MOTOROLA Order this document

SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA by MC145151–2/D

MC145151-2
PLL Frequency Synthesizer MC145152-2
Family MC145155-2
CMOS MC145156-2
The devices described in this document are typically used as low–power, MC145157-2
phase–locked loop frequency synthesizers. When combined with an external
low–pass filter and voltage–controlled oscillator, these devices can provide all MC145158-2
the remaining functions for a PLL frequency synthesizer operating up to the
device’s frequency limit. For higher VCO frequency operation, a down mixer or
a prescaler can be used between the VCO and the synthesizer IC.
These frequency synthesizer chips can be found in the following and other
applications:
CATV TV Tuning
AM/FM Radios Scanning Receivers
Two–Way Radios Amateur Radio

OSC ÷R

CONTROL LOGIC φ

÷A ÷N

÷ P/P + 1 VCO

OUTPUT
FREQUENCY

CONTENTS
Page
DEVICE DETAIL SHEETS
MC145151–2 Parallel–Input, Single–Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
MC145152–2 Parallel–Input, Dual–Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MC145157–2 Serial–Input, Single–Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
MC145158–2 Serial–Input, Dual–Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS
Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
DC Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
AC Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Timing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Frequency Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Phase Detector/Lock Detector Output Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Phase–Locked Loop — Low–Pass Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Crystal Oscillator Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dual–Modulus Prescaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

REV 4
12/99

 Motorola, Inc. 1999

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2
1
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA

MC145151-2
Parallel-Input PLL Frequency
Synthesizer P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
Interfaces with Single–Modulus Prescalers CASE 710
28
The MC145151–2 is programmed by 14 parallel–input data lines for the 1
N counter and three input lines for the R counter. The device features consist of
a reference oscillator, selectable–reference divider, digital–phase detector, and
DW SUFFIX
14–bit programmable divide–by–N counter.
SOG PACKAGE
The MC145151–2 is an improved–performance drop–in replacement for the 28
CASE 751F
MC145151–1. The power consumption has decreased and ESD and latch–up 1

performance have improved.

ORDERING INFORMATION
• Operating Temperature Range: – 40 to 85°C
MC145151P2 Plastic DIP
• Low Power Consumption Through Use of CMOS Technology
MC145151DW2 SOG Package
• 3.0 to 9.0 V Supply Range
• On– or Off–Chip Reference Oscillator Operation
• Lock Detect Signal
• ÷ N Counter Output Available PIN ASSIGNMENT
• Single Modulus/Parallel Programming
• 8 User–Selectable ÷ R Values: 8, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 2410, 8192 fin 1 28 LD
• ÷ N Range = 3 to 16383 VSS 2 27 OSCin
• “Linearized” Digital Phase Detector Enhances Transfer Function Linearity
VDD 3 26 OSCout
• Two Error Signal Options: Single–Ended (Three–State) or Double–Ended
• Chip Complexity: 8000 FETs or 2000 Equivalent Gates PDout 4 25 N11
RA0 5 24 N10
RA1 6 23 N13
RA2 7 22 N12
φR 8 21 T/R
φV 9 20 N9
fV 10 19 N8
N0 11 18 N7
N1 12 17 N6
N2 13 16 N5
N3 14 15 N4

REV 1
8/95


MC145151–2 through MC145158–2
Motorola, Inc. 1995 MOTOROLA
2
 MC145151–2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

RA2
RA1 14 x 8 ROM REFERENCE DECODER
OSCout RA0
14 LOCK
LD
DETECT
OSCin 14–BIT ÷ R COUNTER

PHASE
DETECTOR PDout
A

fin 14–BIT ÷ N COUNTER

VDD PHASE φV
14 DETECTOR
B φR
T/R TRANSMIT OFFSET ADDER

fV
N13 N11 N9 N7 N6 N4 N2 N0

NOTE: N0 – N13 inputs and inputs RA0, RA1, and RA2 have pull–up resistors that are not shown.

PIN DESCRIPTIONS sure that inputs left open remain at a logic 1 and require only
an SPST switch to alter data to the zero state.
INPUT PINS
fin T/R
Frequency Input (Pin 1) Transmit/Receive Offset Adder Input (Pin 21)
Input to the ÷ N portion of the synthesizer. fin is typically This input controls the offset added to the data provided at
derived from loop VCO and is ac coupled into the device. For the N inputs. This is normally used for offsetting the VCO
larger amplitude signals (standard CMOS logic levels) dc frequency by an amount equal to the IF frequency of the
coupling may be used. transceiver. This offset is fixed at 856 when T/R is low and
gives no offset when T/R is high. A pull–up resistor ensures
RA0 – RA2 that no connection will appear as a logic 1 causing no offset
Reference Address Inputs (Pins 5, 6, 7) addition.
These three inputs establish a code defining one of eight
possible divide values for the total reference divider, as OSCin, OSCout
defined by the table below. Reference Oscillator Input/Output (Pins 27, 26)
Pull–up resistors ensure that inputs left open remain at a These pins form an on–chip reference oscillator when con-
logic 1 and require only a SPST switch to alter data to the nected to terminals of an external parallel resonant crystal.
zero state. Frequency setting capacitors of appropriate value must be
connected from OSC in to ground and OSC out to ground.
Reference Address Code Total OSC in may also serve as the input for an externally–gener-
Divide ated reference signal. This signal is typically ac coupled to
RA2 RA1 RA0 Value OSC in, but for larger amplitude signals (standard CMOS
0 0 0 8 logic levels) dc coupling may also be used. In the external
0 0 1 128 reference mode, no connection is required to OSC out.
0 1 0 256
0 1 1 512 OUTPUT PINS
1 0 0 1024
1 0 1 2048 PDout
1 1 0 2410 Phase Detector A Output (Pin 4)
1 1 1 8192 Three–state output of phase detector for use as loop–error
signal. Double–ended outputs are also available for this pur-
N0 – N11 pose (see φV and φR).
N Counter Programming Inputs (Pins 11 – 20, 22 – 25) Frequency fV > fR or fV Leading: Negative Pulses
These inputs provide the data that is preset into the ÷ N Frequency fV < fR or fV Lagging: Positive Pulses
counter when it reaches the count of zero. N0 is the least sig- Frequency fV = fR and Phase Coincidence: High–Imped-
nificant and N13 is the most significant. Pull–up resistors en- ance State

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

3
φR , φV nally connected to the phase detector input. With this output
Phase Detector B Outputs (Pins 8, 9) available, the ÷ N counter can be used independently.
These phase detector outputs can be combined externally LD
for a loop–error signal. A single–ended output is also avail- Lock Detector Output (Pin 28)
able for this purpose (see PDout ).
If frequency fV is greater than fR or if the phase of fV is Essentially a high level when loop is locked (fR, fV of same
leading, then error information is provided by φV pulsing low. phase and frequency). Pulses low when loop is out of lock.
φR remains essentially high. POWER SUPPLY
If the frequency fV is less than fR or if the phase of fV is
lagging, then error information is provided by φR pulsing low. VDD
φV remains essentially high. Positive Power Supply (Pin 3)
If the frequency of fV = fR and both are in phase, then both The positive power supply potential. This pin may range
φV and φR remain high except for a small minimum time from + 3 to + 9 V with respect to VSS.
period when both pulse low in phase.
VSS
fV Negative Power Supply (Pin 2)
N Counter Output (Pin 10) The most negative supply potential. This pin is usually
This is the buffered output of the ÷ N counter that is inter- ground.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
2.048 MHz

NC NC

OSCin OSCout fin RA2 RA1 RA0

VOLTAGE
MC145151–2 PDout CONTROLLED
OSCILLATOR
N13 N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1 N0
5 – 5.5 MHz

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 5 MHz
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 5.5 MHz

Figure 1. 5 MHz to 5.5 MHz Local Oscillator Channel Spacing = 1 kHz

LOCK DETECT SIGNAL TRANSMIT: 440.0 – 470.0 MHz

“1” “1” “0” RECEIVE: 418.6 – 448.6 MHz
CHOICE OF (25 kHz STEPS)
DETECTOR
OSCout RA2 RA1 RA0 LD fV ERROR
PDout SIGNALS
OSCin LOOP
+V VDD φR VCO X6
MC145151–2 FILTER
VSS fV
REF. OSC.
10.0417 MHz fin T: 73.3333 – 78.3333 MHz
T/R
(ON–CHIP OSC. T: 13.0833 – 18.0833 MHz R: 69.7667 – 74.7667 MHz
OPTIONAL) R: 9.5167 – 14.5167 MHz
“0” “0” “1” DOWN
CHANNEL PROGRAMMING MIXER
RECEIVE
TRANSMIT ÷ N = 2284 TO 3484
(ADDS 856 TO
÷ N VALUE)
X6
60.2500 MHz
NOTES:
1. fR = 4.1667 kHz; ÷ R = 2410; 21.4 MHz low side injection during receive.
2. Frequency values shown are for the 440 – 470 MHz band. Similar implementation applies to the 406 – 440 MHz band.
For 470 – 512 MHz, consider reference oscillator frequency X9 for mixer injection signal (90.3750 MHz).
Figure 2. Synthesizer for Land Mobile Radio UHF Bands

MC145151–2 Data Sheet Continued on Page 15

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

4
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA

MC145152-2
Parallel-Input PLL Frequency
Synthesizer P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
Interfaces with Dual–Modulus Prescalers CASE 710
28
The MC145152–2 is programmed by sixteen parallel inputs for the N and A 1
counters and three input lines for the R counter. The device features consist of
a reference oscillator, selectable–reference divider, two–output phase detector,
DW SUFFIX
10–bit programmable divide–by–N counter, and 6–bit programmable ÷ A
SOG PACKAGE
counter. 28
1
CASE 751F
The MC145152–2 is an improved–performance drop–in replacement for the
MC145152–1. Power consumption has decreased and ESD and latch–up
performance have improved. ORDERING INFORMATION
MC145152P2 Plastic DIP
• Operating Temperature Range: – 40 to 85°C
MC145152DW2 SOG Package
• Low Power Consumption Through Use of CMOS Technology
• 3.0 to 9.0 V Supply Range
• On– or Off–Chip Reference Oscillator Operation
• Lock Detect Signal PIN ASSIGNMENT
• Dual Modulus/Parallel Programming
• 8 User–Selectable ÷ R Values: 8, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1160, 2048 fin 1 28 LD
• ÷ N Range = 3 to 1023, ÷ A Range = 0 to 63 VSS 2 27 OSCin
• Chip Complexity: 8000 FETs or 2000 Equivalent Gates
VDD 3 26 OSCout
• See Application Note AN980
RA0 4 25 A4
RA1 5 24 A3
RA2 6 23 A0
φR 7 22 A2
φV 8 21 A1
MC 9 20 N9
A5 10 19 N8
N0 11 18 N7
N1 12 17 N6
N2 13 16 N5
N3 14 15 N4

REV 1
8/95

 Motorola, Inc. 1995

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2
5
 MC145152–2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

RA2
RA1 12 x 8 ROM REFERENCE DECODER
OSCout RA0
12
LOCK
12–BIT ÷ R COUNTER
OSCin LD
DETECT

MC

CONTROL PHASE φV
LOGIC DETECTOR φR

fin

6–BIT ÷ A COUNTER 10–BIT ÷ N COUNTER

A5 A3 A2 A0 N0 N2 N4 N5 N7 N9

NOTE: N0 – N9, A0 – A5, and RA0 – RA2 have pull–up resistors that are not shown.

PIN DESCRIPTIONS Prescaling section). The A inputs all have internal pull–up
resistors that ensure that inputs left open will remain at a
INPUT PINS logic 1.
fin OSCin, OSCout
Frequency Input (Pin 1) Reference Oscillator Input/Output (Pins 27, 26)
Input to the positive edge triggered ÷ N and ÷ A counters. These pins form an on–chip reference oscillator when con-
fin is typically derived from a dual–modulus prescaler and is nected to terminals of an external parallel resonant crystal.
ac coupled into the device. For larger amplitude signals Frequency setting capacitors of appropriate value must be
(standard CMOS logic levels) dc coupling may be used. connected from OSC in to ground and OSC out to ground.
OSC in may also serve as the input for an externally–gener-
RA0, RA1, RA2
ated reference signal. This signal is typically ac coupled to
Reference Address Inputs (Pins 4, 5, 6)
OSC in, but for larger amplitude signals (standard CMOS
These three inputs establish a code defining one of eight logic levels) dc coupling may also be used. In the external
possible divide values for the total reference divider. The reference mode, no connection is required to OSCout.
total reference divide values are as follows:
OUTPUT PINS
Reference Address Code Total
Divide φR , φV
RA2 RA1 RA0 Value Phase Detector B Outputs (Pins 7, 8)
0 0 0 8 These phase detector outputs can be combined externally
0 0 1 64 for a loop–error signal.
0 1 0 128 If the frequency fV is greater than fR or if the phase of fV is
0 1 1 256 leading, then error information is provided by φV pulsing low.
1 0 0 512 φR remains essentially high.
1 0 1 1024 If the frequency fV is less than fR or if the phase of fV is
1 1 0 1160 lagging, then error information is provided by φR pulsing low.
1 1 1 2048 φV remains essentially high.
If the frequency of fV = fR and both are in phase, then both
N0 – N9
φV and φR remain high except for a small minimum time
N Counter Programming Inputs (Pins 11 – 20)
period when both pulse low in phase.
The N inputs provide the data that is preset into the ÷ N
counter when it reaches the count of 0. N0 is the least signifi- MC
cant digit and N9 is the most significant. Pull–up resistors en- Dual–Modulus Prescale Control Output (Pin 9)
sure that inputs left open remain at a logic 1 and require only Signal generated by the on–chip control logic circuitry for
a SPST switch to alter data to the zero state. controlling an external dual–modulus prescaler. The MC
level will be low at the beginning of a count cycle and will
A0 – A5 remain low until the ÷ A counter has counted down from its
A Counter Programming Inputs programmed value. At this time, MC goes high and remains
(Pins 23, 21, 22, 24, 25, 10) high until the ÷ N counter has counted the rest of the way
The A inputs define the number of clock cycles of fin that down from its programmed value (N – A additional counts
require a logic 0 on the MC output (see Dual–Modulus since both ÷ N and ÷ A are counting down during the first

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

6
portion of the cycle). MC is then set back low, the counters POWER SUPPLY
preset to their respective programmed values, and the above
sequence repeated. This provides for a total programmable VDD
divide value (NT) = N • P + A where P and P + 1 represent the Positive Power Supply (Pin 3)
dual–modulus prescaler divide values respectively for high The positive power supply potential. This pin may range
and low MC levels, N the number programmed into the ÷ N from + 3 to + 9 V with respect to VSS.
counter, and A the number programmed into the ÷ A counter.
LD VSS
Lock Detector Output (Pin 28) Negative Power Supply (Pin 2)
Essentially a high level when loop is locked (fR, fV of same The most negative supply potential. This pin is usually
phase and frequency). Pulses low when loop is out of lock. ground.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

NO CONNECTS

“1” “1” “1” 150 – 175 MHz

LOCK DETECT SIGNAL
10.24 MHz 5 kHz STEPS
NOTE 1 R2 C

OSCout RA2 RA1 RA0 LD R1

φR –
OSCin
R1 VCO
φV +
MC33171
MC145152–2 R2
MC NOTE 2
+V VDD
fin C
VSS
N9 N0 A5 A0

CHANNEL PROGRAMMING MC12017

÷ 64/65 PRESCALER
NOTES:
1. Off–chip oscillator optional.
2. The φR and φV outputs are fed to an external combiner/loop filter. See the Phase–Locked Loop — Low–Pass Filter
Design page for additional information. The φR and φV outputs swing rail–to–rail. Therefore, the user should be careful
not to exceed the common mode input range of the op amp used in the combiner/loop filter.

Figure 1. Synthesizer for Land Mobile Radio VHF Bands

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

7
 RECEIVER 2ND L.O.
REF. OSC. NO CONNECTS 30.720 MHz
15.360 MHz
(ON–CHIP OSC. X2 RECEIVER FIRST L.O.
“1” “1” “1” LOCK DETECT SIGNAL
OPTIONAL) 825.030 → 844.980 MHz
R2 C (30 kHz STEPS)
OSCout RA2 RA1 RA0 LD R1
φR –
OSCin X4
R1 VCO
φV + NOTE 6
+V VDD MC145152–2 NOTE 7
NOTE 5 R2
MC
VSS
fin C TRANSMITTER X4
MODULATION NOTE 6
N9 N0 A5 A0

MC12017
÷ 64/65 PRESCALER TRANSMITTER SIGNAL
CHANNEL PROGRAMMING
NOTE 6 825.030 → 844.980 MHz
(30 kHz STEPS)
NOTES:
1. Receiver 1st I.F. = 45 MHz, low side injection; Receiver 2nd I.F. = 11.7 MHz, low side injection.
2. Duplex operation with 45 MHz receiver/transmit separation.
3. fR = 7.5 kHz; ÷ R = 2048.
4. Ntotal = N 64 + A = 27501 to 28166; N = 429 to 440; A = 0 to 63.
5. MC145158–2 may be used where serial data entry is desired.
6. High frequency prescalers (e.g., MC12018 [520 MHz] and MC12022 [1 GHz]) may be used for higher frequency VCO and fref
implementations.
7. The φR and φV outputs are fed to an external combiner/loop filter. See the Phase–Locked Loop — Low–Pass Filter Design page for
additional information. The φR and φV outputs swing rail–to–rail. Therefore, the user should be careful not to exceed the common mode
input range of the op amp used in the combiner/loop filter.

Figure 2. 666–Channel, Computer–Controlled, Mobile Radiotelephone Synthesizer

for 800 MHz Cellular Radio Systems

MC145152–2 Data Sheet Continued on Page 15

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

8
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA

MC145157-2
Serial-Input PLL Frequency
Synthesizer P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
Interfaces with Single–Modulus Prescalers CASE 648
16

The MC145157–2 has a fully programmable 14–bit reference counter, as well 1

as a fully programmable ÷ N counter. The counters are programmed serially

through a common data input and latched into the appropriate counter latch,
DW SUFFIX
according to the last data bit (control bit) entered.
16
SOG PACKAGE
The MC145157–2 is an improved–performance drop–in replacement for the CASE 751G
1
MC145157–1. Power consumption has decreased and ESD and latch–up
performance have improved.
ORDERING INFORMATION
• Operating Temperature Range: – 40 to 85°C
MC145157P2 Plastic DIP
• Low Power Consumption Through Use of CMOS Technology
MC145157DW2 SOG Package
• 3.0 to 9.0 V Supply Range
• Fully Programmable Reference and ÷ N Counters
• ÷ R Range = 3 to 16383
• ÷ N Range = 3 to 16383 PIN ASSIGNMENT
• fV and fR Outputs
• Lock Detect Signal OSCin 1 16 φR
• Compatible with the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) on CMOS MCUs OSCout 2 15 φV
• “Linearized” Digital Phase Detector
fV 3 14 REFout
• Single–Ended (Three–State) or Double–Ended Phase Detector Outputs
• Chip Complexity: 6504 FETs or 1626 Equivalent Gates VDD 4 13 fR
PDout 5 12 S/Rout
VSS 6 11 ENB
LD 7 10 DATA
fin 8 9 CLK

REV 1
8/95

 Motorola, Inc. 1995

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2
9
 MC145157–2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

14–BIT SHIFT REGISTER

14
fR
ENB
REFERENCE COUNTER LATCH
LOCK
14 LD
DETECT

OSCin 14–BIT ÷ R COUNTER

PHASE
OSCout PDout
DETECTOR
REFout A

14–BIT ÷ N COUNTER φV
PHASE
fin
DETECTOR
B φR
14

÷ N COUNTER LATCH fV

1–BIT 14
DATA
CONTROL S/Rout
14–BIT SHIFT REGISTER
S/R
CLK

PIN DESCRIPTIONS if the control bit is at a logic low. A logic low on this pin allows
the user to change the data in the shift registers without
INPUT PINS affecting the counters. ENB is normally low and is pulsed
high to transfer data to the latches.
fin
Frequency Input (Pin 8) OSCin, OSCout
Input frequency from VCO output. A rising edge signal on Reference Oscillator Input/Output (Pins 1, 2)
this input decrements the ÷ N counter. This input has an These pins form an on–chip reference oscillator when con-
inverter biased in the linear region to allow use with ac nected to terminals of an external parallel resonant crystal.
coupled signals as low as 500 mV p–p. For larger amplitude Frequency setting capacitors of appropriate value must be
signals (standard CMOS logic levels), dc coupling may be connected from OSC in to ground and OSC out to ground.
used. OSC in may also serve as the input for an externally–gener-
ated reference signal. This signal is typically ac coupled to
CLK, DATA OSC in, but for larger amplitude signals (standard CMOS
Shift Clock, Serial Data Inputs (Pins 9, 10) logic levels) dc coupling may also be used. In the external
Each low–to–high transition of the clock shifts one bit of reference mode, no connection is required to OSC out.
data into the on–chip shift registers. The last data bit entered
OUTPUT PINS
determines which counter storage latch is activated; a logic 1
selects the reference counter latch and a logic 0 selects the PDout
÷ N counter latch. The entry format is as follows: Single–Ended Phase Detector A Output (Pin 5)
This single–ended (three–state) phase detector output
CONTROL

produces a loop–error signal that is used with a loop filter to

MSB
LSB

control a VCO.
Frequency fV > fR or fV Leading: Negative Pulses
Frequency fV < fR or fV Lagging: Positive Pulses
FIRST DATA BIT INTO SHIFT REGISTER Frequency fV = fR and Phase Coincidence: High–Imped-
ance State
ENB
Latch Enable Input (Pin 11) φR , φV
A logic high on this pin latches the data from the shift regis- Double–Ended Phase Detector B Outputs (Pins 16, 15)
ter into the reference divider or ÷ N latches depending on the These outputs can be combined externally for a loop–error
control bit. The reference divider latches are activated if the signal. A single–ended output is also available for this pur-
control bit is at a logic high and the ÷ N latches are activated pose (see PDout ).

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

10
 If frequency fV is greater than fR or if the phase of fV is REFout
leading, then error information is provided by φV pulsing low. Buffered Reference Oscillator Output (Pin 14)
φR remains essentially high. This output can be used as a second local oscillator, refer-
If the frequency fV is less than fR or if the phase of fV is ence oscillator to another frequency synthesizer, or as the
lagging, then error information is provided by φR pulsing low. system clock to a microprocessor controller.
φV remains essentially high.
If the frequency of fV = fR and both are in phase, then both S/Rout
φV and φR remain high except for a small minimum time Shift Register Output (Pin 12)
period when both pulse low in phase. This output can be connected to an external shift register
f R , fV to provide band switching, control information, and counter
R Counter Output, N Counter Output (Pins 13, 3) programming code checking.
Buffered, divided reference and fin frequency outputs. The POWER SUPPLY
fR and fV outputs are connected internally to the ÷ R and ÷ N
counter outputs respectively, allowing the counters to be VDD
used independently, as well as monitoring the phase detector Positive Power Supply (Pin 4)
inputs. The positive power supply potential. This pin may range
from + 3 to + 9 V with respect to VSS.
LD
Lock Detector Output (Pin 7) VSS
This output is essentially at a high level when the loop is Negative Power Supply (Pin 6)
locked (fR, fV of same phase and frequency), and pulses low The most negative supply potential. This pin is usually
when loop is out of lock. ground.

MC145157–2 Data Sheet Continued on Page 15

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

11
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA

MC145158-2
Serial-Input PLL Frequency
Synthesizer P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
Interfaces with Dual–Modulus Prescalers CASE 648
16
The MC145158–2 has a fully programmable 14–bit reference counter, as well 1

as fully programmable ÷ N and ÷ A counters. The counters are programmed

serially through a common data input and latched into the appropriate counter
DW SUFFIX
latch, according to the last data bit (control bit) entered.
16
SOG PACKAGE
The MC145158–2 is an improved–performance drop–in replacement for the CASE 751G
1
MC145158–1. Power consumption has decreased and ESD and latch–up
performance have improved.
ORDERING INFORMATION
• Operating Temperature Range: – 40 to 85°C
MC145158P2 Plastic DIP
• Low Power Consumption Through Use of CMOS Technology
MC145158DW2 SOG Package
• 3.0 to 9.0 V Supply Range
• Fully Programmable Reference and ÷ N Counters
• ÷ R Range = 3 to 16383
• ÷ N Range = 3 to 1023 PIN ASSIGNMENT
• Dual Modulus Capability; ÷ A Range = 0 to 127
• fV and fR Outputs OSCin 1 16 φR
• Lock Detect Signal OSCout 2 15 φV
• Compatible with the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) on CMOS MCUs
fV 3 14 REFout
• “Linearized” Digital Phase Detector
• Single–Ended (Three–State) or Double–Ended Phase Detector Outputs VDD 4 13 fR
• Chip Complexity: 6504 FETs or 1626 Equivalent Gates PDout 5 12 MC
VSS 6 11 ENB
LD 7 10 DATA
fin 8 9 CLK

REV 1
8/95


MC145151–2 through MC145158–2
Motorola, Inc. 1995 MOTOROLA
12
 MC145158–2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

14–BIT SHIFT REGISTER

14
fR
ENB
REFERENCE COUNTER LATCH
LOCK
14 LD
DETECT

OSCin 14–BIT ÷ R COUNTER

PHASE
OSCout PDout
DETECTOR
CONTROL LOGIC
REFout A

7–BIT ÷ A 10–BIT ÷ N PHASE φV

fin
COUNTER COUNTER DETECTOR
B φR
7 10
÷ A COUNTER ÷ N COUNTER
fV
LATCH LATCH

1–BIT 7 10
DATA
CONTROL MC
7–BIT S/R 10–BIT S/R
S/R
CLK

PIN DESCRIPTIONS ÷A ÷N
CONTROL

INPUT PINS

MSB

MSB
LSB

LSB
fin
Frequency Input (Pin 8)
Input frequency from VCO output. A rising edge signal on FIRST DATA BIT INTO SHIFT REGISTER
this input decrements the ÷ A and ÷ N counters. This input
has an inverter biased in the linear region to allow use with ENB
ac coupled signals as low as 500 mV p–p. For larger ampli- Latch Enable Input (Pin 11)
tude signals (standard CMOS logic levels), dc coupling may A logic high on this pin latches the data from the shift regis-
be used. ter into the reference divider or ÷ N, ÷ A latches depending on
the control bit. The reference divider latches are activated if
CLK, DATA the control bit is at a logic high and the ÷ N, ÷ A latches are
Shift Clock, Serial Data Inputs (Pins 9, 10) activated if the control bit is at a logic low. A logic low on this
pin allows the user to change the data in the shift registers
Each low–to–high transition of the CLK shifts one bit of
without affecting the counters. ENB is normally low and is
data into the on–chip shift registers. The last data bit entered
pulsed high to transfer data to the latches.
determines which counter storage latch is activated; a logic 1
selects the reference counter latch and a logic 0 selects the OSCin, OSCout
÷ A, ÷ N counter latch. The data entry format is as follows: Reference Oscillator Input/Output (Pins 1, 2)
These pins form an on–chip reference oscillator when con-
÷R nected to terminals of an external parallel resonant crystal.
Frequency setting capacitors of appropriate value must be
CONTROL

connected from OSC in to ground and OSC out to ground.

MSB
LSB

OSC in may also serve as the input for an externally–gener-

ated reference signal. This signal is typically ac coupled to
OSCin, but for larger amplitude signals (standard CMOS log-
ic levels) dc coupling may also be used. In the external refer-
FIRST DATA BIT INTO SHIFT REGISTER ence mode, no connection is required to OSC out.

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

13
OUTPUT PINS dual–modulus prescaler divide values respectively for high
and low modulus control levels, N the number programmed
PDout into the ÷ N counter, and A the number programmed into the
Phase Detector A Output (Pin 5) ÷ A counter. Note that when a prescaler is needed, the dual–
modulus version offers a distinct advantage. The dual–
This single–ended (three–state) phase detector output modulus prescaler allows a higher reference frequency at
produces a loop–error signal that is used with a loop filter to the phase detector input, increasing system performance ca-
control a VCO. pability, and simplifying the loop filter design.
Frequency fV > fR or fV Leading: Negative Pulses
Frequency fV < fR or fV Lagging: Positive Pulses f R , fV
Frequency fV = fR and Phase Coincidence: High–Imped- R Counter Output, N Counter Output (Pins 13, 3)
ance State
Buffered, divided reference and fin frequency outputs. The
φR , φV fR and fV outputs are connected internally to the ÷ R and
Phase Detector B Outputs (Pins 16, 15) ÷ N counter outputs respectively, allowing the counters to be
used independently, as well as monitoring the phase detector
Double–ended phase detector outputs. These outputs can
inputs.
be combined externally for a loop–error signal. A single–
ended output is also available for this purpose (see PDout ).
LD
If frequency fV is greater than fR or if the phase of fV is
Lock Detector Output (Pin 7)
leading, then error information is provided by φV pulsing low.
φR remains essentially high. This output is essentially at a high level when the loop is
If the frequency fV is less than fR or if the phase of fV is locked (fR, fV of same phase and frequency), and pulses low
lagging, then error information is provided by φR pulsing low. when loop is out of lock.
φV remains essentially high.
If the frequency of fV = fR and both are in phase, then both REFout
φV and φR remain high except for a small minimum time Buffered Reference Oscillator Output (Pin 14)
period when both pulse low in phase. This output can be used as a second local oscillator, refer-
ence oscillator to another frequency synthesizer, or as the
MC system clock to a microprocessor controller.
Dual–Modulus Prescale Control Output (Pin 12)
This output generates a signal by the on–chip control logic POWER SUPPLY
circuitry for controlling an external dual–modulus prescaler.
The MC level is low at the beginning of a count cycle and
VDD
remains low until the ÷ A counter has counted down from its
Positive Power Supply (Pin 4)
programmed value. At this time, MC goes high and remains
high until the ÷ N counter has counted the rest of the way The positive power supply potential. This pin may range
down from its programmed value (N – A additional counts from + 3 to + 9 V with respect to VSS.
since both ÷ N and ÷ A are counting down during the first por-
tion of the cycle). MC is then set back low, the counters pre- VSS
set to their respective programmed values, and the above Negative Power Supply (Pin 6)
sequence repeated. This provides for a total programmable The most negative supply potential. This pin is usually
divide value (NT) = N  P + A where P and P + 1 represent the ground.

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

14
 MC14515X–2 FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS

MAXIMUM RATINGS* (Voltages Referenced to VSS)

Symbol Parameter Value Unit These devices contain protection circuitry to
protect against damage due to high static
VDD DC Supply Voltage – 0.5 to + 10.0 V voltages or electric fields. However, precau-
tions must be taken to avoid applications of any
Vin, Vout Input or Output Voltage (DC or Transient) – 0.5 to VDD + 0.5 V
voltage higher than maximum rated voltages
except SW1, SW2
to these high–impedance circuits. For proper
Vout Output Voltage (DC or Transient), – 0.5 to + 15 V operation, Vin and Vout should be constrained
SW1, SW2 (Rpull–up = 4.7 kΩ) to the range VSS ≤ (Vin or Vout) ≤ VDD
except for SW1 and SW2.
Iin, Iout Input or Output Current (DC or Transient), ± 10 mA SW1 and SW2 can be tied through external
per Pin resistors to voltages as high as 15 V, indepen-
IDD, ISS Supply Current, VDD or VSS Pins ± 30 mA dent of the supply voltage.
Unused inputs must always be tied to an
PD Power Dissipation, per Package† 500 mW appropriate logic voltage level (e.g., either VSS
Tstg Storage Temperature – 65 to + 150 °C or VDD), except for inputs with pull–up devices.
Unused outputs must be left open.
TL Lead Temperature, 1 mm from Case for 260 °C
10 seconds
* Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur.
Functional operation should be restricted to the limits in the Electrical Characteristics
tables or Pin Descriptions section.
†Power Dissipation Temperature Derating:
Plastic DIP: – 12 mW/°C from 65 to 85°C
SOG Package: – 7 mW/°C from 65 to 85°C

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Voltages Referenced to VSS)

– 40°C 25°C 85°C
VDD
Symbol Parameter Test Condition V Min Max Min Max Min Max Unit
VDD Power Supply Voltage — 3 9 3 9 3 9 V
Range
Iss Dynamic Supply Current fin = OSCin = 10 MHz, 3 — 3.5 — 3 — 3 mA
1 V p–p ac coupled sine 5 — 10 — 7.5 — 7.5
wave 9 — 30 — 24 — 24
R = 128, A = 32, N = 128
ISS Quiescent Supply Current Vin = VDD or VSS 3 — 800 — 800 — 1600 µA
(not including pull–up Iout = 0 µA 5 — 1200 — 1200 — 2400
current component) 9 — 1600 — 1600 — 3200
Vin Input Voltage — fin, OSCin Input ac coupled sine wave — 500 — 500 — 500 — mV p–p
VIL Low–Level Input Voltage Vout ≥ 2.1 V Input dc 3 — 0 — 0 — 0 V
— fin, OSCin Vout ≥ 3.5 V coupled 5 — 0 — 0 — 0
Vout ≥ 6.3 V square wave 9 — 0 — 0 — 0
VIH High–Level Input Voltage Vout ≤ 0.9 V Input dc 3 3.0 — 3.0 — 3.0 — V
— fin, OSCin Vout ≤ 1.5 V coupled 5 5.0 — 5.0 — 5.0 —
Vout ≤ 2.7 V square wave 9 9.0 — 9.0 — 9.0 —
VIL Low–Level Input Voltage 3 — 0.9 — 0.9 — 0.9 V
— except fin, OSCin 5 — 1.5 — 1.5 — 1.5
9 — 2.7 — 2.7 — 2.7
VIH High–Level Input Voltage 3 2.1 — 2.1 — 2.1 — V
— except fin, OSCin 5 3.5 — 3.5 — 3.5 —
9 6.3 — 6.3 — 6.3 —
Iin Input Current (fin, OSCin) Vin = VDD or VSS 9 ±2 ± 50 ±2 ± 25 ±2 ± 22 µA
IIL Input Leakage Current Vin = VSS 9 — – 0.3 — – 0.1 — – 1.0 µA
(Data, CLK, ENB —
without pull–ups)
IIH Input Leakage Current (all Vin = VDD 9 — 0.3 — 0.1 — 1.0 µA
inputs except fin, OSCin)
(continued)

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

15
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
– 40°C 25°C 85°C
VDD
Symbol Parameter Test Condition V Min Max Min Max Min Max Unit
IIL Pull–up Current (all inputs Vin = VSS 9 – 20 – 400 – 20 – 200 – 20 – 170 µA
with pull–ups)
Cin Input Capacitance — — 10 — 10 — 10 pF
VOL Low–Level Output Iout ≈ 0 µA 3 — 0.9 — 0.9 — 0.9 V
Voltage — OSCout Vin = VDD 5 — 1.5 — 1.5 — 1.5
9 — 2.7 — 2.7 — 2.7
VOH High–Level Output Iout ≈ 0 µA 3 2.1 — 2.1 — 2.1 — V
Voltage — OSCout Vin = VSS 5 3.5 — 3.5 — 3.5 —
9 6.3 — 6.3 — 6.3 —
VOL Low–Level Output Iout ≈ 0 µA 3 — 0.05 — 0.05 — 0.05 V
Voltage — Other Outputs 5 — 0.05 — 0.05 — 0.05
9 — 0.05 — 0.05 — 0.05
VOH High–Level Output Iout ≈ 0 µA 3 2.95 — 2.95 — 2.95 — V
Voltage — Other Outputs 5 4.95 — 4.95 — 4.95 —
9 8.95 — 8.95 — 8.95 —
V(BR)DSS Drain–to–Source Rpull–up = 4.7 kΩ — 15 — 15 — 15 — V
Breakdown Voltage —
SW1, SW2
IOL Low–Level Sinking Vout = 0.3 V 3 1.30 — 1.10 — 0.66 — mA
Current — MC Vout = 0.4 V 5 1.90 — 1.70 — 1.08 —
Vout = 0.5 V 9 3.80 — 3.30 — 2.10 —
IOH High–Level Sourcing Vout = 2.7 V 3 – 0.60 — – 0.50 — – 0.30 — mA
Current — MC Vout = 4.6 V 5 – 0.90 — – 0.75 — – 0.50 —
Vout = 8.5 V 9 – 1.50 — – 1.25 — – 0.80 —
IOL Low–Level Sinking Vout = 0.3 V 3 0.25 — 0.20 — 0.15 — mA
Current — LD Vout = 0.4 V 5 0.64 — 0.51 — 0.36 —
Vout = 0.5 V 9 1.30 — 1.00 — 0.70 —
IOH High–Level Sourcing Vout = 2.7 V 3 – 0.25 — – 0.20 — – 0.15 — mA
Current — LD Vout = 4.6 V 5 – 0.64 — – 0.51 — – 0.36 —
Vout = 8.5 V 9 – 1.30 — – 1.00 — – 0.70 —
IOL Low–Level Sinking Vout = 0.3 V 3 0.80 — 0.48 — 0.24 — mA
Current — SW1, SW2 Vout = 0.4 V 5 1.50 — 0.90 — 0.45 —
Vout = 0.5 V 9 3.50 — 2.10 — 1.05 —
IOL Low–Level Sinking Vout = 0.3 V 3 0.44 — 0.35 — 0.22 — mA
Current — Other Outputs Vout = 0.4 V 5 0.64 — 0.51 — 0.36 —
Vout = 0.5 V 9 1.30 — 1.00 — 0.70 —
IOH High–Level Sourcing Vout = 2.7 V 3 – 0.44 — – 0.35 — – 0.22 — mA
Current — Other Outputs Vout = 4.6 V 5 – 0.64 — – 0.51 — – 0.36 —
Vout = 8.5 V 9 – 1.30 — – 1.00 — – 0.70 —
IOZ Output Leakage Current — Vout = VDD or VSS 9 — ± 0.3 — ± 0.1 — ± 1.0 µA
PDout Output in Off State
IOZ Output Leakage Current — Vout = VDD or VSS 9 — ± 0.3 — ± 0.1 — ± 3.0 µA
SW1, SW2 Output in Off State
Cout Output Capacitance — PDout — Three–State — — 10 — 10 — 10 pF
PDout

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

16
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CL = 50 pF, Input tr = tf = 10 ns)
VDD Guaranteed Limit Guaranteed Limit
Symbol Parameter V 25°C – 40 to 85°C Unit
tPLH, tPHL Maximum Propagation Delay, fin to MC 3 110 120 ns
(Figures 1 and 4) 5 60 70
9 35 40
tPHL Maximum Propagation Delay, ENB to SW1, SW2 3 160 180 ns
(Figures 1 and 5) 5 80 95
9 50 60
tw Output Pulse Width, φR, φV, and LD with fR in Phase with fV 3 25 to 200 25 to 260 ns
(Figures 2 and 4) 5 20 to 100 20 to 125
9 10 to 70 10 to 80
tTLH Maximum Output Transition Time, MC 3 115 115 ns
(Figures 3 and 4) 5 60 75
9 40 60
tTHL Maximum Output Transition Time, MC 3 60 70 ns
(Figures 3 and 4) 5 34 45
9 30 38
tTLH, tTHL Maximum Output Transition Time, LD 3 180 200 ns
(Figures 3 and 4) 5 90 120
9 70 90
tTLH, tTHL Maximum Output Transition Time, Other Outputs 3 160 175 ns
(Figures 3 and 4) 5 80 100
9 60 65

SWITCHING WAVEFORMS

VDD
INPUT 50%
— VSS tw
tPLH tPHL
φR, φV, LD* 50%

OUTPUT 50%
* fR in phase with fV.
Figure 1. Figure 2.

tTLH tTHL
ANY 90%
OUTPUT
10%

Figure 3.
VDD
TEST POINT TEST POINT

OUTPUT OUTPUT 15 kΩ

DEVICE DEVICE
UNDER CL* UNDER CL*
TEST TEST

* Includes all probe and fixture capacitance. * Includes all probe and fixture capacitance.

Figure 4. Test Circuit Figure 5. Test Circuit

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

17
TIMING REQUIREMENTS (Input tr = tf = 10 ns unless otherwise indicated)
VDD Guaranteed Limit Guaranteed Limit
Symbol Parameter V 25°C – 40 to 85°C Unit
fclk Serial Data Clock Frequency, Assuming 25% Duty Cycle 3 dc to 5.0 dc to 3.5 MHz
NOTE: Refer to CLK tw(H) below 5 dc to 7.1 dc to 7.1
(Figure 6) 9 dc to 10 dc to 10
tsu Minimum Setup Time, Data to CLK 3 30 30 ns
(Figure 7) 5 20 20
9 18 18
th Minimum Hold Time, CLK to Data 3 40 40 ns
(Figure 7) 5 20 20
9 15 15
tsu Minimum Setup Time, CLK to ENB 3 70 70 ns
(Figure 7) 5 32 32
9 25 25
trec Minimum Recovery Time, ENB to CLK 3 5 5 ns
(Figure 7) 5 10 10
9 20 20
tw(H) Minimum Pulse Width, CLK and ENB 3 50 70 ns
(Figure 6) 5 35 35
9 25 25
tr, tf Maximum Input Rise and Fall Times — Any Input 3 5 5 µs
(Figure 8) 5 4 4
9 2 2

SWITCHING WAVEFORMS

— VDD
tw(H) DATA 50%
— VDD VSS
CLK, tsu
50%
ENB th
1 * VSS
— VDD
4 fclk CLK 50% LAST FIRST
CLK CLK VSS
*Assumes 25% Duty Cycle.
tsu trec
— VDD
Figure 6. ENB 50%
VSS
PREVIOUS
DATA
tt tf
LATCHED
ANY 90% — VDD
OUTPUT
10% VSS Figure 7.

Figure 8.

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

18
FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS (Voltages References to VSS, CL = 50 pF, Input tr = tf =10 ns unless otherwise indicated)
– 40°C 25°C 85°C
VDD
Symbol Parameter Test Condition V Min Max Min Max Min Max Unit
fi Input Frequency R ≥ 8, A ≥ 0, N ≥ 8 3 — 6 — 6 — 6 MHz
(fin, OSCin) Vin = 500 mV p–p 5 — 15 — 15 — 15
ac coupled sine wave 9 — 15 — 15 — 15
R ≥ 8, A ≥ 0, N ≥ 8 3 — 12 — 12 — 7 MHz
Vin = 1 V p–p ac coupled 5 — 22 — 20 — 20
sine wave 9 — 25 — 22 — 22
R ≥ 8, A ≥ 0, N ≥ 8 3 — 13 — 12 — 8 MHz
Vin = VDD to VSS 5 — 25 — 22 — 22
dc coupled square wave 9 — 25 — 25 — 25
NOTE: Usually, the PLL’s propagation delay from fin to MC plus the setup time of the prescaler determines the upper frequency limit of the system.
The upper frequency limit is found with the following formula: f = P / (tP + tset) where f is the upper frequency in Hz, P is the lower of the dual
modulus prescaler ratios, tP is the fin to MC propagation delay in seconds, and tset is the prescaler setup time in seconds.
For example, with a 5 V supply, the fin to MC delay is 70 ns. If the MC12028A prescaler is used, the setup time is 16 ns. Thus, if the 64/65
ratio is utilized, the upper frequency limit is f = P / (tP + tset) = 64/(70 + 16) = 744 MHz.

fR VH
REFERENCE
OSC ÷ R VL
fV VH
FEEDBACK
(fin ÷ N) VL
VH
*
PDout HIGH IMPEDANCE

VL
VH
φR
VL
VH
φV
VL
VH
LD
VL

VH = High Voltage Level.

VL = Low Voltage Level.
* At this point, when both fR and fV are in phase, the output is forced to near mid–supply.
NOTE: The PDout generates error pulses during out–of–lock conditions. When locked in phase and frequency the output is high
and the voltage at this pin is determined by the low–pass filter capacitor.

Figure 9. Phase Detector/Lock Detector Output Waveforms

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

19
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PHASE–LOCKED LOOP — LOW–PASS FILTER DESIGN

A) PDout KφKVCO
VCO ωn =
R1 NR1C
φR —
C Nωn
ζ =
φV — 2KφKVCO
1
F(s) =
R1sC + 1

B) PDout VCO KφKVCO

R1 ωn =
NC(R1 + R2)
φR — R2
N
φV — C ζ = 0.5 ωn ǒ R2C + Ǔ
KφKVCO

R2sC + 1
F(s) =
(R1 + R2)sC + 1

R2
C) PDout — KφKVCO
ωn =
R1 C NCR1
φR _
ωnR2C
φV +A VCO
ζ =
R1 2

R2 ASSUMING GAIN A IS VERY LARGE, THEN:

C R2sC + 1
F(s) =
R1sC

NOTE: Sometimes R1 is split into two series resistors, each R1 ÷ 2. A capacitor CC is then placed from the midpoint to ground to further
filter φV and φR. The value of CC should be such that the corner frequency of this network does not significantly affect ωn.
The φR and φV outputs swing rail–to–rail. Therefore, the user should be careful not to exceed the common mode input range of the
op amp used in the combiner/loop filter.

DEFINITIONS:
N = Total Division Ratio in feedback loop
Kφ (Phase Detector Gain) = VDD/4π for PDout
Kφ (Phase Detector Gain) = VDD/2π for φV and φR
2π∆fVCO
KVCO (VCO Gain) =
∆VVCO
for a typical design wn (Natural Frequency) ≈ 2πfr (at phase detector input).
10
Damping Factor: ζ ≅ 1

RECOMMENDED READING:
Gardner, Floyd M., Phaselock Techniques (second edition). New York, Wiley–Interscience, 1979.
Manassewitsch, Vadim, Frequency Synthesizers: Theory and Design (second edition). New York, Wiley–Interscience, 1980.
Blanchard, Alain, Phase–Locked Loops: Application to Coherent Receiver Design. New York, Wiley–Interscience, 1976.
Egan, William F., Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock. New York, Wiley–Interscience, 1981.
Rohde, Ulrich L., Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizers Theory and Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice–Hall, 1983.
Berlin, Howard M., Design of Phase–Locked Loop Circuits, with Experiments. Indianapolis, Howard W. Sams and Co., 1978.
Kinley, Harold, The PLL Synthesizer Cookbook. Blue Ridge Summit, PA, Tab Books, 1980.
AN535, Phase–Locked Loop Design Fundamentals, Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., 1970.
AR254, Phase–Locked Loop Design Articles, Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., Reprinted with permission from Electronic Design,
1987.

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

20
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CONSIDERATIONS C L values. The shunt load capacitance, C L , presented
across the crystal can be estimated to be:
The following options may be considered to provide a ref-
CinCout
erence frequency to Motorola’s CMOS frequency synthe- CL = + Ca + Co + C1 • C2
sizers. Cin + Cout C1 + C2
where
Use of a Hybrid Crystal Oscillator
Cin = 5 pF (see Figure 11)
Commercially available temperature–compensated crystal Cout = 6 pF (see Figure 11)
oscillators (TCXOs) or crystal–controlled data clock oscilla- Ca = 1 pF (see Figure 11)
tors provide very stable reference frequencies. An oscillator CO = the crystal’s holder capacitance
capable of sinking and sourcing 50 µA at CMOS logic levels (see Figure 12)
may be direct or dc coupled to OSCin. In general, the highest C1 and C2 = external capacitors (see Figure 10)
frequency capability is obtained utilizing a direct–coupled
square wave having a rail–to–rail (VDD to VSS) voltage Ca
swing. If the oscillator does not have CMOS logic levels on
the outputs, capacitive or ac coupling to OSCin may be used. Cin Cout
OSCout, an unbuffered output, should be left floating.
For additional information about TCXOs and data clock
oscillators, please consult the latest version of the eem Elec-
tronic Engineers Master Catalog, the Gold Book, or similar Figure 11. Parasitic Capacitances of the Amplifier
publications.
RS LS CS
Design an Off–Chip Reference
1 2 1 2
The user may design an off–chip crystal oscillator using
ICs specifically developed for crystal oscillator applications,
such as the MC12061 MECL device. The reference signal CO
from the MECL device is ac coupled to OSCin. For large am-
plitude signals (standard CMOS logic levels), dc coupling is 1 Re Xe 2
used. OSCout, an unbuffered output, should be left floating.
In general, the highest frequency capability is obtained with a
direct–coupled square wave having rail–to–rail voltage NOTE: Values are supplied by crystal manufacturer
swing. (parallel resonant crystal).

Use of the On–Chip Oscillator Circuitry Figure 12. Equivalent Crystal Networks

The on–chip amplifier (a digital inverter) along with an ap- The oscillator can be “trimmed” on–frequency by making a
propriate crystal may be used to provide a reference source portion or all of C1 variable. The crystal and associated com-
frequency. A fundamental mode crystal, parallel resonant at ponents must be located as close as possible to the OSCin
the desired operating frequency, should be connected as and OSCout pins to minimize distortion, stray capacitance,
shown in Figure 10. stray inductance, and startup stabilization time. In some
cases, stray capacitance should be added to the value for Cin
FREQUENCY and Cout.
Rf
SYNTHESIZER Power is dissipated in the effective series resistance of the
crystal, Re, in Figure 12. The drive level specified by the crys-
tal manufacturer is the maximum stress that a crystal can
withstand without damage or excessive shift in frequency. R1
OSCin OSCout
in Figure 10 limits the drive level. The use of R1 may not be
R1* necessary in some cases (i.e., R1 = 0 Ω).
To verify that the maximum dc supply voltage does not
C1 C2
overdrive the crystal, monitor the output frequency as a func-
tion of voltage at OSCout. (Care should be taken to minimize
loading.) The frequency should increase very slightly as the
* May be deleted in certain cases. See text. dc supply voltage is increased. An overdriven crystal will de-
crease in frequency or become unstable with an increase in
Figure 10. Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit supply voltage. The operating supply voltage must be re-
duced or R1 must be increased in value if the overdriven
For VDD = 5.0 V, the crystal should be specified for a load- condition exists. The user should note that the oscillator
ing capacitance, CL, which does not exceed 32 pF for fre- start–up time is proportional to the value of R1.
quencies to approximately 8.0 MHz, 20 pF for frequencies in Through the process of supplying crystals for use with
the area of 8.0 to 15 MHz, and 10 pF for higher frequencies. CMOS inverters, many crystal manufacturers have devel-
These are guidelines that provide a reasonable compromise oped expertise in CMOS oscillator design with crystals. Dis-
between IC capacitance, drive capability, swamping varia- cussions with such manufacturers can prove very helpful
tions in stray and IC input/output capacitance, and realistic (see Table 1).

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

21
 Table 1. Partial List of Crystal Manufacturers

Motorola — Internet Address http://motorola.com (Search for resonators)

United States Crystal Corp.

Crystek Crystal

Statek Corp.

Fox Electronics

NOTE: Motorola cannot recommend one supplier over another and in no way suggests
that this is a complete listing of crystal manufacturers.

RECOMMENDED READING DESIGN GUIDELINES

Technical Note TN–24, Statek Corp. The system total divide value, Ntotal (NT) will be dictated by
Technical Note TN–7, Statek Corp. the application:
E. Hafner, “The Piezoelectric Crystal Unit – Definitions and frequency into the prescaler
Method of Measurement”, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 57, No. 2 Feb., NT = =NP+A
frequency into the phase detector
1969.
D. Kemper, L. Rosine, “Quartz Crystals for Frequency N is the number programmed into the ÷ N counter, A is the
Control”, Electro–Technology, June, 1969. number programmed into the ÷ A counter, P and P + 1 are
P. J. Ottowitz, “A Guide to Crystal Selection”, Electronic the two selectable divide ratios available in the dual–modu-
Design, May, 1966. lus prescalers. To have a range of NT values in sequence,
the ÷ A counter is programmed from zero through P – 1 for a
DUAL–MODULUS PRESCALING particular value N in the ÷ N counter. N is then incremented to
N + 1 and the ÷ A is sequenced from 0 through P – 1 again.
OVERVIEW There are minimum and maximum values that can be
The technique of dual–modulus prescaling is well estab- achieved for NT. These values are a function of P and the
lished as a method of achieving high performance frequency size of the ÷ N and ÷ A counters.
synthesizer operation at high frequencies. Basically, the The constraint N ≥ A always applies. If Amax = P – 1, then
approach allows relatively low–frequency programmable Nmin ≥ P – 1. Then NTmin = (P – 1) P + A or (P – 1) P since A
counters to be used as high–frequency programmable is free to assume the value of 0.
counters with speed capability of several hundred MHz. This NTmax = Nmax  P + Amax
is possible without the sacrifice in system resolution and per- To maximize system frequency capability, the dual–modu-
formance that results if a fixed (single–modulus) divider is lus prescaler output must go from low to high after each
used for the prescaler. group of P or P + 1 input cycles. The prescaler should divide
In dual–modulus prescaling, the lower speed counters by P when its modulus control line is high and by P + 1 when
must be uniquely configured. Special control logic is neces- its MC is low.
sary to select the divide value P or P + 1 in the prescaler for For the maximum frequency into the prescaler (fVCOmax),
the required amount of time (see modulus control definition). the value used for P must be large enough such that:
Motorola’s dual–modulus frequency synthesizers contain
1. fVCOmax divided by P may not exceed the frequency
this feature and can be used with a variety of dual–modulus
capability of fin (input to the ÷ N and ÷ A counters).
prescalers to allow speed, complexity and cost to be tailored
to the system requirements. Prescalers having P, P + 1 di- 2. The period of fVCO divided by P must be greater than
vide values in the range of ÷ 3/÷ 4 to ÷ 128/÷ 129 can be con- the sum of the times:
trolled by most Motorola frequency synthesizers. a. Propagation delay through the dual–modulus pre-
Several dual–modulus prescaler approaches suitable for scaler.
use with the MC145152–2, MC145156–2, or MC145158–2 b. Prescaler setup or release time relative to its MC
are: signal.
c. Propagation time from fin to the MC output for the
MC12009 ÷ 5/÷ 6 440 MHz
MC12011 ÷ 8/÷ 9 500 MHz
frequency synthesizer device.
MC12013 ÷ 10/÷ 11 500 MHz A sometimes useful simplification in the programming
MC12015 ÷ 32/÷ 33 225 MHz code can be achieved by choosing the values for P of 8, 16,
MC12016 ÷ 40/÷ 41 225 MHz 32, or 64. For these cases, the desired value of NT results
MC12017 ÷ 64/÷ 65 225 MHz when NT in binary is used as the program code to the ÷ N and
MC12018 ÷ 128/÷ 129 520 MHz ÷ A counters treated in the following manner:
MC12028A ÷ 32/33 or ÷ 64/65 1.1 GHz 1. Assume the ÷ A counter contains “a” bits where 2a ≥ P.
MC12052A ÷ 64/65 or ÷ 128/129 1.1 GHz 2. Always program all higher order ÷ A counter bits above
MC12054A ÷ 64/65 or ÷ 128/129 2.0 GHz “a” to 0.

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

22
 3. Assume the ÷ N counter and the ÷ A counter (with all the the LSB is to correspond to the LSB of ÷ A. The system
higher order bits above “a” ignored) combined into a divide value, NT, now results when the value of NT in
single binary counter of n + a bits in length (n = number binary is used to program the “new” n + a bit counter.
of divider stages in the ÷ N counter). The MSB of this “hy- By using the two devices, several dual–modulus values
pothetical” counter is to correspond to the MSB of ÷ N and are achievable (shown in Figure 13).

MC

DEVICE A DEVICE B

DEVICE
B
DEVICE A MC12009 MC12011 MC12013
MC10131 ÷ 20/÷ 21 ÷ 32/÷ 33 ÷ 40/÷ 41
MC10138 ÷ 50/÷ 51 ÷ 80/÷ 81 ÷ 100/÷ 101

NOTE: MC12009, MC12011, and MC12013 are pin equivalent.

MC12015, MC12016, and MC12017 are pin equivalent.

Figure 13. Dual–Modulus Values

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

23
 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS

P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
CASE 648–08
(MC145157–2, MC145158–D)
NOTES:
–A– 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
16 9 3. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
B 4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH.
1 8 5. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
INCHES MILLIMETERS
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
F C L A 0.740 0.770 18.80 19.55
B 0.250 0.270 6.35 6.85
S C 0.145 0.175 3.69 4.44
D 0.015 0.021 0.39 0.53
SEATING F 0.040 0.70 1.02 1.77
–T– PLANE G 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
H 0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC
H K M J 0.008 0.015 0.21 0.38
J K 0.110 0.130 2.80 3.30
G L 0.295 0.305 7.50 7.74
D 16 PL
M 0_ 10 _ 0_ 10 _
0.25 (0.010) M T A M S 0.020 0.040 0.51 1.01

P SUFFIX
PLASTIC DIP
CASE 710–02
(MC145151–2, MC145152–2)

NOTES:
1. POSITIONAL TOLERANCE OF LEADS (D),
SHALL BE WITHIN 0.25mm (0.010) AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION, IN
RELATION TO SEATING PLANE AND
EACH OTHER.
28 15 2. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS
WHEN FORMED PARALLEL.
3. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE
B MOLD FLASH.
MILLIMETERS INCHES
1 14 DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 36.45 37.21 1.435 1.465
A C L B 13.72 14.22 0.540 0.560
C 3.94 5.08 0.155 0.200
D 0.36 0.56 0.014 0.022
N F 1.02 1.52 0.040 0.060
G 2.54 BSC 0.100 BSC
H 1.65 2.16 0.065 0.085
J 0.20 0.38 0.008 0.015
H G J K 2.92 3.43 0.115 0.135
K M
F D L 15.24 BSC 0.600 BSC
SEATING M 0° 15° 0° 15°
PLANE
N 0.51 1.02 0.020 0.040

MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MOTOROLA

24
 DW SUFFIX
SOG PACKAGE
CASE 751F–04
(MC145151–2, MC145152–2)

-A-
28 15 NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER
14X P ANSI Y14.5M, 1982.
-B- 0.010 (0.25) M B M 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSION A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
PROTRUSION.
1 14 4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15
(0.006) PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE
DAMBAR PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE
28X D DAMBAR PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.13
0.010 (0.25) M T A S B S M (0.005) TOTAL IN EXCESS OF D
DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM MATERIAL
R X 45° CONDITION.
MILLIMETERS INCHES
-T- C DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 17.80 18.05 0.701 0.711
-T- B 7.40 7.60 0.292 0.299
26X G SEATING C 2.35 2.65 0.093 0.104
PLANE
D 0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
K
F F 0.41 0.90 0.016 0.035
G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
J 0.23 0.32 0.009 0.013
J K 0.13 0.29 0.005 0.011
M 0° 8° 0° 8°
P 10.05 10.55 0.395 0.415
R 0.25 0.75 0.010 0.029

DW SUFFIX
SOG PACKAGE
CASE 751G–02
(MC145157–2, MC145158–2)

–A–
16 9
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
–B– 8X P 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
0.010 (0.25) M B M
PROTRUSION.
1 8 4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006) PER
SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
J PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
16X D PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.13 (0.005) TOTAL IN
EXCESS OF D DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM
0.010 (0.25) M T A S B S MATERIAL CONDITION.
F MILLIMETERS INCHES
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 10.15 10.45 0.400 0.411
R X 45 _ B 7.40 7.60 0.292 0.299
C 2.35 2.65 0.093 0.104
D 0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
C F 0.50 0.90 0.020 0.035
–T– G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
SEATING M J 0.25 0.32 0.010 0.012
14X G K PLANE K 0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M 0_ 7_ 0_ 7_
P 10.05 10.55 0.395 0.415
R 0.25 0.75 0.010 0.029

MOTOROLA MC145151–2 through MC145158–2

25
 Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola
data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals”
must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of
others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other
applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury
or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola
and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees
arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that
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Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

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MC145151–2 through MC145158–2 MC145151–2/D
MOTOROLA
26