BEEE102L BASIC ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
albert.alexander@vit.ac.in

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-
SELECT-VIT 1
Module 6
Semiconductor Devices and Applications
Characteristics:
❖ PN Junction diode

❖ Zener diode

❖ BJT

❖ MOSFET

Applications:
❖ Rectifier

❖ Voltage regulator

❖ Operational amplifier

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 2
6.5 Rectifier
❖ Converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which is in only
one direction

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 3
 Half wave rectifier
❖ Converts AC to DC
❖ Half wave rectifier will generate a waveform vo that will
have an average value
❖ Average value is the algebraic sum of the areas above
and below the axis
❖ When employed in the rectification process, a diode is
typically referred to as a rectifier
❖ Its power and current ratings are typically much higher
than those of diodes employed in other applications, such
as computers and communication systems

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 4
Half wave rectifier

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 5
Half wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 6
 Half wave rectifier- operation
❖ During the interval t = 0→T/2 the polarity of the applied
voltage vi is such as to establish “pressure” in the direction
indicated
❖ Turn on the diode with the polarity appearing above the
diode
❖ Substituting the short-circuit equivalence for the ideal
diode will result in the equivalent circuit,
❖ It is fairly obvious that the output signal is an exact replica
of the applied signal
❖ The two terminals defining the output voltage are
connected directly to the applied signal via the short-
circuit equivalence of the diode

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 7
 Half wave rectifier- operation
❖ For the period T/2→T, the polarity of the input vi is – and +
in lieu of + and - resulting polarity across the ideal diode
produces an “off” state with an open-circuit equivalent
❖ The result is the absence of a path for charge to flow, and
vo = iR = (0)R = 0 V for the period T/2→T
❖ The output signal vo now has a net positive area above
the axis over a full period and an average value
determined by
Vdc=Vm/ = 0.318 Vm

❖ The process of removing one-half the input signal to

establish a dc level is called half-wave rectification

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 8
Half wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 9
 Exercise 1
Sketch the output vo and determine the dc level of the output
for the network

SOLUTION

Vdc = -0.318Vm = -0.318(20 V) = -6.36 V

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 10
 Full wave rectifier (Bridge)
❖ The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be
improved 100%
❖ Network has four diodes in a bridge configuration
❖ During the period t = 0 to T >2, diodes D2 and D3 are
conducting, whereas D1 and D4 are in the “off” state
❖ Since the diodes are ideal, the load voltage is vo = vi
❖ For the negative region of the input, the conducting
diodes are D1 and D4
❖ The important result is that the polarity across the load
resistor R is the same as in positive region case
establishing a second positive pulse
❖ Over one full cycle the input and output voltages will
appear as shown in waveforms
Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 11
Full wave rectifier

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 12
Full wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 13
Full wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 14
Full wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 15
 Full wave rectifier analysis
❖ One full cycle is now twice that obtained for a half-wave
system, the dc level has also been doubled

Vdc = 2 (Half wave equation) = 2(0.318Vm) = 0.636 Vm

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 16
 Full wave rectifier – centre tapped
❖ A second popular full-wave rectifier appears with only two
diodes but requiring a center-tapped (CT) transformer to
establish the input signal across each section of the
secondary of the transformer
❖ During the positive portion of vi applied to the primary of
the transformer, the network will appear with a positive
pulse across each section of the secondary coil
❖ D1 assumes the short-circuit equivalent and D2 the
open-circuit equivalent, as determined by the secondary
voltages and the resulting current directions
❖ During negative portion of the input, the diodes reverse
the roles but maintaining the same polarity for the voltage
across the load resistor R
Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 17
Full wave rectifier – centre tapped

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 18
Full wave rectifier- operation

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 19
Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER-SELECT-
VIT 20