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Wa0012.

The document outlines a physics investigatory project focused on studying the EMF of fruit cells using a potentiometer. It includes sections on the project's aim, introduction, requirements, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and bibliography. The project aims to explore the potential of fruit as a power source for small appliances and provides a detailed methodology for conducting the experiment.

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69 views18 pages

Wa0012.

The document outlines a physics investigatory project focused on studying the EMF of fruit cells using a potentiometer. It includes sections on the project's aim, introduction, requirements, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and bibliography. The project aims to explore the potential of fruit as a power source for small appliances and provides a detailed methodology for conducting the experiment.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

STUDY OF THE EMF OF THE FRUIT CELLS


USING POTENTIOMETER

NAME:
CLASS: XII
SECTION: F
ROLL NO:
AISSCE 2024-25

MOTHER’S PUBLIC SCHOOL,


Unit-1, Bhubaneswar
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that of class XII-F, Roll No.


of Mother’s Public School, Unit-1, Bhubaneswar has
successfully performed the project entitled “STUDY OF
THE FRUIT CELLS USING POTENTIOMETER” in
accordance with the conditions laid down by All India
Senior Certificate Examination (AISSCE) under my
guidance during the academic year 2024-25.

PRINCIPAL’S EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S TEACHER’S


SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my immense and
sincere thanks to my subject teachers Mrs Jasodhara
Senapati and Mr Panchanan Jena for their valuable and
cooperative guidance without which my endeavours
wouldn’t have been successful.
I am also extremely thankful to our principal for
supporting me in doing this project.
I owe a sincere gratitude to my family members and
friends for their support in completion of the project in
every way possible.
INDEX

SL.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.


1. AIM OF THE 1
PROJECT
2. INTRODUCTION 2

3. REQUIREMENTS 3
4. THEORY 4
5. PROCEDURE 5-6
6. OBSERVATIONS 7-9
7. CALCULATIONS 10
8. RESULTS 11
9. PRECAUTIONS 12
9. SOURCES OF 13
ERROR
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To study the EMF of fruit cells using potentiometer.
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use in
electronic appliances and it is increasing day by day.
Thus, the batteries need to powerful so that their
potential can be increased. Fruits that we eat contain a
lot of energy and have a good enough potential which
can be used as batteries to run small appliances or at
least for experimental purposes.
REQUIREMENT

➢ Potentiometer
➢ Battery eliminator
➢ Resistance box
➢ Jockey
➢ Ammeter
➢ Galvanometer
➢ Rheostat
➢ Key
➢ Connecting wire
➢ Lemon juice
➢ Pomegranate juice
➢ Orange juice
➢ Watermelon juice
➢ Copper vessel
➢ Porous pot
➢ Daniel cell
➢ Electrolytic vessel
THEORY

E1/E2=L1/L2 where E1 and E2 are the emf of the two


given cell and L1 and L2 are the corresponding lengths
of the potentiometer wire.
PROCEDURE

• The positive pole of the battery wire was


connected to the zero end of the potentiometer
and negative pole through a one way key, an
ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the
other end of the potentiometer.
• The positive poles of the cells E1 and E2 were
connected to the terminals at zero end and
negative poles to the terminals A and B of the two-
way key.
• Common terminal ‘c’ of the two-way key was
connected through a galvanometer (G) and a
resistance box to a jockey.
• A 2000 ohm plug was taken out from the
resistance box. The jockey was pressed at the zero
end and the direction of deflection in the
galvanometer was noted. The jockey was pressed
at the other end of the potentiometer if the
direction is opposite to the first case the
connection ‘r’ is connected.
• The plug in the key ‘K’ as well as plug as in the two
key was inserted. The jockey was slided over the
potentiometer wires.
• The cell E1 was removed from the plug gap AC of
the two key and two ways key and the cell E2 was
inserted in gap BC. The length L2 for cell E2 was
found out.
• The above observations were repeated alternately
for each cell by increasing or adjusting the
rheostat. The observation was noted.
OBSERVATIONS

1. E.m.f. of battery element=


2. Range of milliammeter=
3. Least count of milliammeter=
4. Zero error=
5. Range of voltmeter=
6. Least count of voltmeter=
7. Steady current in ammeter=
8. E.m.f of Daniel cell(E2)=
• For lemon
Current(in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2
mA) length l1 length l2
when E1 (fruit when E2
cell) is (Daniel cell)
connected is connected
• For pomegranate
Current(in Balancing length Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2
mA) l1 when E1 (fruit length l2
cell) is connected when E2
(Daniel cell)
is
connected

• For orange
Current (in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2
mA) length l1 length l2
when E1 (fruit when E2
cell) is (Daniel cell)
connected is connected
• For watermelon
Current(in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2
mA) length l1 when length l2
E1 (fruit cell) is when E2
connected (Daniel cell)
is connected
CALCULATIONS

• For lemon cell,


Mean l1 / l2 =

E1/E2 =l1 / l2
=>E1=E2l1/l2=
• For pomegranate cell,
Mean l1 / l2 =

E1/E2=l1/l2
=>E1=E2l1/l2=
• For orange cell,
Mean l1 / l2 =

E1/E2=l1/l2
=>E1=E2l1/l2=
• For watermelon cell,
Mean l1/l2=

=>E1=E2l1/l2=
RESULTS

• Emf of lemon cell was

• Emf of pomegranate cell was

• Emf of orange cell was

• Emf of watermelon cell was


PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be near, clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be done.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and
E 2 should l, all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than
the e.m.fs of the either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken
out from resistance box before the jockey is moved
along the wire.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.


2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistance may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia
• www.sciencedirect.com
• www.knowledgecycle.com
• https://archive.org/details/texts
• www.britannica.com

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