Mark Scheme (Results)

January 2025

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Subsidiary Level In Chemistry (WCH11)
Paper 01 Structure, Bonding and Introduction
to Organic Chemistry
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January 2025
Question Paper Log Number P78455A
Publications Code WCH11_01_2501_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2025
General Marking Guidance

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Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the
same way as they mark the last.
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must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
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according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
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scheme should be used appropriately.
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awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
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the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according
to the mark scheme.
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provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
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the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
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has replaced it with an alternative response.
Using the Mark Scheme

Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT
mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates
to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and knowledge.
Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what
is expected it may be worthy of credit.

The mark scheme gives examiners:

• an idea of the types of response expected
• how individual marks are to be awarded
• the total mark for each question
• examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.

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examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.

Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential
to the answer.
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question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.

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the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together
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Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make the
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Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities. Questions
where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the mark scheme, but
this does not preclude others.
Section A

Question
Answer Mark
Number
1 The only correct answer is B (3.6 × 1023) (1)

A is incorrect because this is the number of molecules of carbon dioxide in 8.8 g

C is incorrect because this is the number of molecules of carbon dioxide in 88 g

D is incorrect because this is the number of atoms of carbon dioxide in 88 g

Question
Answer Mark
Number
2 The only correct answer is C (0.0060 mol) (1)

A is incorrect because this is the number of moles of magnesium nitrate in the solution

B is incorrect because this would be correct if the formula of magnesium nitrate was MgNO3

D is incorrect because this is the number of ions that would be present if there were two magnesium ions and two
nitrate ions in each magnesium nitrate

Question
Answer Mark
Number
3 The only correct answer is C (1.6605 × 10‒24) (1)

A is incorrect because this is the mass of a water molecule derived from mass numbers ÷ by the mass in g instead of
× mass in g

B is incorrect because this is the mass of a water molecule in amu ÷ by the mass in g instead of × mass in g

D is incorrect because this is using the mass numbers rather than the relative isotopic masses
 Question
Answer Mark
Number
4 The only correct answer is B (92) (1)

A is incorrect because this is the molecular mass of NO4 which has 82.05% oxygen

C is incorrect because this is the molecular mass of N3O4 which has 60.38% oxygen

D is incorrect because this is 69.57 ÷ 64 × 100 instead of 64 ÷ (69.57 ÷ 100)

Question
Answer Mark
Number
5 The only correct answer is C (10.0 cm3 of 0.90 mol dm‒3 magnesium chloride solution) (1)

A is incorrect because this solution contains 0.012 mol of chloride ions

B is incorrect because this solution contains 0.012 mol of chloride ions

D is incorrect because this solution contains 0.012 mol of chloride ions

Question
Answer Mark
Number
6 The only correct answer is C (0.095 g) (1)

A is incorrect because this has been divided by 1000 not 1000000

B is incorrect because this is ten times too big

D is incorrect because this is the mass of the solute in kg instead of g

 Question
Answer Mark
Number
7 The only correct answer is B (MgSO4•5H2O) (1)

A is incorrect because this has a percentage by mass of water of 57%

C is incorrect because this has a percentage by mass of water of 27%

D is incorrect because this has a percentage by mass of water of 16%

Question
Answer Mark
Number
8 The only correct answer is D (87%) (1)

A is incorrect because this is the atom economy of water

B is incorrect because this is the economy by moles rather than by mass

C is incorrect because this is the value ignoring the stoichiometry (balancing) of the equation for the products

Question
Answer Mark
Number
9 The only correct answer is B (579 1979 2963 6200) (1)

A is incorrect because there is a large jump between 3rd and 4th ionisation energy, so Group 3, but lower first
ionisation energy than B so lower in the group

C is incorrect because there is not a relatively large jump between the 3rd and 4th ionisation energies

D is incorrect because there is not a relatively large jump between the 3rd and 4th ionisation energies
 Question
Answer Mark
Number
10 The only correct answer is D (sulfur molecules have more electrons than phosphorus molecules) (1)

A is incorrect because there is no electronegativity difference so no dipole in sulfur or phosphorus

B is incorrect because the covalent bonds do not break during melting, only intermolecular forces between simple
molecular structures are broken

C is incorrect because sulfur has a simple molecular structure, S8

Question
Answer Mark
Number
11 The only correct answer is A (K+ < Ar < Cl‒ < Br‒) (1)

B is incorrect because potassium ion is the smallest as it is isoelectronic with Ar and Cl‒ and has the most protons

C is incorrect because bromide ion has one more shell of electrons than the others so is the largest

D is incorrect because bromide ion has one more shell of electrons than the others so is the largest

Question
Answer Mark
Number
12 The only correct answer is A (small large) (1)

B is incorrect because the ion needs a large charge

C is incorrect because the ion needs a small radius and a large charge

D is incorrect because the ion needs a small radius

 Question
Answer Mark
Number
13 The only correct answer is B (PCl3F2) (1)

A is incorrect because this is not symmetrical so must have a dipole

C is incorrect because this is not symmetrical as the central equatorial chlorines are asymmetrical so must have a
dipole

D is incorrect because this is not symmetrical so must have a dipole

Question
Answer Mark
Number
14 (1)

The only correct answer is A ( )

B is incorrect because hexane is not an oxidising agent

C is incorrect because hexane is not corrosive

D is incorrect because hexane is not toxic

Question
Answer Mark
Number
15 The only correct answer is B (3,4-dimethyldecane) (1)

A is incorrect because the longest chain has 10 carbons so it is a decane

C is incorrect because the longest chain has 10 carbons so it is a decane

D is incorrect because the numbering of the substituents must give the lowest numbers
 Question
Answer Mark
Number
16 The only correct answer is D (decreases the average number of carbon atoms per molecule) (1)

A is incorrect because cracking converts alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes

B is incorrect because this is fractional distillation

C is incorrect because cracking converts alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes

Question
Answer Mark
Number
17 (1)

The only correct answer is A ( )

B is incorrect because this is the minor product of the addition of BrOH to 2-methylbut-2-ene

C is incorrect because this is the major product of the addition of BrOH to 2-methylbut-1-ene

D is incorrect because this is the minor product of the addition of BrOH to 2-methylbut-1-ene

Question
Answer Mark
Number
18 The only correct answer is D ((i), (ii) and (iii)) (1)

A is incorrect because all three are true

B is incorrect because all three are true

C is incorrect because all three are true

 Question
Answer Mark
Number
19 The only correct answer is B (4π and 38σ) (1)

A is incorrect because there are 38 σ bonds and discounts C‒H bonds attached to carbons in the C=C bonds

C is incorrect because this counts the double bonds as two π bonds

D is incorrect because this counts the double bonds as two π bonds not one π bond and one σ bond

Question
Answer Mark
Number
20 (1)

The only correct answer is D ( )

A is incorrect because the chlorine on C1 and the methyl on C2 are highest priority so E-

B is incorrect because the chlorine on C1 and the ethyl on C2 are highest priority so E-

C is incorrect because the bromine on C1 and the chlorine on C2 are highest priority so E-

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

 Section B

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
21(a)(i) (2)

• displayed formula of chloroethene (1)

• displayed formula of either isomer of or

1-chloropropene (1)

chloroethene 1-chloropropene

Allow the methyl group to be condensed to CH3

Ignore incorrect connectivity to CH3
Ignore labels identifying geometric isomers (E-, Z-, cis-, trans-)
even if incorrect
Penalise non-displayed formulae once only
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
21(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to two of the following Penalise reference to molecules for atoms / groups (2)
points: once only in (a)(ii) and (a)(iii)
(because they)
• have the same functional group(s) (1) Allow they are both alkenes / chloroalkenes /
they both contain C=C / chlorine

• have similar chemical properties (1) Allow same chemical properties

• have the same general formula / Cn H2n-1Cl (1) Do not award same empirical / molecular formula
Do not award an incorrect general formula

• differ from each other by a –CH2– group (1) Do not award –CH2– molecule

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
21(a)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (3)

• (because there is) restricted rotation around the C=C / Allow no rotation around the C=C
carbon to carbon double bond (in both molecules) (1)

• (and) 1-chloropropene has two different groups on each Allow 1-chloropropene has a Cl and a H on one
of the carbons (in the double bond) (1) carbon and a H and a CH3 on the other carbon

• (but) there are two hydrogen (atoms) / same atoms on Allow reverse argument e.g. chloroethene does not
one carbon of chloroethene (1) have different groups (on one carbon)

If M2 and M3 are not scored:

award (1) for geometric isomers must have 2 different
groups on each of the carbons
May reference their diagrams in (a)(i)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
21(b)(i) (2)

• formula showing CHCl‒CH(CH3) (1) Accept correct multiple repeat units

Accept Cl and CH3 on same side of C-C
Ignore connectivity to CH3

• brackets and extension bonds and subscript n on the (1) Allow any type of bracket
right Allow N for n

Example of formula
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
21(b)(ii) An answer that makes reference to two of the following points: (2)

• less dense / less weight (1) Allow lower mass

• doesn’t corrode / rust / oxidise (1) Allow unreactive / does not react
Allow long life of the piping means it does not need to
be replaced
Ignore non-biodegradable
Do not award reference to “it is biodegradable”
Do not award reference to erosion

• no metal (ions) get into the water supply (1) Ignore pollution, keeps water clean
Ignore references to cost of energy, recycling,
production, insulation properties
Ignore comparisons of sustainability / renewable
resources even if incorrect

(Total for Question 21 = 11 marks)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
22(a) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• to show that the electrons have opposite spin Allow different spin
Allow spin in different / opposite direction
Award spin +½ and ‒½
Do not award spin/rotate around the nucleus in
opposite direction
Do not award references to attraction / positive
charges

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
22(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (2)

• some of the electrons are in an s sub-shell / orbital Do not award s / p shell

and
some electrons are in the p sub-shell / orbital (1)

• (they don’t have the same energy because) electrons in p (1) Accept reverse argument
sub-shell / orbital have higher energy Allow mention of singular p orbital
Do not award s / p shell

Penalise use of s / p shell once only

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
22(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (1)

• sphere / spherical (1) Allow ball

Do not award just circle / round
Ignore diagrams

(Total for Question 22 = 4 marks)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
23(a)(i) Example of calculation (3)

• calculation of abundance of 5th (1) 100 ‒ 20.5 ‒ 7.8 ‒ 36.5 ‒ 7.8 = 27.4 (%)
isotope

• expression for relative atomic 72.6 = (70 × 20.5) + (73 × 7.8) + (74 × 36.5) + (76 × 7.8) + (x × 27.4)
mass (1) 100
OR

72.6 = 1435 + 569.4 + 2701 + 592.8 + (x × 27.4)

100
OR

72.6 = 5298.2 + (x × 27.4)

100
Allow TE from M1

• calculation of x given to 2SF (1) x = 7260 ‒ 5298.2 = 1961.8 ÷ 27.4 = 71.59 = 72

27.4
Allow TE from M2 provided final answer is between 68 – 78
Correct answer with some working scores 3
Correct answer with no working scores 1

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
23(a)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• the number of protons and neutrons / nucleons must be an Ignore the values in the table with the least
integer / whole number significant figures have 2 SF
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
23(b) An answer that makes reference to the following points: M2, M3 and M4 must be quantitative (4)

Similarity

• (the atoms) have the same total / sum of the numbers of (1) Allow the atoms have the same mass number
protons and of neutrons

Difference Allow germanium has 32 protons and selenium has

• (an atom of) germanium(-76) has 2 fewer protons / 34 protons
(an atom of) selenium(-76) has 2 more protons
Allow germanium has 44 neutrons and selenium
• (an atom of) germanium(-76) has 2 more neutrons / (1) has 42 neutrons
(an atom of) selenium(-76) has 2 fewer neutrons
Allow germanium has 32 electrons and selenium
• (an atom of) germanium(-76) has 2 fewer electrons / (1) has 34 electrons
(an atom of) selenium(-76) has 2 more electrons Allow germanium has 4 outer-shell electrons and
selenium has 6 outer-shell electrons
(1)
If none of M2, M3 and M4 have been awarded
allow 1 mark for two of the following:
• germanium has more neutrons
• germanium has fewer protons
• selenium has more electrons
Allow reverse argument(s)

(Total for Question 23 = 8 marks)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(a)(i) Example of calculation (4)
Clip all
• rearrangement of pV = nRT (1) n = pV ÷ RT

• conversion of dm3 to m3 (1) V = 0.00179 / 1.79 × 10‒3

• substitution in correctly n = (110 000 × 0.00179) ÷ (8.31 × 473)

rearranged expression (1) Allow TE in M3 from incorrect conversion from dm3 to m3

• calculation of value of n (1) n = 0.0501 (mol) / 5.01 × 10‒2 (mol) / 0.050094 (mol) / 5.0094 × 10‒2 (mol) /
0.05 (mol) / 5 × 10‒2 (mol)
Allow TE for M4 from incorrect values shown in a correctly rearranged
expression

Ignore SF throughout
Correct answer with some working scores 4

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(a)(ii) Example of calculation (1)

• calculation of Mr of X Mr = 3.5 ÷ 0.0500 = 70

Accept 69.869
Allow TE on incorrect moles in (a)(i) provided answer >1
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(a)(iii) Example of calculation (2)

• calculation of moles of carbon 85.7 ÷ 12 = 7.1417

and and
moles of hydrogen (1) 14.3 ÷ 1 = 14.3

• calculation of ratio 14.3 ÷ 7.1417 = 2.0023

and
gives empirical formula (1) CH2

Ignore SF throughout
Correct answer with no working scores (2)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(a)(iv) Example of calculation (1)

• molecular formula ans(a)(ii) ÷ ans(a)(iii) 70 ÷ 14 = 5

C5H10
Allow TE on (a)(ii) and (a)(iii)
Answer with no working scores 1

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(b) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• no (C=C) double bonds are present / molecule is not Allow it is a cycloalkane

unsaturated / molecule is not an alkene / only single
bonds are present / molecule is saturated / molecule is Ignore it does not contain oxygen
an alkane
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
24(c) An answer that makes reference to the following (2)
points:

• one possible structural isomer (1)

• a second structural isomer (1)

OR OR OR
cyclopentane methylcyclobutane ethylcyclopropane

OR OR
1,2-dimethylcyclopropane 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane

Allow any type of displayed or skeletal formulae

Allow 1-methylcyclobutane and 1-ethylcyclopropane

If name and formula are given, both must be correct

Allow TE on formula from (a)(iv)
If answer in (b) is alkene, then allow 1 mark for two correct
alkenes using formula in (a)(iv)

(Total for Question 24 = 11 marks)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• (free) radical substitution Ignore homolytic fission / homolysis

Ignore halogenation

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(a)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• ultraviolet / uv (radiation) Allow uv light / sunlight

Ignore references to temperature and pressure

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(a)(iii) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• propagation
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(a)(iv) A description that makes reference to the following points: (4)

• It is a termination step (1)

• two (free) radicals join together / react

(to form a molecule and no other product / with no radical
on the product side) (1)

• one example of a termination step (by words or equation) (1) Possible termination steps include:
CH3(CH2)3• + Cl• → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
• a second example of a termination step (by words or 2Cl• → Cl2
equation) (1) 2CH3(CH2)3• → CH3(CH2)6CH3
Allow termination steps involving products with
more than one chlorine
Ignore attempted initiation and propagation steps,
overall substitution equation
and correct further substitution
in M3 and M4
Apply list principle for M3 and M4 only
Do not award steps with H•
Penalise omission of • once only
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(b)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following points: (2)
(A polar molecule is one in which)
• one end / atom / region which is slightly positive and one Do not award M1 if any references to ions or
which is slightly negative intermolecular forces
OR
there is a dipole moment / charge separation
OR
the electron density / partial charge is concentrated around Allow the shared pair (of electrons) is not equally
one end / atom / region / is unsymmetrical shared
OR
there is an electronegativity difference (between the (1)
atoms)

• chlorine (is not polar because it) has no electronegativity

difference
OR
chlorine is symmetrical and so no slightly positive and
slightly negative end
OR
no concentration of electron density Allow the shared pair (of electrons) is equally
OR shared
no charge separation
OR
does not have a dipole moment Do not award dipoles cancel / bonds cancel
OR
only has one type of atom / element (1)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
25(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (2)

• (the electrons in) the double bond / π-bond / C=C (of the
alkene) (1)

• repel electrons / distorts the electron cloud in the chlorine Allow making one chlorine atom (in the molecule)
molecule / induces a dipole (1) slightly positive / slightly charged
Do not award references to free radicals /
nucleophiles

(Total for Question 25 = 11 marks)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(a) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

• disulfur decafluoride Allow disulfur(V) fluoride

Ignore sulfur decafluoride
Do not award fluorine for fluoride

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(b) (2)

• 2 dots in the S-S overlap (1)

• 10 pairs of one dot and one

cross in the 10 S-F overlaps (1)

Allow bonding electrons to touch / sit on the circles

Any extra electron or electrons negates one of the marks
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(c) Example of dot-and-cross diagram (2)

• 4 pairs of one dot and one

cross in the S-F overlap (1)

• 1 pair of dots on the outer

shell of sulfur
and
3 pairs of crosses on the outer Allow two separate electrons for the sulfur lone pair
shell of each fluorine (1) Allow fluorine lone pairs shown as unpaired electrons

Allow dots and crosses reversed

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(d) An answer that makes reference to the (4)
following points:
Molecule Diagram F‒S‒F bond angle

SF6 90º

• S2F10 shape with bonds as

shown (1) 90º
S2F10
(ignore 180º)
• S2F10 90º for
Do not award 120° (1)

• SF4 shape with at least one

dotted or wedged bond (1) 90º / 180 º and 120º
SF4

• SF4 90º / 180º and 120º

Allow values
85–90° / 170–180°
and Ignore lack of degree sign
100–120° (1) Ignore presence of a lone pair on S in SF4
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(e) An answer that makes reference to the following points: Bonding pairs needs to be seen once only in the (3)
response
• sulfur in SF6 has six bonding pairs (of electrons)
(and no lone pairs) (1) Ignore references to individual shapes and bond
angles, e.g., octahedral, tetrahedral, bipyramidal even
if incorrect

• sulfur in SF4 has four bonding pairs (of electrons)

and one lone pair (1)

• the (electron) pairs repel to be as far away as Allow the (electron) pairs move to minimise
possible / maximum separation (1) repulsion
Do not award bonds repel
Do not award repulsion of atoms
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
26(f) An answer that makes reference to the following points: (3)

• (SF4 has) a lone pair of electrons on the sulfur

(making SF4 more reactive than SF6)
OR
SF4 is polar (because of its shape) (1)

• (in S2F10) the S–S bond is weak compared to the S–F Allow the S–S bond requires less energy to break
bond than an S–F bond
OR
(in S2F10) the S–S bond is long compared to the S–F Do not award S2F10 has lone pair(s) / is polar
bonds (1)

• SF6 has (six) strong / difficult to break (S–F) bonds Allow SF6 is octahedral and non-polar
OR
(the sulfur atom is small) so the six fluorine atoms Allow the six fluorine atoms block the sulfur
hinder attack on the sulfur (1)

Ignore throughout references to intermolecular

forces, free electrons, symmetry, polarity

(Total for Question 26 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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