Design of Steel Structure

(CE3202)

Dr. Bibekananda Mandal

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Design of tension members
Types of failure
Design strength due to: Yielding, Rupture of the critical section, Block shear failure
Design procedure
Example problem
Lug angles
Types of failure
• Yielding
• Rupture
• Block shear failure
 Design strength due to yielding
When a member is loaded, the strength is limited by the yielding of the
entire cross section.
P
Ag f y
Design strength due to yielding, T = IS 800: 2007

 m0
dg Cl. 6.2
D where
L0
fy = Yield stress of the material,
Ag = Gross area of cross section and
γm0 = Partial safety factor for failure in tension by yielding
P
Excessive deformation
defines “Failure” for
tension member
Design strength due to rupture of critical
section
0.9 An fu
Rupture strength of critical section, Tdn = IS 800: 2007

where  ml Cl. 6.3

fu = Ultimate stress of the material,

γml = Partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress,
An = Net effective area of the member
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + σ t
4𝑔𝑖
Example
Design strength due to rupture: Single angle
As the effectiveness of the outstanding leg is less,
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐 𝑓𝑢 𝛽𝐴𝑔𝑜 𝑓𝑦 IS 800: 2007
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = +
𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝛾𝑚𝑜 Cl. 6.3.3
where,
Anc = Net area of the connected leg
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg and
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠 𝑓𝑢 𝛾𝑚𝑜
𝛽 = 1.4 − 0.076 ≤ ≥ 0.7
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐 𝑓𝑦 𝛾𝑚𝑙
where,
w = Width of outstanding leg,
bs = Shear lag width,
Lc= Length of the end connection, i.e., the distance between outermost bolts in the
end joint measured along the load direction or length of the weld along the load direction,
t = Thickness of leg
Design strength due to rupture: Single angle
For preliminary design, IS code recommends the formula,

𝜶𝑨𝒏 𝒇𝒖 where,
𝑻𝒅𝒏 = α = 0.6 for one or two bolts
𝜸𝒎𝒍
= 0.7 for three bolts
= 0.8 for four or more bolts along the length
of connection or equivalent weld length

Other sections
The rupture strength, Tdn of the double angles, channels, I-sections may be calculated by the same equations
for single angle, but width bs taken from the furthest bolt/weld line in the connected leg.
Block shear failure
Failure tears out block of Steel
Block defined by:
Center line of holes
Edge of welds
State of combined yielding and rupture
Failure planes: At least one each in tension and shear.

Typical examples in tension members:

Angle connected on one leg
I-section flange connection
Angle/Plate welded connection
Block shear failure Angle bolted to plate
Plate Angle section
Shear plane
on angle

Pn

Tension plane on angle

Pn

Tension plane Shear plane

on plate on plate
Block shear failure Angle bolted to plate

Pn

Block failure from angle

Pn

Block failure from plate

 Flange of I-section
Block shear failure bolted to plate
Shear planes on I-section

Pn

Tension planes on I-section

First look at the I-Section, then the plate

 Flange of I-section
Block shear failure bolted to plate

Pn

Block failure in I-section

 Flange of I-section
Block shear failure bolted to plate
Shear planes on plate

Tension planes Pn
on plate

Tension plane
on plate Pn

Shear planes on plate

Now look at the plate
 Flange of I-section
Block shear failure bolted to plate

Pn

Block failure in plate

Pn

Block failure in plate

 Angle or plate
Block shear failure welded to a plate

Pn

Weld around the perimeter

Two block shear failures to check

 Angle or plate
Block shear failure welded to a plate

Shear plane Pn
on plate

Tension plane
on plate

Shear planes Pn
on plate
Tension plane
on plate
 Angle or plate
Block shear failure welded to a plate

Pn

Block failure from plate

Pn
Design strength due to block shear
Design strength due to block shear, shall be taken smaller of,
𝑨𝒗𝒈 𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟗𝑨𝒕𝒏 𝒇𝒖
𝑻𝒅𝒃 = +
𝟑𝜸𝒎𝒐 𝜸𝒎𝒍
IS 800: 2007
Cl. 6.4.1
or,
𝟎. 𝟗𝑨𝒗𝒏 𝒇𝒖 𝑨𝒕𝒈 𝒇𝒚
𝑻𝒅𝒃 = +
𝟑𝜸𝒎𝒍 𝜸𝒎𝒐
where,
Avg & Avn = Minimum gross area and net area in shear
Atg & Atn = Minimum gross area and net area in tension
Design strength
Ag f y
Design strength due to yielding, Tdg = IS 800: 2007, Cl. 6.2
 m0
0.9 An fu 𝑝2
Tdn =
𝑠𝑖
Rupture strength of critical section, , 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + σ 4𝑔𝑖 t IS 800: 2007, Cl. 6.3
 ml
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐 𝑓𝑢 𝛽𝐴𝑔𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠 𝑓𝑢 𝛾𝑚𝑜
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = + 𝛽 = 1.4 − 0.076
𝑡
≤
𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐 𝑓𝑦 𝛾𝑚𝑙
≥ 0.7 IS 800: 2007, Cl. 6.3.3
𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝛾𝑚𝑜

𝛼𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢 where, α = 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for three bolts, 0.8 for four or more bolts along the
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = IS 800: 2007, Cl. 6.3.3
𝛾𝑚𝑙 length of connection or equivalent weld length

Design strength due to block shear, 𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛 𝑓𝑢

𝑇𝑑𝑏 = +
3𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙
or,
IS 800: 2007, Cl. 6.4.1
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = +
where, 3𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝛾𝑚𝑜
Avg & Avn = Minimum gross area and net area in shear
Atg & Atn = Minimum gross area and net area in Tension
Design procedure
𝑻𝒖
Step: 1 Find the approximate gross area, 𝑨𝒈 = 𝒇𝒚 ; Tu = factored tensile force.
ൗ𝜸𝒎𝒐

Step: 2 Select suitable shape of section depending on the type of the structure
and the location of the member (Area of section = 25%-40% higher than Ag)
Step: 3 Determine the number of bolts or the length of welding required and arrange.
Step 4: Find the strength for:
(i) Yielding of gross area
(ii) Rupture of critical section,
(iii) Failure due to block shear
Note: If minimum edge distance and minimum pitch are maintained, strength in yielding governs the
design.
Step 5: If required revised the section
Step 6: Check the slenderness ratio as per IS 800 – 2007.
Problem 1
Design a double-angle tension member connected on each side of a 10 mm thick
gusset plate to carry an axial factored load of 415 kN. Use 20 mm diameter bolts of
grade 4.6 and assume shop connection. Take, length of the member, L = 3 m, and
assume both the ends of member as hinged/pinned.
Solution:
 2×8 mm thk angles = 16 mm;
t = minimum of
Thickness of gusset plate =10 mm

Solution = So, 10 mm
Solution
Solution
Solution
Problem 2
Compute the tensile strength of an angle section ISA 150 × 115 × 8 mm
of Fe 410 grade of steel connected with the gusset plate for the:
(a) gross section yielding and (b) net section rupture.
Solution
Problem 3
Determine the block shear strength of the welded tension member. Steel
is of grade Fe 410.
Solution
Lug angles

(Heavy load)

Connected leg

• For heavy loading, the number of bolts required is more.

• The required length of the gusset plate is also more to place more bolts.
• Lug angle can be used to reduce the size of the gusset plate.
Lug angles
An additional angle, called lug angle may be
used along with a heavily loaded tension
member to reduce the length of the joint i.e. to
reduce the size of the gusset plate also.
• Length of the end connection of a heavily
loaded tension member may be minimized by
using lug angles.
• Using lug angles, there will be saving in
gusset plate, but, required additional fasteners
and angles.
• Providing unequal leg angle sections with
wider leg as a connected leg can eliminate lug
angle and bolts can be provided in two rows
and staggered.
Lug angles ~ Guidelines IS 800-2007 Cl. 10.12
In case of main member is an angle:
• The strength of the lug angles and their
connections to the gusset or other
supporting member shall be 20 percent
more than the force in the outstanding leg
of the member.
• The strength of the connection of the lug
angle to the main angle shall be at least 40
percent more than the force in the
outstanding leg of the angle.
• The whole area of the member shall be
taken as effective, i.e. without deducting
the area of the outstanding leg. So, whole
area = gross area of the section – area of
the bolt holes.
Lug angles ~ Guidelines IS 800-2007 Cl. 10.12
In case of main member is a channel:
• The strength of the lug angles and their
connections to the gusset or other
supporting member shall be 10 percent
more than the force in the outstanding leg
of the member.
• The strength of the connection of the lug
angle to the main channel shall be at least
20 percent more than the force in the
outstanding leg of the angle.
• Lug angles connecting outstanding leg of a
channel-shaped member shall, as far as
possible, be placed symmetrically with
respect to the section of the member.

Minimum two bolts, rivets or equivalent welds be used for attaching the lug angle to the gusset plate.
Problem 4
A tension member of a roof truss carries a factored axial tension of 450 kN. Design the
section and the connection with a 16 mm thick gusset plate. The length of the gusset plate
required for the connection is limited to 350 mm. Design the lug angles also if required.
Use, E250 grade of steel and 20 mm dia bolts of grade 4.6.

Solution:
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Thank you…