machine Learning Against Data Poisoning

Threats in Continual Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Akula Nageswari and Vasundra Sanjeevulu

Design and Development of Traffic VANETs for Safety and Accident

Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Ramana Kadiayla, Aparna Tanam, and K. Manvita

Software Fault Prediction Using ML Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040

T. Neha, M. Anusha, and D. Anusha

Implementation of Recent Advancements in Cyber Security Practices

and Laws in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050
Bura Vijay Kumar, Manvendra Singh, Vaishali Arora,
Khushboo Malik, M. Z. M. Nomani, and Dhiraj Kapila

A Survey on Adversarial Text Attacks on Deep Learning Models

in Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
S. Deepan, Fred Torres-Cruz, Ruben L. Plácido-Lerma,
R. Udhayakumar, S. Anuradha, and Dhiraj Kapila

An Overview of Automatic Speech Recognition Based on Deep

Learning and Bio–Signal Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
N. Venkatesh, K. Sai Krishna, M. P. Geetha, Megha R. Dave,
and Dhiraj Kapila
xvi Contents

Development of Prediction Model for Chemicals in Fresh Fruits Using

Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
G. Bhupal Raj, Kadambari Raghuram, V. L. Varun,
Dilip Kumar Sharma, Dhiraj Kapila, and Dhiraj Kapila

Development of a Machine Learning Model for Enhancing the Security

of the Internet of Things (IoT) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Kamalakar Raminenei, Vratika Gupta, Thirupathi Durgam,
and Dhiraj Kapila

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Smart Farming for Selecting

the Composition of Smart Manure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094
G. Bhupal Raj, Rabi Chandra Mandal, Diksha Srivastava,
Abhijeet Das, Mohammed Azim Shaikh, and Dhiraj Kapila

Prediction of Diabetes Mellitus Using Improved Model of Artificial

Neural Network for Early Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
C. V. Guru Rao, Shaik Balkhis Banu, and Dhiraj Kapila

Privacy and Security of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network in Intelligent

Transport System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
G. Sunil, Malatesh Akkur, and Dhiraj Kapila

Development of Transaction Model Using Blockchain Technology

for E-Commerce Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
D. Srinivas and Sakshi Malik

A Study—Impact of GDP on the Economy Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126

N. Chandan Babu, Banala Pravalika, Nukala Likhitha,
and Rinda Ankitha

Early Diagnosis of Liver Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . . . 1138

Nagaratna P. Hegde, Sireesha Vikkurty,
Vinay Kumar Sriperambuduri, Sruthi Gogune, Palabatla Anish,
and Praneeth Thanneru

Massive MIMO-OFDM Transmission Without Cellular Networks

Using Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
M. Vijaya Lakshmi and Chelmani Anisha

Designing 802.15.6 MAC Protocols for WBAN (Wireless Body Area)

Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
B. Venkateshulu, G. Krishna Kishore, and T. Kavya
 Contents xvii

A Comparative Analysis of Digital Image Forgery Detection Methods . . . . . . . 1170

Mallellu Sai Prashanth, Ramesh Karnati, Muni Sekhar Velpuru,
and H. Venkateshwara Reddy

Blockchain in Cyber Security: A Comprehensive Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181

Mallellu Sai Prashanth, Ramesh Karnati, Muni Sekhar Velpuru,
and H. Venkateshwara Reddy

Crop Yield Prediction Using Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192

J. R. V. Jeny, Phulari Divya, Kolanu Varsha, Anantha Mrunalini,
and S. K. M. Irfan

Iot Grounded Anti Theft Flooring Security System Using Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . 1200
J. R. V. Jeny, K. Nikhil Goud, Divya Sai Leela Amrutha,
and Kishore Azmira

Application of Unsupervised Learning in Detecting Behavioral Patterns

in E-commerce Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208
J. Divya Udayan, N. Moneesh, Nehith Sai Vemulapalli,
Paladugula Pruthvi, and Rakshith Sakhamuri

Effective Communication Using Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218

Nagaratna P. Hegde, Sireesha Vikkurty,
Vinay Kumar Sriperambuduri, Bingi Srikanth,
and Kakumanu BalaSubba Rao

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225

 Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual
Information with Morse Transform

Bh. Prashanthi, A. Nikhil Datta Sai(B) , A. Joganandha Sai Sravan, M. Sohan,

and G. Rohit

Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Hyderabad, India
bhupathi.prashanthi@gmail.com, nikhiladari10@gmail.com,
joganandha2002@gmail.com, sohanmahaenderkar22@gmail.com,
rohitgorka96@gmail.com

Abstract. Leveraging cutting-edge eye-tracking technology and machine learn-

ing algorithms, a real-time, non-invasive solution that empowers individuals with
motor disabilities, allowing them to communicate seamlessly through natural eye
movements. The project encompasses a comprehensive pipeline, starting with
the collection of precise eye movement data using state-of-the-art eye-tracking
hardware. It employs sophisticated image processing techniques to preprocess
the acquired data, filtering out noise and detecting blink patterns accurately. This
computer vision project not only showcases the potential of eye blink detection
for text-based communication but also highlights the importance of innovative
solutions that empower individuals with physical limitations to interact with tech-
nology effortlessly. Our recommended approach is continually used to test the
effects of light and the distance between a user’s eyes and a mobile device to
assess the exact position, according to test results, offers 90% general exactness
and 100% recognition accuracy for a distance of 15 cm with a false light.

Keywords: Blink Detection · Morse Code · Eye movement Tracking · openCV

1 Introduction

In an increasingly digital world, the ability to communicate effectively is paramount. For

individuals living with severe motor disabilities [10], conventional means of communica-
tion, such as speech or manual text input, may pose significant challenges. As technology
continues to advance, there is a growing need for innovative and inclusive solutions that
empower individuals with limited motor function to interact with computers and digital
devices effortlessly.
Eyeblink movements, a fundamental and involuntary aspect of human physiology,
represent an intriguing avenue for communication. They offer a potential means of
bridging the communication gap for those who may have lost their ability to speak
or use traditional input devices. Blinking, an instinctive and universally understood
action, can serve as a non-invasive and intuitive input method. Harnessing the power of

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025
A. Kumar et al. (Eds.): ICDSMLA 2023, LNEE 1273, pp. 801–810, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8031-0_85
802 B. Prashanthi et al.

computer vision and machine learning, this project aims to explore the development of a
system that converts eye blink movements into plain text—a transformative concept with
far-reaching implications for assistive technology [13] and human-computer interaction.
The advent of eye-tracking technology has paved the way for precise and unobtrusive
monitoring of eye movements. This technology allows for the capture of subtle blink
patterns, which, when properly analyzed [1], can be translated into meaningful com-
mands or text. By recognizing the unique signatures of blinks, such as their duration,
frequency, and intensity, we can create a system that not only interprets these patterns but
also enables users to communicate fluently through their natural eye movements. This
project seeks to address a critical need within the field of assistive technology. We will
outline the comprehensive pipeline of our computer vision project, encompassing data
acquisition through state-of-the-art eye-tracking hardware, preprocessing of eye move-
ment data [4], machine learning model development, blink pattern recognition, and the
mapping of these patterns to plain text. Furthermore, we will emphasize the importance
of user-friendliness, adaptability, and the practicality of our system, ensuring that it can
cater to the unique needs and preferences of its users.

2 Literature Survey

Eye blink detection and its application in human-computer interaction have garnered
significant interest in recent years. Researchers and engineers have explored various
techniques and methodologies to harness the potential of eye blink movements for com-
munication and control. In this section, we review key studies and advancements in the
field, providing insights into the evolution of eye blink-based systems.
Lou Gehrig’s disease, commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [10],
is a fatal condition in which motor neurons are selectively damaged. As organ malfunc-
tion develops, patients eventually lose their movement. Patients eventually experience
difficulty performing even tiny movements and making simple sounds. Researchers have
concentrated on eye movements to interact with quadriplegic individuals because the eye
is the sole moving organ for ALS patients [10]. They have looked on ways to detect eye-
blinks using either cameras or brainwaves, as well as various techniques for choosing
letters on a screen based on eye movements tracked by eye-tracking cameras. The iden-
tification of intent is frequently erroneous when using brainwave-based approaches,
which look at electrical signals from eye movements to infer a patient’s intent. It’s also
possible to employ a camera-based technique that integrates letter selection to find mov-
ing eye feature points; this technique makes it straightforward to ascertain a patient’s
[10] intentions using a predetermined decision-making process. However, it takes a
while to process and is prone to errors in either the sequential selection processes or
the implementation of Morse code that is distributed across all alphabets. We developed
iMouse-sMc, a streamlined Morse code-based user interface [15] paradigm using an eye
mouse, to allow communication with these individuals quicker and easier. Additionally,
we enhanced the eye mouse’s detecting capabilities by utilizing image contrast methods,
allowing us to communicate with patients even at night. [16] This thesis demonstrates
that eye flashes are among the most reliable forms of communication in contemporary
human PC involvement systems. This research proposes a novel method for recognizing
 Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual Information 803

eye flashes, based on format planning and close measurements. Before the extraction
of the eye format, face disclosure is employed to prevent the fake acknowledgment that
would otherwise result from the shifting configuration in the video plot. Because the
connection score typically alters whenever a glimmer occurs, Eye Blink acknowledg-
ment is conducted by that score. The method offers a general accuracy of 92 percent and,
taking into account, a precision of 99 percentile with a 1 percent false positive rate in a
variety of early conditions. In recent years, human PC cooperation has seen a significant
increase in the usage of eye Blink localization methods.
For people with motor neuron diseases, eye-based communication languages like
Blink-To-Speak [11] are essential for conveying their needs and feelings. The majority
of developed eye-based monitoring technologies are expensive and complicated for low-
income nations. For patients with speech problems, Blink-To-Live is an eye-tracking
device based on a modified Blink-To-Speak language and computer vision. Real-time
video frames from a mobile phone camera are sent to computer vision modules for eye
recognition and tracking, as well as for detecting face landmarks [5]. The Blink-To-Live
eye-based communication language has four distinct key alphabets: Left, Right, Up, and
Blink. These eye motions represent more than 60 common orders by alternating between
three different eye movement states. The translation module will show the phrases in the
patient’s native speech on the phone screen when the eye motions encoded sentences are
formed, and the synthesized voice may be heard. The Blink-To-Live system’s prototype
[14] is put to the test utilizing typical instances with various demographics. Blink-To-Live
is simpler, more adaptable, and less expensive than previous sensor-based eye-tracking
systems, and it is not dependent on any particular software or hardware.
70% of human lives can be saved via appropriate acknowledgment and ongoing well-
being monitoring [11]. The tool was created with the express purpose of reducing the
evident losses’ prosperity features throughout the approved time. The usage of GSM and
IoT to track the patient’s condition or health [11] has grown more and more practical. This
recommended approach comprises several great sensors, such as temperature, heartbeat,
eye sparkle, and SPO2 sensors, for evaluating the patient’s internal body temperature,
coronary pulse, eye advancement, and oxygen saturation level. The microcontroller for
this system, which also uses cloud enrollment, is the Arduino Uno board.
The video-based interfaces [11] discussed in this study set up optional special pro-
cedures that, in applications that just need decision orders, can replace the mouse.
Results demonstrate BlinkLink’s ability to clearly discern brash and required glints.
EyebrowClicker tests demonstrate that eyes and eyebrows may be identified and tracked,
making it possible to identify eyebrow rises with great accuracy. Both prior knowledge
of the facial zone or skin tone and unusual illumination are not necessary. The two struc-
tures operate reliably and continuously, which is a great concept for systems that must
respond to facial cues or prompts [11]. The two interfaces can be used simultaneously
with different application applications on modern PCs due to the low computing resource
required. Both EyebrowClicker and BlinkLink can evolve to integrate with other assis-
tive advancements to enhance the spot movement of communication for individuals with
disabilities. They might also be utilized to provide interfaces for plain-language viewing
of both checked and imparted language. One important semantic tool in American Sign
Language (ASL) for expressing a request is an eyebrow lift.
804 B. Prashanthi et al.

To establish a two-way switch and request a decision, two video-based human-PC

cooperation devices are introduced. The essential component, known as “BlinkLink,”
typically detects client eye glints and precisely gauges their lengths. The structure aims to
provide a different informational method to enable even the most profoundly incompetent
individuals to access a PC. While required short gleams are ignored, headstrong long
blinks cause mouse clicks. The system uses “Blink models” for correspondence, which
are collections of long and short glimmers that are converted into semiotic messages
[12]. Recently, there has been a drive to replace traditional human-computer interfaces
like the keyboard and mouse with clever interfaces that allow users to assist the PC even
more frequently and appropriately.
The study introduces a dream-based human-PC interaction. Persistent eyeblinks are
recognized by the interface as control orders [12]. The used image preparation tech-
nologies will include Haar-like features for improved face disclosure and configuration
arranging based on eye following and eye-blink confirmation. 49 customers (of whom 12
had a definite blockage) attempted interface performance. The results of the tests demon-
strate the utility of the interface in use as a PC communication method of choice. The
customers had the option of researching the Internet and were given access to English
and Polish content. The interface relies on a notepad equipped with a standard web
camera and does not require any additional lighting. It is possible to view the interface
application online as open-source code. According to results that have been collected, the
suggested computation rewards for cautious confirmation of purposeful eye-Blinks [12]
with a movement of around 99%. Test results demonstrate how effective the designed
eye-glitter-controlled user interface is for interacting with the machine. Clients who
were working less had positive sentiments. Under the moniker “blink,” Polish Telecom
and the Orange Group provided the foundation for the demonstration of open-source
programming as a user interface for people with disabilities.
In summary, the literature reveals a compelling evolution in the field of eye blink
detection for communication. From simple binary actions to complex machine learning-
based recognition systems, researchers have made substantial strides in harnessing the
potential of eye blinks for plain text communication. This project contributes to this
evolving landscape by further exploring the capabilities and practicality of blink-based
communication systems, aiming to provide users with an intuitive and efficient means
of interaction in the digital age.

3 Research Gaps

Morse code transformation using eye blinks is an intriguing and potentially useful area
of research, especially for individuals with disabilities or in situations where voice com-
munication is not possible or practical. While there has been some work in this field,
there are still several research gaps that need to be addressed. Some of these research
gaps include:
The accuracy and speed of Morse code generation and decoding using eye blinks
can be improved. Research should focus on developing more efficient algorithms and
machine learning models for recognizing and interpreting eye blinks accurately. Design-
ing user-friendly interfaces for Morse code communication with eye blinks is crucial.
 Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual Information 805

Research should explore the development of user-friendly hardware and software inter-
faces, including eye-tracking devices, headsets, and applications that can be easily used
by individuals with different levels of motor control. These systems should be able to
adapt to changes in blinking speed and accuracy over time and accommodate users
with various eye conditions or impairments. Research should address the issue of noise
and interference in eye blink-based Morse code communication. Addressing privacy and
security concerns is crucial, especially if this technology is used for sensitive or confiden-
tial communication. It’s crucial to make sure that the gear and software utilized for eye
blink-based Morse code communication are long-term reliable and durable. Investigate
how these systems may be updated and maintained throughout time.

4 Methodology
In this approach, [2] the eye blink durations are represented by widely recognized Morse
codes demonstrated in Fig. 1, which may be used to map the eye blinks to strings [3],
which is useful for communication. The table of Morse codes is seen below.

Fig. 1. Morse-Code table

Face detection and facial landmarks prediction are the first two sub-modules of
the facial landmarks detection module. The objective of this module is to identify the
patient’s face and extract the positions of 68 facial coordinates that correspond to various
facial features, including the eyes, mouth, nose, and other features. The words are shown
in the patient’s original tongue, such as Arabic, German, etc., thanks to a translation
module.
Important facial landmarks including the nose, eyes, brows, lips, and others are found
on the face. The patient’s eyes are the most crucial face feature in our system. In our
proposed framework, the facial landmarks module consists of two fundamental steps:
identifying the face from the pictures captured from video frames and then accurately
localizing the significant facial features on the region of interest on the face. However,
before an eye can be identified, a face must first be recognized. The facial landmark
806 B. Prashanthi et al.

Fig. 2. Positions of the 68 facial landmarks, facial landmark detection, open eyes with landmarks,
and closed eyes with landmarks are shown in (a), (b), (c), and (d) of the figure, respectively.

detector then extracts the face’s feature points, connects the outline feature points of the
eye, and calculates the eye position to complete eye identification. The iBUG 300-W
dataset was used to train the model, which is used to estimate the x and y coordinates of
68 face landmarks. The model is implemented in the dlib package. In order to identify
face landmarks on real-time pictures retrieved from video frames, our suggested solution
uses the dlib pre-trained model. The second phase involves determining whether the eye
has blinked for a brief or prolonged amount of time utilizing the size and location of
the pupil, the position and angle of the eyelids, etc., within the detected eye area. Then,
by comparing the length of the eyeblinks to a predetermined, streamlined Morse code
combination, the appropriate letter is deduced. The typo-correcting SymSpell algorithm
effectively suggests alternatives when a phrase is inadvertently misspelled.
Using a trained facial landmark detector from the dlib package, we first computed the
coordinates of 68 feature points on the face to detect eyes. By computing the gradient
in the direction of the histogram at each pixel position in the picture, the landmark
detector creates feature vectors based on histograms of directed gradients. A support
vector machine classifier is used to identify 68 facial landmarks in the resulting vector,
which may be used to define the contour of the face as well as the eyes, nose, ears, and
mouth. As a consequence, it numbers each facial feature point as shown in Fig. 2a, and
applies it to the face picture to identify landmarks that surround feature portions of the
face, such as the eyes and nose, as illustrated in Fig. 2b. The right eye in the illustration
corresponds to feature points 43–48, whereas the left eye is represented by feature points
37–42. The appropriate feature points [8] are extracted to identify blinking, but they are
extracted with a size big enough to encompass the region around the landmark—roughly
1.2 times the area of the landmark—to reduce detection error. The results of extracting
eyes while the eyes are open and closed, respectively, are shown in Fig. 2c,d. Each eye
is identified by six feature points (p1…p6).
With the use of the facial landmarks module, each eye is located using six coordinates,
and the relationship between eye height and width can be represented by the EAR [6],
which is calculated using the formula:
p2 − p6 + p3 − p5
EAR = (1)
2p1 − p4
where p1 , p2 , p3 , etc., are the coordinates of the eye’s landmarks
When it blinks, it’s roughly equal to zero. Therefore, the ratio can tell if the patient
is blinking. It computes t, a predetermined threshold value (0.2 in our application). A
single blink is recognized and can be counted as many times as blinks have happened if
 Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual Information 807

the EAR value is dropped by less than 0.2 and then increased by more than 0.2. Based
on comparing EAR with the t threshold value, the following equation shows how the
eye’s opening and shutting states are identified. When compared to the planned blink,
which lasts 800 ms, the normal blink, which lasts between 100 and 400 ms, is extremely
brief. To differentiate between a typical blink and a patient’s blink, which serves as an
alphabet in the Blink-To-Live [7] eye-based language, we employed the methodology
described. The remedy calls for checking the EAR value throughout the course of 13
video frames; if the EAR is still less than 0.2, the problem is the desired language blink.
The blink is very quick and might be normal given that the camera takes 25 frames per
second if the number of inspecting frames is less than 13 frames.
{
Eyeclosed EAR ≤ t
(2)
Eyeopen EAR > t

The red mouse pointer with a circle around it started at the top left corner of a quadrant
display like the one in Fig. 3 with quadrant navigation, and it automatically traveled
clockwise to the next quadrant every second. Seven alphabetic or control letters—A to
G, H to N, O to U, V to Z, Space, and Delete—were allocated to each quadrant, and
they remained in place until the patient chose the proper quadrant with two brief blinks.
The user had to memorize fewer Morse codes as a result, which made learning easier
and allowed for improved accuracy and quicker processing. The user inputs four brief
blinks to return to the beginning screen and chooses the alphabet present in the other
quadrants once the desired letter is output. After fully keying in the chosen letter, the
user moved to the typo correction process with one long blink and two short blinks [9].

Fig. 3. On-screen keyboard arrangement.

The SymSpell algorithm was used to check for mistakes and, if required, repair
them after all the desired alphabets had been output on the screen. It is an effective open-
source library that is frequently used for natural language processing tasks like text
completion and spell checking. It performs best when using the Damerau-Levenshtein
distance metric and N-gram, and because of its quick search times, it may be used for
real-time searches. It is very good at processing enormous volumes of data. It begins by
compiling a lookup table, or lexicon, from a sizable collection of datasets so that it can
identify the correct term if a mistake occurs in an input word. Additionally, it keeps track
of the word’s frequency for use in mistake correction. The input words are then divided
into N-grams using the generated dictionary, and a Trie data structure that identifies the
808 B. Prashanthi et al.

word to which each N-gram belongs is produced. Based on this, it corrects the input
word’s typos by first looking for words that contain all of the word’s N-grams to create a
list of candidate words, scoring those words using frequency and Damerau-Levenshtein
distance, and then returning the word with the highest score as the corrected word (Figs. 4
and 5).

Fig.4. IoT communication system

Fig.5. IoT Smart Glasses for Muscles impaired patients

5 Conclusions
Different eye movements are translated into a set of everyday instructions that patients
use to convey their feelings and wants using a collection of computer vision modules and
a modified version of the Blink-To-Speak language. Only the phones with compatible
 Morse Code Encryption: Securing Visual Information 809

cameras will be used by patients and carers to monitor various patients’ eye movements.
We have demonstrated that the Eye Aspect Ratio is a very efficient tool for identifying
blinks in addition to the traditional method. For spies or military people who need
to deliver a coded message without the adversary knowing, this gadget may be useful.
Currently, the following assumptions are made about how impaired people communicate.
This device can be used for military personnel to communicate in a war zone in a discreet
manner with the necessary hardware and software upgrades. Additionally, with a slight
modification to the design, it can be applied to smart home apps that allow us to interact
with household equipment with simple eye blinks.

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