IB – Mathematics – Classes - Section 3: Calculus of one variable function

Task 1 Calculate the limits of the following sequences:

1) lim (5𝑛4 + 3𝑛3 − 7) 7) lim (−3𝑛7 + 2𝑛 − 9) 13) lim (−7𝑛4 + 5𝑛3 − 3)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑛2 +3 2𝑛3 +5 5𝑛3 −4
2) lim 8) lim 14) lim
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛2 −2 𝑛→∞ −4𝑛3 −7𝑛2 +3 𝑛→∞ −3+7𝑛2 +8
5𝑛2 + 1 3𝑛2 −5𝑛 2𝑛2 −3𝑛
3) lim 9) lim 15) lim
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑛+2𝑛3 𝑛→∞ 1−2𝑛+7𝑛3 𝑛→∞ 8−4𝑛+5𝑛3
3𝑛3 +2𝑛2 −4 3𝑛3 +4𝑛2 −7 4𝑛3 +2𝑛2 −3
4) lim 10) lim 16) lim
𝑛→∞ 7𝑛−2𝑛2 𝑛→∞ 5𝑛−3𝑛2 𝑛→∞ 7𝑛−5𝑛2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
5) lim ( √4𝑛5 + 2𝑛3 + 3𝑛 + 1) 11) lim ( √5𝑛4 − 7𝑛3 + 3𝑛 + 2) 17) lim ( √5𝑛4 + 3𝑛3 + 7𝑛 + 8)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑛 𝑛
6) lim ( √7𝑛 + (2𝜋)𝑛 + 𝑒 2𝑛 ) 12) lim ( √9𝑛 + (𝜋)2𝑛 + 𝑒 2𝑛 ) 𝑛 3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 3 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 18) lim ( √(𝑒) + (3 ) + (2) )
𝑛→∞

Task 2 Calculate limits (without deL’Hospital’s rule):

−2𝑥 2 −3 3𝑥 2 −5𝑥 −3𝑥 2 +4𝑥 3𝑥 2 +7𝑥
1) lim 3+5𝑥2 8) lim 15) lim 22) lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 2−7𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 3+8𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 3−5𝑥 2
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −9 4−𝑥 2
2) lim 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 9) lim 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1 16) lim 2𝑥 2 −4𝑥−6 23) lim 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−10
𝑥→2 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→2
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥 5−𝑥
3) lim 10) lim 𝑥−4 17) lim 𝑥−2 24) lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 x→4 𝑥→2 x→3 𝑥−3
−5 −2 −4 −7
4) lim 11) lim 18) lim 25) lim
𝑥→−4 (4+𝑥)2 𝑥→3 (3−𝑥)2 𝑥→5 (5−𝑥)2 𝑥→2 (2−𝑥)2
2𝑥 −4 3𝑥 +5 4𝑥 −5 5𝑥 +1
5) lim 𝑥 12) lim 2𝑥 −7 19) lim 2𝑥 +3 26) lim 3𝑥 −2
𝑥→1 3 −9 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2𝑥 −4 3𝑥 +5 4𝑥 −5 5𝑥 +1
6) lim 𝑥 13) lim 2𝑥 −7 20) lim 2𝑥 +3 27) lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 3 −9 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 3 −2
2𝑥 −4 3𝑥 +5 4𝑥 −5 5𝑥 +1
7) lim 3𝑥 −9 14) lim 𝑥 21) lim 𝑥 28) lim 𝑥
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 2 −7 𝑥→−∞ 2 +3 𝑥→−∞ 3 −2

Task 3 Differentiate (find the derivative) of the function:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2√𝑥 − 13 2𝑒 𝑥
1) 9) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥2 −2𝑥 17) 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 7𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5√𝑥 + 8 2 −7𝑥 18) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3√𝑥 − 17 2 19) ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
11) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥−4𝑥
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 ) ∙ (ln 𝑥 + 3) 3 20) ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2𝑥
12) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑥
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 ) ∙ (5 − ln 𝑥) 21) ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)3𝑥
13) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 )
6) 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 ) ∙ (ln 𝑥 + 5)
3𝑒 𝑥 14) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 )
7) 𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥 2 −3𝑥 15) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(16𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 )
4𝑒 𝑥
8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥−𝑥2 16) 𝑓(𝑥) = √6 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Task 4 Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at the given arguments 𝑥0 .
Make a graph of the results.
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥0 = 2, 3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥0 = 2
2
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥0 = 1, 4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥0 = 1
Task 5. Using the derivative find an approximate value of:
a) √(2.1)3 + 1, b) √(1.8)3 + 1 , c) √(1.9)3 + 1

Task 6 Find asymptotes of functions:

𝑥 3 −8 2𝑥 3 −2𝑥 3 𝑥 3 −4𝑥
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−𝑥 2 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−𝑥 2 9) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 13) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −16
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4 14) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
2𝑒 𝑥 3𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 5𝑒 𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3−𝑥
7) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4−𝑥
11) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5−𝑥
15) 𝑓(𝑥) = 7−𝑥
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 8) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) 12) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 16) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)

 Beata Ciałowicz ~5~

 IB – Mathematics – Classes - Section 3: Calculus of one variable function
Task 7 Find the intervals of increase and decrease and relative extrema of the function:
5𝑒 𝑥 4𝑒 𝑥 3𝑒 𝑥
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 9) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥−3 3𝑥+2 5𝑥+2
3 −4𝑥 2 +3 3 +3𝑥 2 −7 3 +3𝑥 2 +5
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 7) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) 11) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − ln(2 − 𝑥) 8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − ln(3 − 𝑥) 12) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + ln(2 − 𝑥)
Task 8 Determine, where the given function is concave upward, and concave downward and find
inflection points:
1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −2𝑥 1
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − − ln 𝑥 9) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + ln(𝑥 + 4)
4 𝑥 2
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑥 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + ln(2𝑥 − 1) 10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −5𝑥
1
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2 + ln(𝑥 + 1) 7) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −2𝑥 11) 𝑓(𝑥)
4
= 7𝑥 − 𝑥 − ln 𝑥
2
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −3𝑥 8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 12) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2ln(2𝑥 + 1)

 Marginal analysis
Marginality of the function 𝑓 at the point 𝑥0 : 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) ≈ 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒇𝒎 (𝒙)
Interpretation:The derivative of function 𝑓 at the point 𝑥0 measures an approximate change of value of
the function caused by one-unit increase in argument from the level 𝑥0 .

Task 9. Suppose the total cost in dollars of producing 𝑥 units of a certain commodity is 𝐶(𝑥). Find the
marginal cost for given 𝑥0 and give interpretation of the result:
0,5𝑥
1) 𝐶(𝑥) = 2500 + 50𝑥 − 0.001𝑥 3 , 𝑥0 = 10, 𝑥0 = 20 2) 𝐶(𝑥) = 100−𝑥 𝑥0 = 90
Answers: 1) 𝑪𝒎 (𝟏𝟎) = 𝟒𝟕 , 𝑪𝒎 (𝟐𝟎) = 𝟑𝟖 2) 𝑪𝒎 (𝟗𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝟓

Task 10 Suppose the total cost in dollars of manufacturing 𝑞 units of a certain commodity is:
1) 𝐶(𝑞) = 3𝑞 2 + 5𝑞 + 75 2) 𝐶(𝑞) = 0.1𝑞 3 + 10𝑞 + 200
a) At what level of production is the average cost per unit the smallest ?
b) At what level of production is the average cost per unit equal to the marginal cost?

Answers: 1) a), b) 𝑞 = 5, 2) a), b) 𝑞 = 10

Task 11 Suppose the average cost of manufacturing 𝑥 units of a certain commodity is: 𝐶𝑎𝑣 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −
10
36𝑥 + 450 + . Find a function of a total cost and sketch its graph. Answers: 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 450𝑥 + 10
𝑥

Task 12 Suppose the total cost of manufacturing 𝑥 units of a certain commodity is:
𝐶(𝑥) = 0.3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 300. Find a function of marginal cost and their minimum.
10
Answers: 𝐶𝑚 (𝑥) = 0.9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6, 𝑀𝑖𝑛 for 𝑥 =
3

 Beata Ciałowicz ~6~

 IB – Mathematics – Classes - Section 3: Calculus of one variable function
 Elasticity of function
𝑥0
Elasticity of function 𝑓 at the point 𝑥0 : 𝐸𝑥 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝑥0 )

Interpretation: This quantity describes a percentage change in value of the function 𝑓 caused by one-
percent increase in value of the argument 𝑥 from the level 𝑥0 .

Task 13 The gross annual earnings of a certain company were 𝐴(𝑡) = 0.1𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 + 20 thousand dollars 𝑡 years
after its formation in 1914. At what percentage change in the gross annual earnings growing with respect to time
in 2014 ? Answer: 𝐸𝑡 𝐴(100) = 0.125

Task 14 Calculate and interpret elasticity of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑥:
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥=3 Answer: 𝐸𝑥 𝑓(3) =
45
29
2𝑥 1
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 𝑥=1 Answer: 𝐸𝑥 𝑓(1) =
2
1
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.5 Answer: 𝐸𝑥 𝑓(0.5) = −2

Task 15 Calculate and interpret elasticity of the function of demand 𝑞(𝑝), where 𝑝 is the price:
1) 𝑞(𝑝) = 15 − 0.5𝑝 𝑝=5 Answer: 𝐸𝑝 𝑞(5) = −0.2
200
2) 𝑞(𝑝) = 𝑝 = 100 Answer: 𝐸𝑝 𝑞(100) = −0.5
√𝑝
7
3) 𝑞(𝑝) = 800√30 − 𝑝 𝑝 = 14 Answer: 𝐸𝑝 𝑞(14) = −
16
11
4) 𝑞(𝑝) = 100 − 5𝑝 − 2√𝑝3 𝑝=4 Answer: 𝐸𝑝 𝑞(4) = −
16

5) 𝑞(𝑝) = (𝑝2 + 2𝑝 + 1) ∙ 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑝=5 Answer: 𝐸𝑝 𝑞(𝑝) =

65
18

Homework
Task 1 Find the domain and differentiate (find the derivative) of the function Answers:
1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 2√𝑥 − 13 1) 𝐷𝑓 = [0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 − 10𝑥 4 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 +
√𝑥
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 2) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 ∙ (7𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)
𝑙𝑛𝑥 3) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 7𝑥 2 − 5 + ln 𝑥 ∙ (21𝑥 2 − 5)
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 2𝑥−4−ln 𝑥∙(4𝑥−4)
2𝑥 −4𝑥
𝑒𝑥
4) 𝐷𝑓 = (0,2) ∪ (2, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 −4𝑥)2
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 2 −8𝑥−4)
4𝑥 2 −4
5𝑥−4𝑥 2
5) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{−1; 1}, 𝑓′(𝑥) = (4𝑥 2 −4)2
6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2
7) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(8 − 2𝑥 2 ) 6) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥−4𝑥 ∙ (5 − 8𝑥)
−4𝑥
8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ) 7) 𝐷𝑓 = (−2,2), 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2 8−2𝑥
9) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 1 12𝑥 2 −2𝑥
10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥+1 ∙ ln(3𝑥 − 5) 8) 𝐷𝑓 = ( , +∞) , 𝑓′(𝑥) =
4 4𝑥 3 −𝑥 2
2𝑥−3
9) 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 1] ∪ [2, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) =
2√2−3𝑥+𝑥 2
5 3
10) 𝐷𝑓 = ( , +∞) , 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 ∙ ln(3𝑥 − 5) + 𝑒 2𝑥+1 ∙
3 3𝑥−5

Task 2 Find asymptotes of functions:

3𝑥+2 1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = Answers: 7)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{1}, 𝑥 = 1, 𝐿: 𝑦 = 0
𝑥+2 ln 𝑥
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 1)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{−2} , 𝑥 = −2,𝑦 = 3 8)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{−1; 1}, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑅: 𝑦 = 0
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 7) 𝑓(𝑥) =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 2)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{1}, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 1 9)𝐷𝑓 == (−5,0) ∪ (0, +∞), 𝑥 = 0, 𝑅: 𝑥 = −5, 𝑅: 𝑦 = 𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 10)𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑅: 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
9) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
ln(𝑥+5) 4)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{−1; 1}, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑥 2 −1
1 1 5)𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{2}, 𝑅: 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥−2 10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − ln 𝑥 +
𝑥 6)𝐷𝑓 = (0,1) ∪ (1, +∞), 𝑥 = 1, 𝑅: 𝑦 = 0

Task3 Check monotonicity and find local extrema of the function:

𝑥4 2
7) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 +3𝑥−2 10) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∙ ln ( )
2−𝑥 3 𝑥
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 8) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 ln 𝑥 11) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
1 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑒 −3𝑥 9) 𝑓(𝑥) =
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + ln 𝑥 −
𝑥
1−𝑥 12) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√(𝑥 − 1)2

Answers:
3 8𝑥 6 +8𝑥 3 1 3 3
1) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ{√2}, 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛(0,0) , 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥 (−1, ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1), 𝑥 ∈ (0, √2), 𝑥 ∈ (√2, +∞), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (−1,0).
(2−𝑥 3 )2 3

 Beata Ciałowicz ~7~

 IB – Mathematics – Classes - Section 3: Calculus of one variable function
2𝑥 2 −2
2) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛(1,1), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (1, +∞), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (0,1).
𝑥
−2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
3) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥(1, −3), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (0,1), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (1, +∞).
𝑥2
1
2 −4𝑥 2 3 3 3
4) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥 + 3), 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , 𝑒 4 ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, ), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ ( , +∞).
2 2 2

5) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ), 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛(−3, −27𝑒 −3 ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (−3, +∞), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −3).
2 4 2 2
6) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 −3𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ), 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛(0,0), 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , 𝑒 −2 ),𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (0, ), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0), 𝑥 ∈ ( , +∞)
3 9 3 3
4−4𝑥
7) 𝐷𝑓 = (0,2), 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2
, 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥(1, ln 2), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (0,1), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (1,2).
4𝑥−2𝑥
3𝑥 2 +2
8) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = , no extrema, 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (0, +∞).
𝑥 3 +2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (2−𝑥)
9) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{1}, 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥(2, −𝑒 2 ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 1), 𝑥 ∈ (1,2), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (2, +∞).
(1−𝑥)2
1
10) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = ln − 1 , 𝐿𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑒 −1 , 𝑒 −1 ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 𝑒 −1 ), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (𝑒 −1 , +∞).
𝑥
1 3 3 3 3
11) 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 1], 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 1 − , 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 ( , ), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ ( , 1), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, ).
2√1−𝑥 4 4 4 4
2
12) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛(1,0), 𝑓 ↗ for 𝑥 ∈ (1, +∞), 𝑓 ↘ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 1).
3 3√𝑥−1

Task 4 Determine, where the given function is concave upward, and concave downward and find inflection points:
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − ln(𝑥 2 − 4)
Answers:
𝑒𝑥
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2𝑥 2 +8
𝑥+1 1) 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2 , 𝑓′′(𝑥) = 2 2, no IP, 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2), 𝑥 ∈ (2, +∞).
𝑥 −4 (𝑥 −4)
−2𝑥
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒
𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1)
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 3)𝑒 𝑥 2) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ{−1}, 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = (𝑥+1)2, 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = (𝑥+1)4
, no IP,𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (−1, +∞).

5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 3) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥), 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (4𝑥 − 4), IP(1, 𝑒 −2 ),𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 1), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (1, +∞).
2𝑥
6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∙ ln
𝑥−2
4) 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3), 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1), IP(−2 − √5, (6 + 2√5)𝑒 −2−√5 ),
1
7) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃𝑃(−2 + √5, (6 − 2√5)𝑒 −2+√5 ), 𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (−2 − √5, −2 + √5), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2 − √5), 𝑥 ∈ (−2 + √5, +∞)
ln 𝑥
1
8) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 4) 5) 𝐷𝑓 = (0, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + 1, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = , no IP,𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (0, +∞).
𝑥
2𝑥 2 4
6) 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, +∞), 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = ln − , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = , no IP, 𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (2, +∞).
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥(𝑥−2)2

−1 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 +2 ln 𝑥 1
7) 𝐷𝑓 = (0,1) ∪ (1, +∞), 𝑓′(𝑥) = , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = , 𝑃𝑃 (𝑒 −2 , − ),𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (𝑒 −2 , 1), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝑒 −2 ),
𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 𝑥 2 (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)4 2

𝑥 ∈ (1, +∞).
2 2
8) 𝐷𝑓 = (−4, +∞), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 − (𝑥+4)2, IP(−3,9),𝑓 ∩ for 𝑥 ∈ (−4, −3), 𝑓 ∪ for 𝑥 ∈ (−3, +∞).
𝑥+4

EXTRA TASKS
1. B. Ciałowicz - Workouts in Calculus and Linear Algebra with Applications to Economics
p.79 Task 3.2., p.82 Task 3.8., Task 3.9., Task 3.10., Task 3.11.,
p.80 Task 3.4., p.83 Task 3.12.
p.81 Task 3.6., Task 3.7.,
Dictionary
concave (adj.) wklęsła (-y) extremum (n.) ekstremum
concave downward wklęsły global (adj.) globalny (-a,-e)
concave upward wypukły indeterminate symbol symbol nieokreślony
concavity (n.) wklęsłość inflection point punkt przegięcia
continuity/discontinuity ciągłość/nieciągłość limit (n.) granica
continuous/discontinuous ciągły/nieciągły local (adj.) lokalny (-a,-e)
convergence (n.) zbieżność monotone (adj.) monotoniczny
convergent (adj.) zbieżny monotonicity (n.) monotoniczność
convex (adj.) wypukła (-y) necessary condition warunek konieczny
convex downward wypukły one-side/one-hand limit granica jednostronna
convex upward wklęsły proper/improper limit granica właściwa/niewłaściwa
convexity (n.) wypukłość sequence (n.) ciąg
divergent (adj.) rozbieżny sufficient condition warunek wystarczający
elasticity (n.) elastyczność term of sequence wyraz ciągu

 Beata Ciałowicz ~8~