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MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

1 State and explain Biot Savarat’s law?
Biot Savarat’s law : The magnitude of the magnetic filed induction ‘dB’ due to small element ‘dl’ of
current carrying conductor is directly proportional to cuurent ‘I’, length of element ‘dl’, sine of the
angle between position vector and current element ‘dl’ and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the point from the element.
Explanation : Consider a small element ‘dl’ on the current
carrying conductor QR. The magnetic field induction ‘dB’ due to
this element at point ‘P’ which is at a distance r from dl is

dl;
;

; ⁄

2 State and explain ampere’s law?

∮̅ ̅
Explanation :
1. Consider a closed curve. ‘dl’ is the small element on the
curve.
2. Let ‘B’ be the magnetic field intensity at ‘dl’.
3. ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
4. ̅ ̅ ̅
we get line integral ̅ ∮ ̅ ̅.
5. The currents i1, i4 are +ve and currents i2, i3 are –ve.
∮̅ ̅
3 What are the basic components of cyclotron? Mention its uses.
Ans. Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate
positively charged particles like protons,

Cyclotron mainly consists of

1. Two hollow D-shaped metallic chambers
D1 and D2.
2. High frequency oscillator.
3. Strong electromagnet.
4. Vaccum chamber.
Uses :
1. It is used for producing radioactive material for medical purposes.
2. It is used to improve the quality of solids by adding ions.
3. It is used to synthesise fresh substances.
4. It is used to bombard the atoms with highly accelerated particles to study the nuclear
reactions.
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4 Derive an for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron?

Ans. Consider an electron of charge ‘e’ revolving in an orbit with speed ‘v’,
radius ‘r’ and time period ‘T’.
Distance travelled by an electron in one rotation S =
Time period

Current(i)

Magnetic Moment(M)

5 Derive an expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of a current carrying coil using biot
savart law?
A Consider a circular coil of radius r and carrying current i as show in fig.
The magnetic induction at centre ‘O’ due to small element ‘dl’ is

The resultant magnetic field due all elements in the loop is

∫ ∫

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1 Obtain an expression for the emf induced across the conductor which is moved in a uniform
magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of motion.
A Consider a rectangular conductor PQRS in which PQ is free to move. It is placed perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field of induction ‘B’.
The rod is moved towards left with a constant velocity. Rectangular conductor PQRS forms a closed
circuit enclosing an area that changes with time as PQ moves.
If length RQ = x and RS = l then Area = lx.
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The magnetic flux enclosed by loop

Emf induced across the conductor PQ is equal to rate of change of

magnetic flux

[ ]

2 Describe the ways in which eddy currents are used to advantage.

Ans. 1. Magnetic braking in trains : When elctromagnets are activated, eddy currents are induced
in the rail which opposes the motion of train.
2. Electromagnetic damping : when coil oscillates, eddy currents gnerated in the core which
opposes the motion of coil and bring it to rest quickly.
3. Induction furnace: when high frequency alternating currents pass through coil which is
surrounded by the metals to be melted, eddy currents generated in metals produce high
temperature and melt it.
4. Electric Power meter: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meters rotated due to Eddy
currents produced in it by Altenating Currents.
3 Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance of two long solenoids.
A Consider two long solenoids S1 & S2 of same
length ‘l’, same area of cross section A and no. of
turns per unit length n1&n2 respectively are
arranged co-axially.
When i1 current passed through S1, the magnetic
flux linked with S2 is N2 2
……..(1)
But ……..(2)
From 1 &2, -----(3)
Similarly, When i2 current passed through S2, the
magnetic flux linked with S1 is N1 1

……..(4)
But ……..(5)
From 4 &5, ------(6)
From 3 &6,

ATOMS
01 What are the limitations of bohr theory of hydrogen atom?
Ans. Limitations:
1. It is applicable to hydrogen atoms only.
2. It could not explain the relative intensities of frequencies in the spectrum.
3. It could not explain the fine structure of spectral lines in hydrogen atom.
4. It could not explain the elliptical orbits.
5. It could not explain the wave nature of electron.
6. It could not explain zeeman and stark effects.
7. It could not explain the splitting of spectra under electric and magnetic field.
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02 Explain different types of spectral lines?

Ans. Lyman series : When an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit nf=1, lyman series is
observed. It lies in UV Region.
[ ]
Balmer series : When an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit nf=2, balmer series is
observed. It lies in visible Region.
[ ]
Paschean series : When an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit nf=3, paschean series is
observed. It lies in near IR Region.
[ ]
Bracket series : When an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit nf=4, bracket series is
observed. It lies in IR Region.
[ ]
Pfund series : When an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit nf=5, pfund series is
observed. It lies in far IR Region.
[ ]
3 Describe Rutherford atom model. What are the drawbacks of this model?
A Rutherford Nuclear model of atom
1. Atom is spherical and mostly hollow.
2. The +ve charge and the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small region at the centre of the
atom is called nucleus.
3. The radius of the nucleus is
4. The electrons present outside the nucleus are equal in number of protons inside the nucleus.
5. Just as the planets revolve around the sun, the electrons revolves around the nucleus.

Drawbacks:
1. If any charged particle moving under the influence of opposite charged
particle then particle loose energy continuously and come closer and closer
to the nucleus and finally falls into the nucleus. Then the atom will be
collapsed.
2. If electron loose energy continuously, the atomic spectrum should
have continuous band but we observe line spectrum.
3. It could not explain the electronic structure of atom.

05. State basic postulates of bohr’s theory of atomic spectra?

Ans. Postulates of Bohr’s theory of atomic spectra :
1. An electron in an atom revolves in certain stable orbits without emission of radiation.
2. The angular momentum of an electron revolve around the nucleus is an integral multiple of

3. When electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit, electromagnetic radiation is emitted.

11 Write a short note on Debroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantiztion?.

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A Debroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantiztion

1. Debroglie explained that the revo;ving electron in a circular orbit
forms a stationary wave with nodes and antinodes.
2. In a stationary wave, the total distance travelled by a wave is an
integral number of wave lengths.
3. For an electron moving in nth circular orbit of radius rn, the total
distance is the circumference of the orbit, .

4. The speed of an electron in nth orbit is vn, then momentum is P=mvn

where m is mass of electron.
5. According to debroglie wave length

6. From 1 & 2,

7. Hence, Bohr’s second postulate of quantization of angular

momentum of an electron is integral multiple of

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1 Describe how a semiconductor diode is used as a half wave rectifier?
Ans. Half wave rectifier : it rectifies
either +ve or –ve half cycles of AC
input.
Construction : It consists of diode,
transformer, load resistance, ac
input as shown fig.

Working :
1. For every half cycle, polarity changes across AB.
2. During +ve half cycle, diode is forward biased and current flows through the diode.
3. During -ve half cycle, diode is reverse biased and current does not flow through the diode.
4. The current flows through the diode only in +ve half cycles.
5. The discontinous pulsative DC output is obtained.
6. .
2. What is rectification? Explain the working of a full wave rectifier?
Rectification : It is the process of converting AC
to DC.
Full wave rectifier : it rectifies both the half
cycles of AC input.
Construction : It consists of two diodes, centre
tap transformer, load resistance, ac input as
shown fig. The potential across the terminals of
AB is out of phase.
Working :
1. During +ve half cycle, Diode D1 is forward biased and Diode D2 is reverse biased. Hence
diode D1 conducts current.
2. During -ve half cycle, Diode D1 is reverse biased and Diode D2 is forward biased. Hence D2
conducts current.
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3. The current flows through RL in both the half cycles.

4. The continous pulsative DC output is obtained.
5. .
6 Distinguish between half-wave and full-wave rectifier?
Ans. Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier
1. Only half cycle of AC converted into DC 1. Both the cycles of AC converted into DC
2. Only one diode is used. 2. Two diodes are used.
3. 3.
4. The discontinous pulsative DC output is 4. The continous pulsative DC output is obtained.
obtained.
5. The number of DC output pulses is equal to 5.The number of DC output pulses is equal to
frequency of AC Input. twice the frequency of AC Input.
11 Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their truth tables? Or Write truth tables of universal gates?
A NAND Gate : This is an AND gate followed by NOT Gate.
Circuit Diagram Truth Table
Input Output
A B ̅̅̅̅
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
NOR Gate : This is an OR gate followed by NOT Gate.
Circuit Diagram Truth Table
Input Output
A B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

ROBLEMS

1 A current of 10 A passes through two very long wires held parallel to each other and separated by a
distance of 1m. What is the force per unit length between them?
i1=i2=10 A; d=1 m;
Force per unit length between two straight parallel conductors.

2 Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0 A in 0.1 sec. If an average emf of 200 V induced, give an
estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit.
i1=5A; i2= 0 A; e = 200 V
di = i1-i2=5-0 = 5A; dt = 0.1 s
Induced emf,

=4 H